1399:
1339:
3443:
1654:
223:
381:Ṣaʽīdi Arabic has various sub-dialects and varies widely from a town to town. Because of the tribal nature of Upper Egypt, and because some of the Upper Egyptian tribes have had links to the formal Arabic language with its proper pronunciations, or the
510:
Upper
Egyptian 4 — dialects spoken south of Luxor, characterized by a ‘pure’ pronunciation of /ā/, and the presence of /a/ in the definite article, as well as some pronouns. Ǧīm is realized . In the north of the region,
391:" meaning "sit", is used throughout Egypt, Sudan, and the Maghreb, and continues to be widely used in Upper Egypt. Furthermore, in addition to similar pronunciation of letters with Hejazi cities such as
1564:. Asian and African lexicon series. Vol. 27. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
1617:
1848:
1353:
1899:
1500:
902:
909:
2442:
1581:
1610:
787:
679:
3089:
1137:
1088:
1082:
766:
232:
339:
nationally, but it continues to be widely spoken in the South, and in the north by
Southern migrants who have also adapted to
2616:
1882:
1691:
1686:
803:
437:
wrote in his native Sa'idi dialect and was the voice of the 2011 Egyptian
Revolution and a prominent Egyptian nationalist.
3064:
1841:
979:
954:
946:
841:
734:
3467:
2381:
1932:
1143:
1118:
1104:
1098:
773:
476:, which have some typical Upper Egyptian features (glottalization of /ṭ/, breaking of /ē/ and /ō/, /d/ for Ǧīm, and the
3477:
1603:
1053:
1048:
858:
810:
336:
503:
in the perfect and imperfect conjugation, and feminine plural pronouns/conjugations. These features indicate strong
3025:
2504:
1152:
1123:
918:
796:
665:
3472:
2778:
2768:
2745:
826:
130:
3446:
3354:
2836:
1834:
1748:
1067:
1062:
357:
281:
275:
242:
211:
2903:
2601:
2544:
1947:
962:
851:
720:
713:
686:
329:
1362:
2709:
2669:
2594:
2589:
2353:
1889:
1815:
1640:
1398:
1338:
987:
968:
434:
347:
314:
125:
3435:
3268:
3220:
3030:
3012:
3005:
2995:
2990:
2982:
2802:
2537:
2509:
2499:
2303:
1927:
896:
876:
625:
618:
115:
3482:
3171:
2931:
2851:
2331:
1158:
1150:
1004:
996:
985:
977:
960:
952:
944:
741:
586:
371:
365:
363:
355:
67:
411:" meaning "wild pigeon" are in wide use in Upper Egypt. Other examples are classical words such as "
3230:
3040:
2913:
2736:
2287:
2201:
1284:
755:
650:
135:
3398:
3084:
3000:
2797:
2722:
1752:
1626:
604:
566:
557:
484:
paradigm of the imperfect) but which have a syllable structure akin to Middle
Egyptian dialects.
3145:
2898:
2818:
2758:
2521:
2428:
2413:
2324:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1789:
1707:
1577:
1548:
1496:
1160:
998:
833:
780:
727:
706:
672:
656:
591:
571:
120:
3308:
3166:
2964:
2945:
2908:
2787:
2717:
2660:
2572:
2418:
2403:
2348:
2310:
2014:
1957:
1917:
1799:
1768:
1681:
1289:
581:
562:
382:
318:
294:
90:
17:
3349:
3278:
3215:
3209:
3078:
2953:
2893:
2753:
2697:
2682:
2677:
2650:
2640:
2584:
2557:
2532:
2467:
2461:
2447:
2433:
2390:
2372:
1972:
1962:
1942:
1877:
1773:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1676:
1304:
868:
576:
340:
310:
167:
107:
1425:
3429:
3359:
3293:
3198:
2972:
2861:
2856:
2841:
2826:
2792:
2577:
1952:
1894:
1794:
1569:
1006:
504:
160:
2176:
2086:
2059:
487:
Upper
Egyptian 3 — dialects spoken on the west bank of the Nile from el-Bi’irat (near
445:
Behnstedt and
Woidich classify the dialects of Upper Egypt into four broad groupings:
203:
3461:
3391:
3386:
3372:
3318:
3253:
3235:
3121:
3106:
3100:
3069:
2888:
2883:
2868:
2831:
2692:
2687:
2611:
2567:
2423:
2397:
2138:
2129:
1922:
1909:
1743:
1723:
1030:
344:
3364:
3323:
3263:
3243:
3203:
3116:
3111:
2878:
2873:
2763:
2486:
2472:
2264:
2246:
2039:
1659:
697:
373:
3188:
1490:
3258:
3150:
3094:
2846:
2255:
2007:
1025:
469:
427:
306:
2158:
2104:
222:
2408:
2317:
1649:
1391:
1386:
1331:
1042:
1035:
612:
298:
3313:
1112:
1075:
297:
in the area that is South/Upper Egypt, a strip of land on both sides of the
196:
180:
1562:
The Arabic dialect of Qifṭ (Upper Egypt): grammar and classified vocabulary
1542:
3189:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2174:
2166:
2156:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2102:
2094:
2084:
2076:
2067:
2057:
2049:
2040:
2031:
1326:
187:
3298:
3288:
3181:
1991:
269:
250:
238:
3333:
1997:
1299:
645:
430:
in
Egyptian Arabic but maintain cultural and family ties to the south.
246:
75:
385:
could be vividly noticed in many sub-dialects. For example, the word "
3248:
3176:
2228:
1872:
1857:
1595:
392:
290:
3328:
3283:
3273:
2192:
2147:
2120:
2093:
2066:
2030:
2002:
1826:
1294:
488:
454:
450:
396:
322:
302:
79:
71:
57:
3303:
2273:
2219:
2210:
2183:
2165:
2111:
2075:
1552:
1466:
492:
473:
468:
Upper
Egyptian 2 — dialects spoken in the bend of the Nile from
1830:
1599:
1446:
2237:
2048:
1168:
Vowels may also have pharyngeal (emphatic) allophones as well.
1544:
A Descriptive
Grammar of Sa'i:di Egyptian Colloquial Arabic
328:
Speakers of Egyptian Arabic do not always understand more
249:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
263:
1448:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1465:
Gordon, Raymond G.; Grimes, Barbara F., eds. (2005).
370:
is retained (normally realised in Egyptian Arabic as
325:. Dialects include Middle and Upper Egyptian Arabic.
3407:
3342:
3229:
3159:
3138:
3063:
2981:
2963:
2924:
2817:
2777:
2744:
2735:
2708:
2668:
2659:
2633:
2520:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2341:
2295:
2286:
2023:
1908:
1865:
1808:
1782:
1761:
1716:
1700:
1669:
1633:
210:
194:
178:
173:
157:
104:
96:
86:
63:
53:
34:
1471:(15th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
495:. They are characterized by a form of umlaut, the
1361:(1999/2000 ed.). p. 128. Archived from
426:Second- and third-generation Ṣaʽīdi migrants are
1842:
1611:
1426:"Population Analysis of the Arabic Languages"
8:
549:Ṣaʽīdi Arabic has the following consonants:
449:Upper Egyptian 1 — dialects spoken south of
418:
412:
406:
400:
386:
45:
1147:/ appear in the Qifṭi or southern dialects.
27:Variety of Arabic spoken by Upper Egyptians
2741:
2665:
2377:
2368:
2292:
1849:
1835:
1827:
1618:
1604:
1596:
221:
31:
1576:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1411:
1003:may also have a glottalized allophone of
1171:
1019:
992:in the southern Upper Egyptian dialects.
551:
1424:Jenkins, Orville Boyd (18 March 2000).
1316:
1157:can also be heard with an allophone of
243:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
280:
268:
1322:
1320:
554:
309:. It shares linguistic features with
7:
1514:
1512:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
417:" meaning "chicken", as opposed to "
264:
1541:Khalafallah, Abdelghany A. (1969).
1454:(2). University of London: 273–297.
465:paradigm is dominant in this group.
419:
413:
407:
401:
387:
46:
3434:Languages between parentheses are
1468:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
423:" that is used in Northern Egypt.
350:is usually replaced with Egyptian
25:
1492:Die ägyptisch-arabischen Dialekte
1142:
1136:
1122:
1117:
1103:
1097:
1087:
1081:
1066:
1061:
1052:
1047:
917:
908:
901:
875:
857:
850:
840:
832:
825:
809:
802:
795:
786:
779:
772:
765:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
696:
685:
678:
671:
664:
624:
617:
3442:
3441:
1652:
1397:
1337:
527:paradigm is used, in the south
3438:of the language on their left.
1692:Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
1687:Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
1011:in complementary distribution.
499:-syndrome, the plural suffix -
305:and downriver (northwards) to
1:
335:Ṣaʽīdi Arabic carries little
1933:Ancient South Arabian script
1900:Influence on other languages
1783:Immigrant minority languages
3190:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2175:
2167:
2157:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2103:
2095:
2085:
2077:
2068:
2058:
2050:
2041:
2032:
1973:
18:Sa'idi Arabic language
3499:
1495:(in German). L. Reichert.
939:
343:. For example, the Ṣaʽīdi
3421:
3414:Islam and Arabic language
1647:
1355:The Linguasphere Register
1116:
895:
867:
754:
644:
611:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
561:
556:
383:classical Arabic language
354:, but the realisation of
229:
220:
44:
39:
3355:Arabic script in Unicode
3090:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
2450:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
1749:Sinai Peninsula (Sinawi)
951:may also be realised as
2617:Western Egyptian Bedawi
1560:Nishio, Tetsuo (1994).
405:" meaning "still" and "
1816:Egyptian Sign Language
1670:Spoken Arabic dialects
1641:Modern Standard Arabic
1489:Behnstedt, P. (1985).
967:, when it merges with
435:Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi
330:conservative varieties
315:Modern Standard Arabic
231:This article contains
100:25 million (2021)
3221:Quranic Arabic Corpus
1928:Ancient North Arabian
1547:. The Hague: Mouton.
287:Upper Egyptian Arabic
40:Upper Egyptian Arabic
3172:Sun and moon letters
2332:Pre-classical Arabic
1701:Historical languages
68:Al Minya Governorate
3468:Languages of Africa
3026:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2505:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1574:The Arabic Language
1285:Varieties of Arabic
1174:
282:[sˤeˈʕiːdi]
270:[sˤɑˈʕiːdi]
3478:Languages of Egypt
3399:MacArabic encoding
1717:Minority languages
1627:Languages of Egypt
1368:on 3 November 2013
1172:
433:The Egyptian poet
332:of Ṣaʽīdi Arabic.
301:that extends from
289:, is a variety of
3455:
3454:
3430:extinct languages
3369:MS-DOS codepages
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
2813:
2812:
2731:
2730:
2629:
2628:
2325:Old Hijazi Arabic
1824:
1823:
1762:Foreign languages
1708:Egyptian language
1634:Official language
1502:978-3-88226-227-8
1395:(17th ed., 2013)
1335:(26th ed., 2023)
1276:
1275:
1173:Vowel allophones
1132:
1131:
933:
932:
505:Bedouin influence
453:to the region of
399:, words such as "
257:
256:
239:rendering support
235:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
3490:
3473:Arabic languages
3445:
3444:
3193:
2742:
2666:
2602:Western Algerian
2549:Eastern Algerian
2545:Algerian Saharan
2475:(Lesser Kabylia)
2378:
2369:
2311:Nabataean Arabic
2293:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2180:
2170:
2162:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2108:
2098:
2090:
2080:
2071:
2063:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2015:Maltese alphabet
1978:
1958:Algerian Braille
1948:Eastern numerals
1918:Nabataean script
1851:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1597:
1587:
1565:
1556:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1518:Khalafallah 1969
1516:
1507:
1506:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1324:
1175:
1164:
1156:
1146:
1140:
1126:
1121:
1107:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1051:
1020:
1010:
1002:
991:
983:
970:
966:
958:
950:
943:
921:
912:
905:
879:
861:
854:
844:
836:
829:
820:
813:
806:
799:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
700:
689:
682:
675:
668:
659:
628:
621:
607:
600:
552:
422:
421:
416:
415:
410:
409:
404:
403:
390:
389:
377:
369:
361:
319:Classical Arabic
284:
279:
272:
267:
266:
225:
206:
190:
183:
163:
110:
49:
48:
32:
21:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3417:
3403:
3350:Arabic keyboard
3338:
3233:
3225:
3210:Mater lectionis
3204:Triliteral root
3155:
3126:
3067:
3059:
2977:
2959:
2920:
2809:
2773:
2727:
2704:
2655:
2625:
2516:
2496:Judeo-Maghrebi
2364:
2358:
2354:Modern Standard
2337:
2282:
2019:
1963:Maltese Braille
1943:Arabic numerals
1904:
1861:
1855:
1825:
1820:
1804:
1778:
1757:
1712:
1696:
1677:Egyptian Arabic
1665:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1629:
1624:
1594:
1584:
1570:Versteegh, Kees
1568:
1559:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1305:Egyptian Arabic
1281:
1018:
974:
937:
818:
760:
705:
655:
649:
603:
598:
547:
542:
443:
341:Egyptian Arabic
311:Egyptian Arabic
295:Upper Egyptians
276:Egyptian Arabic
274:
237:Without proper
202:
186:
179:
168:Arabic alphabet
164:
159:
153:
131:Central Semitic
111:
108:Language family
106:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3432:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3360:ISO/IEC 8859-6
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Naskh (script)
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3074:
3072:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:Judeo-Tunisian
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3013:Judeo-Moroccan
3010:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2996:Judeo-Egyptian
2993:
2991:Judeo-Algerian
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2973:Bedouin Arabic
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2585:Moroccan koiné
2582:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2558:Tunisian koiné
2554:Eastern Hilal
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2538:Judeo-Algerian
2533:Algerian koiné
2529:Central Hilal
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2510:Judeo-Tunisian
2507:
2502:
2500:Judeo-Moroccan
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2394:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Arabic Braille
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1809:Sign languages
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1682:Upper Egyptian
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1593:
1592:External links
1590:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1566:
1557:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1520:
1508:
1501:
1474:
1457:
1438:
1416:
1414:, p. 163.
1412:Versteegh 2001
1404:
1379:
1344:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1184:Emphatic /Vˤ/
1182:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1148:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1094:
1092:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1059:
1057:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
993:
973:
972:
934:
931:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
915:
913:
906:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
873:
871:
865:
864:
862:
855:
848:
846:
837:
830:
823:
821:
815:
814:
807:
800:
793:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
702:
701:
694:
692:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
660:
653:
642:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
622:
615:
609:
608:
601:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
560:
555:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
508:
485:
466:
442:
439:
293:spoken by the
255:
254:
241:, you may see
227:
226:
218:
217:
214:
208:
207:
200:
192:
191:
184:
176:
175:
174:Language codes
171:
170:
165:
161:Writing system
158:
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
114:
112:
105:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
65:
61:
60:
55:
54:Native to
51:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3495:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3448:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Sini (script)
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:Ruqʿah script
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Hijazi script
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:Central Asian
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Taʽizzi-Adeni
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2483:Traras-Msirda
2482:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Arabic script
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1583:0-7486-1436-2
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1387:Saʽidi Arabic
1383:
1380:
1364:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:Saʽīdi Arabic
1323:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Sa'idi people
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1008:
1000:
994:
989:
981:
976:
975:
964:
956:
948:
942:
941:
936:
935:
929:
927:
925:
923:
920:
916:
914:
911:
907:
904:
900:
898:
894:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
878:
874:
872:
870:
866:
863:
860:
856:
853:
849:
847:
843:
838:
835:
831:
828:
824:
822:
817:
816:
812:
808:
805:
801:
798:
794:
792:
789:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
750:
748:
746:
743:
739:
736:
732:
729:
725:
722:
718:
715:
711:
708:
704:
703:
699:
695:
693:
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
663:
661:
658:
654:
652:
647:
643:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
627:
623:
620:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
596:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
564:
559:
553:
550:
544:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
446:
440:
438:
436:
431:
429:
424:
398:
394:
384:
379:
375:
367:
359:
353:
349:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
277:
271:
261:
260:Ṣaʽīdi Arabic
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
228:
224:
219:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
199:
198:
193:
189:
185:
182:
177:
172:
169:
166:
162:
156:
142:
141:Saʽīdi Arabic
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
113:
109:
103:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:and south to
69:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
43:
38:
35:Saʽīdi Arabic
33:
30:
19:
3425:
3365:Windows-1256
3324:Taliq script
3264:Jeli Thuluth
3244:Ajami script
3208:
3112:Pidgin madam
3099:
3077:
3041:Judeo-Yemeni
2983:Judeo-Arabic
2965:Sociological
2952:
2914:Judeo-Yemeni
2737:Mesopotamian
2645:
2612:Libyan koiné
2396:
2389:
2382:Pre-Hilalian
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2304:Proto-Arabic
2302:
1937:Zabūr script
1890:Romanization
1660:Egypt portal
1573:
1561:
1543:
1523:
1491:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1419:
1407:
1390:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1354:
1347:
1330:
995:An emphatic
984:is heard as
938:
548:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
500:
496:
481:
477:
472:to south of
462:
458:
444:
432:
425:
380:
351:
334:
327:
286:
259:
258:
230:
212:Linguasphere
195:
140:
126:West Semitic
116:Afro-Asiatic
29:
3483:Upper Egypt
3259:Jawi script
3231:Calligraphy
3160:Linguistics
3085:Gulf Pidgin
3001:Judeo-Iraqi
2942:Kashkadarya
2798:Judeo-Iraqi
2723:Palestinian
2634:Nile Valley
2296:Pre-Islamic
2008:Dagger alif
1527:Nishio 1994
1181:Allophones
897:Approximant
470:Nag Hammadi
428:monolingual
307:Lower Egypt
245:instead of
3462:Categories
3146:Literature
2819:Peninsular
2759:Khuzestani
2489:(Mountain)
2409:Australian
2318:Old Arabic
1968:Diacritics
1895:Numerology
1392:Ethnologue
1332:Ethnologue
1311:References
587:Pharyngeal
545:Consonants
317:, and the
262:(autonym:
3436:varieties
3428:indicate
3343:Technical
3314:Shahmukhi
3269:Kairouani
3167:Phonology
2946:Khorasani
2936:Bakhtiari
2788:Anatolian
2718:Jordanian
2698:Damascene
2661:Levantine
2573:Hassaniya
2414:Cottenera
2349:Classical
2288:Varieties
1866:Overviews
1352:"Index".
1250:, , , ,
1247:, , , ,
1217:, , , ,
761:voiceless
756:Fricative
657:voiceless
651:Affricate
540:Phonology
216:12-AAC-eb
197:Glottolog
181:ISO 639-3
87:Ethnicity
3447:Category
3299:Nastaliq
3289:Muhaqqaq
3279:Maghrebi
3139:Academic
3079:Bimbashi
3035:Tunisene
3006:Baghdadi
2954:Shirvani
2894:Hadhrami
2852:Bahraini
2803:Baghdadi
2754:Baghdadi
2693:Aleppine
2683:Lebanese
2678:Cilician
2651:Sudanese
2641:Egyptian
2522:Hilalian
2480:Western
2458:Eastern
2455:Village
2434:Żurrieqi
2398:Sicilian
2391:Andalusi
2373:Maghrebi
2342:Literary
1994:(tanwin)
1992:Nunation
1878:Alphabet
1873:Language
1860:language
1790:Armenian
1572:(2001).
1553:68-17886
1279:See also
1178:Phoneme
1135:Sounds /
567:Alveolar
558:Bilabial
441:Dialects
348:exponent
345:genitive
337:prestige
251:Help:IPA
204:said1239
97:Speakers
74:border;
3426:Italics
3334:Thuluth
3199:Grammar
3070:pidgins
3065:Creoles
3054:Sanʽani
2939:Bukhara
2899:Sanʽani
2862:Kuwaiti
2857:Emirati
2842:Dhofari
2827:Bahrani
2793:Cypriot
2781:(Qeltu)
2608:Sulaym
2595:Western
2590:Eastern
2468:Sfaxian
2464:(Sahel)
2419:Gozitan
2404:Maltese
2024:Letters
1998:Shaddah
1987:Harakat
1982:Tashkil
1910:Scripts
1883:History
1800:Italian
1769:English
1535:Sources
1431:28 June
1372:1 March
1300:Nubians
1214:, , ,
1195:, , ,
1031:Central
646:Plosive
592:Glottal
572:Palatal
533:nikitbu
525:nikitbu
482:niktibu
463:níkitbu
321:of the
247:Unicode
121:Semitic
91:Sa'idis
76:Red Sea
3249:Diwani
3236:Script
3194:(case)
3191:ʾIʿrāb
3177:Tajwid
3122:Bongor
3101:Maridi
3051:Habban
2925:Others
2909:Tihami
2889:Yemeni
2884:Shihhi
2869:Hejazi
2837:Bedawi
2832:Bareqi
2688:Syrian
2646:Saʽidi
2578:Nemadi
2564:Maqil
2462:Sahili
2429:Żejtun
2365:spoken
2363:Modern
1858:Arabic
1774:French
1753:others
1739:Nobiin
1734:Domari
1729:Coptic
1580:
1551:
1499:
1016:Vowels
959:or as
819:voiced
707:voiced
582:Uvular
563:Dental
529:niktib
517:niktib
497:gahawa
459:niktib
457:. The
393:Jeddah
291:Arabic
285:), or
136:Arabic
78:area;
64:Region
3408:Other
3329:Tawqi
3284:Mashq
3274:Kufic
3182:Imāla
3151:Names
3117:Turku
3045:Adeni
2879:Omani
2874:Najdi
2779:North
2769:South
2764:Shawi
2746:Gilit
2710:South
2670:North
2568:Fessi
2487:Jebli
2473:Jijel
2448:Tunis
2443:Urban
2424:Qormi
2033:ʾAlif
2003:Hamza
1975:i‘jām
1795:Greek
1366:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
1295:Copts
1266:/uː/
1244:/oː/
1233:/aː/
1211:/eː/
1200:/iː/
1163:]
1159:[
1026:Front
1009:]
1005:[
990:]
986:[
965:]
961:[
957:]
953:[
869:Trill
613:Nasal
605:emph.
599:plain
577:Velar
521:aktib
513:aktib
491:) to
489:Luxor
478:aktib
455:Luxor
451:Asyut
408:قمرية
397:Mecca
376:]
372:[
368:]
364:[
352:bitāʿ
323:Quran
303:Aswan
265:صعيدى
80:Cairo
72:Sudan
58:Egypt
47:صعيدى
3304:Rasm
3107:Nubi
3095:Juba
3068:and
3048:Beda
3020:Wqal
3017:Kjal
2847:Gulf
2195:Ġayn
2186:ʿAyn
1751:and
1744:Siwi
1724:Beja
1578:ISBN
1549:LCCN
1497:ISBN
1433:2020
1374:2013
1255:/u/
1222:/a/
1189:/i/
1043:High
1036:Back
493:Esna
474:Qena
420:فرخة
414:فروج
395:and
388:قعمز
299:Nile
82:area
3392:864
3387:720
3383:711
3380:710
3377:709
3373:708
3216:IPA
2276:Yāʾ
2267:Wāw
2258:Hāʾ
2249:Nūn
2240:Mīm
2231:Lām
2222:Kāf
2213:Qāf
2204:Fāʾ
2177:Ẓāʾ
2168:Ṭāʾ
2159:Ḍād
2150:Ṣād
2141:Šīn
2132:Sīn
2123:Zāy
2114:Rāʾ
2105:Ḏāl
2096:Dāl
2087:Ḫāʾ
2078:Ḥāʾ
2069:Ǧīm
2060:Ṯāʾ
2051:Tāʾ
2042:Bāʾ
1389:at
1329:at
1272:,
1269:,
1261:,
1258:,
1239:,
1236:,
1228:,
1225:,
1206:,
1203:,
1192:,
1113:Low
1076:Mid
969:/d/
947:d͡ʒ
735:d͡ʒ
680:t͡ʃ
519:or
402:لسع
378:).
362:as
233:IPA
188:aec
3464::
3234:·
1511:^
1477:^
1452:34
1450:.
1319:^
1141:,
1124:aː
1105:oː
1102:)
1089:eː
1086:)
1068:uː
1054:iː
1007:tˀ
999:tˤ
980:dʒ
940:^*
834:zˤ
781:sˤ
728:dˤ
673:tˤ
501:aw
313:,
273:,
1850:e
1843:t
1836:v
1619:e
1612:t
1605:v
1586:.
1555:.
1505:.
1435:.
1376:.
1165:.
1161:ə
1155:/
1153:a
1151:/
1144:o
1138:e
1119:a
1099:o
1096:(
1083:e
1080:(
1063:u
1049:i
1001:/
997:/
988:ɟ
982:/
978:/
971:.
963:d
955:ʒ
949:/
945:/
919:j
910:l
903:w
877:r
859:ʕ
852:ʁ
845:)
842:ʒ
839:(
827:z
811:h
804:ħ
797:χ
788:ʃ
774:s
767:f
742:ɡ
721:d
714:b
698:ʔ
687:k
666:t
648:/
626:n
619:m
565:/
535:.
531:-
523:-
515:-
507:.
480:-
461:-
374:ʔ
366:ɡ
360:/
358:q
356:/
278::
253:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
