222:
737:) in Latin just after he visited Kiev in 1246, contains a brief passage mention the siege of Kiev that happened several years earlier. Although frequently cited by earlier historians, the accuracy of this account has been questioned, especially because the passage from the first redaction of Carpini's manuscript copies was substantially expanded in the second redaction, which breaks the narrative of the first, and partially contradicts it.
58:
229:
674:, written two centuries after the fact, the Mongol siege engines took ten weeks to break through Kiev's two sets of fortifications. Maiorov (2016) concluded that this version of events 'is entirely fictitious', made up in order 'to reconstruct the history of the struggle against the Tatars at a time when the
796:
While the first redaction text states that the
Mongols "put the inhabitants to death", suggesting that the entire population was killed and there were no survivors, this is contradicted by the second-redaction statement that "the inhabitants are kept in complete servitude", meaning that at least some
780:
When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground. Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced to almost nothing, for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and the
770:
Subduing this country they attacked Rus', where they made great havoc, destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men; and they laid siege of Kiev, the capital of Rus'; after they had besieged the city for a long time, they took it and put the inhabitants to death.
766:
Subduing this country they attacked Rus', where they made great havoc, destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men; and they laid siege of Kiev, the capital of Rus'; after they had besieged the city for a long time, they took it and put the inhabitants to death.
548:
state. Daniel of
Galicia and Michael of Chernigov were the last two to make their trip and formally submit to the khan as their overlord, and be confirmed in their principalities. However, Michael refused to "purify himself by walking between two fires and to
801:. Questions have also been raised as to whether Carpini really "was describing Kiev or some other town he was told was Kiev", as there are no other extant descriptions of what Kiev looked like at the time, and Carpini does not mention any landmarks such as
467:
came near the city. Möngke was apparently taken by the splendor of Kiev and offered the city terms for surrender, but his envoys were killed. The
Mongols chose to assault the city. Batu Khan destroyed the forces of the Rus vassals, the
600:, completed in the 1290s), the defenders of Kiev managed to capture a Mongol soldier named Tovrul', who provided them with the names of all enemy officers, suggesting that they acquired extensive knowledge of the army they were facing.
498:. The next day, as the Mongols commenced the final assault, the church's balcony collapsed under the weight of the people standing on it, crushing many. After the Mongols won the battle, they plundered Kiev. Most of the population was
455:(Halych-Volhynia, also known as Ruthenia), having been recently captured by Danylo Romanovych. The chief commander in Kiev was Voivode Dmytro, while Danylo was in Hungary at that time, seeking a military union to prevent invasion.
475:
Scholar
Alexander Maiorov (2016) compared all the dates in the surviving records of the events, concluding that the siege of Kiev lasted just nine days, from 28 November to 6 December 1240. On 28 November, the Mongols set up
272:
440:. The Mongol capture of Chernigov caused Michael to flee to Hungary in 1239 or 1240. The Smolensk prince Rostislav II Mstislavich seized the opportunity to claim Kiev for himself, but was in turn soon driven out by
535:
Former Kievan grand prince
Michael of Chernigov had been unsuccessfully seeking assistance in Hungary, Poland, and Galicia during his exile. But by 1243 he had accepted the fact that the Mongols had recognised
502:. Out of 50,000 inhabitants before the invasion, about 2,000 survived. Most of the city was burned and only six out of forty major buildings remained standing. Dmytro, however, was shown mercy for his bravery.
712:
A letter by a
Hungarian bishop written between 1239 and 1242 provides indirect, circumstantial evidence of when the Mongols invaded, and that they probably waited until mid-November 1240 for the river
265:
1481:
288:
258:
1511:
510:
After their victory at Kiev, the
Mongols forced both Galicia and Volhynia to submit to Batu Khan's suzerainty, and they were free to advance westward into Hungary and
596:, and other manuscripts). This account 'gives the fullest and the most detailed description of the siege and the capture of Kiev'. According to the GVC (written in
574:
written after the events, although they vary widely in the details, contradict each other and have conflicting dates as to when it happened exactly. They include:
1476:
64:
1486:
221:
237:
1422:
494:
When night fell the
Mongols held their positions while the Kievans retreated to the central parts of the city. Many people crowded into the
1506:
814:
401:
355:
384:
took place between 28 November and 6 December 1240, and resulted in a Mongol victory. It was a heavy morale and military blow to the
1443:
1369:
1344:
1283:
580:
282:
49:
95:
452:
385:
166:
540:
as the new grand prince, and
Michael returned to Chernigov. All the major reigning Rus' princes eventually made the journey to
31:
472:, who were on their way to relieve Kiev, and the entire Mongol army camped outside the city gates, joining Möngke's troops.
1270:
802:
726:
529:
798:
480:
near one of the three gates of old Kiev where tree cover extended almost to the city walls. The
Mongols then began a
1501:
1412:
301:
797:
had to be left alive to be "kept in complete servitude". The added text thus seems likely to be an inauthentic
605:
307:
970:
1496:
1491:
1310:
The Hypatian Codex Part Two: The GalicianâVolynian Chronicle. An annotated translation by George A. Perfecky
537:
337:
1432:
Ostrowski, Donald (1993). "Why did the Metropolitan Move from Kiev to Vladimir in the Thirteenth Century".
702:
410:
325:
522:
where a successor would be chosen. Soon after, the new Mongol regime began collecting tributes through a
697:
495:
437:
1355:
716:
to freeze over in order to cross it with their heavy baggage carts, moving yurts and siege weapons.
629:
614:
485:
1387:
1035:
1275:
754:
746:
721:
635:
597:
250:
514:. The Mongol advance westward only halted in September 1242, when Batu Khan heard the news that
1439:
1418:
1365:
1340:
1313:
705:
in Arabic and Persian just after 1300, contains a brief passage on "Prince Batu"'s capture of
571:
441:
349:
331:
1457:
1399:
658:
620:
592:
414:
343:
319:
313:
1403:
1300:
962:
730:
586:
515:
469:
464:
447:
The next year, Batu Khan's army under the tactical command of the great Mongol general
409:
and the Mongols began their invasion in late 1237 by conquering the northeastern Rus'
1470:
488:
183:
161:
790:
Going on from there, fighting as they went, the Tatars destroyed the whole of Rus'.
787:
Going on from there, fighting as they went, the Tatars destroyed the whole of Rus'.
57:
675:
554:
545:
541:
17:
436:
The Mongol envoys sent to Kiev to demand submission were executed by Grand Prince
1433:
1359:
557:"; this offence reportedly angered Batu, who had him executed in September 1246.
1435:
Christianity and the Eastern Slavs. Volume I: Slavic Cultures in the Middle Ages
481:
1461:
524:
422:
110:
97:
885:
Russia at War: from the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
426:
406:
389:
178:
1337:
Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History
1317:
519:
499:
484:
that lasted several days. On 6 December, Kiev's walls were breached, and
477:
1293:
491:. The Kievans suffered heavy losses and Dmytro was wounded by an arrow.
451:
reached Kiev (in November 1240). At the time, the city was ruled by the
413:. Then, in 1238 the Mongols went south-west and destroyed the cities of
713:
448:
418:
381:
550:
511:
62:
Imaginative portrayal of the 1240 Siege of Kiev in the 16th-century
1020:
V. Minorksy â "The AlÄn Capital Magas and the Mongol Campaigns",
927:. Munich, Germany: Wilhelm Fink Publishing House. pp. 43â49.
430:
89:
609:(NPL, as transmitted in both the Older and Younger Redactions).
388:, which was forced to submit to Mongol suzerainty, and allowed
254:
1438:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 83â101.
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
905:. Oxford, Great Britain: Osprey Publishing. pp. 45â49.
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1199:
1197:
1118:
1116:
1024:, University of London, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1952), pp. 221â238
570:
The 1240 siege of Kiev has been described in nearly every
1160:
1158:
1133:
1131:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1036:"Today in European history: the Mongols sack Kiev (1240)"
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
686:
does not contain an account of the 1240 siege of Kiev.
1022:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1364:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 894.
544:, the capital city of Batu Khan's newly established
1414:Medieval Russia: 980â1584. Second Edition. E-book
973:" series. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 131.
805:that would make this identification unambiguous.
670:(from Novgorod). According to the account in the
903:Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests 1190â1400
627:The Moscow Academic Rostov continuation of the
42:
1388:"The Mongolian Capture of Kiev: The Two Dates"
1361:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples
1482:Battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
266:
8:
228:
781:inhabitants are kept in complete servitude.
682:Contrary to earlier scholarly belief, the
612:The Laurentian Rostov continuation of the
273:
259:
251:
39:
1417:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1249:
1226:
1203:
392:to proceed westward into Central Europe.
1122:
740:
518:had died, and Batu needed to attend the
211:~48,000 (including noncombatants) killed
1512:Massacres committed by former countries
1322:(page 48 relates the 1240 sack of Kiev)
1188:
1176:
1164:
1149:
1137:
1107:
995:
845:
827:
1090:
1078:
1059:
983:
937:
870:
463:The vanguard army under Batu's cousin
1392:The Slavonic and East European Review
7:
1304:. (interpreted by Leonid Makhnovets)
918:
916:
914:
912:
896:
894:
678:had lost its political importance.'
1477:Sieges involving the Mongol Empire
1404:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.94.4.0702
1034:Davison, Derek (6 December 2019).
967:Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire
25:
1298:(years 1224â1244), based on the
453:Principality of GaliciaâVolhynia
386:Principality of GaliciaâVolhynia
227:
220:
56:
1312:. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag.
815:Batu's raid of 1240 in Ruthenia
709:, the old Turkic name for Kiev.
561:Surviving records on the events
532:already observed in the 1240s.
444:-Volhynia (Danylo Romanovych).
402:Batu's raid of 1240 in Ruthenia
32:Battle of Kiev (disambiguation)
30:For other battles at Kyiv, see
1386:Maiorov, Alexander V. (2016).
752:Second redaction of Carpini's
725:, written by Italian diplomat
489:combat followed in the streets
421:. In 1239, they captured both
284:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
50:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1:
1335:Halperin, Charles J. (1987).
744:First redaction of Carpini's
80:28 November â 6 December 1240
1308:Perfecky, George A. (1973).
1295:Galician-Volhynian Chronicle
1284:GalicianâVolhynian Chronicle
1271:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
803:Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv
727:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
584:(GVC, as transmitted in the
581:GalicianâVolhynian Chronicle
1487:Kingdom of GaliciaâVolhynia
817:(spring 1239 â autumn 1240)
27:Mongol siege of a Rus' city
1528:
952:by Stephen Turnbull, p. 81
901:Turnbull, Stephen (2003).
785:
764:
528:in Kiev and elsewhere, as
399:
145:Most civilians slaughtered
29:
1507:1240 in the Mongol Empire
1462:10.1525/9780520313606-009
923:Perfecky, George (1973).
883:Dowling, Timothy (2015).
751:
743:
735:Iohannes de Plano Carpini
666:(from Western Rus'), and
429:with their sights set on
297:
215:
202:
189:
172:
155:
111:50.4500000°N 30.5236111°E
72:
55:
47:
986:, pp. 154â155, 164.
887:. ABC-CLIO. p. 537.
644:Chronicler from Vladimir
606:Novgorod First Chronicle
760:(authenticity disputed)
648:Vladimirskii letopisets
633:(as transmitted in the
618:(as transmitted in the
538:Yaroslav II of Vladimir
356:Batu's raid in Ruthenia
208:Unknown, probably minor
195:Unknown; probably large
1411:Martin, Janet (2007).
734:
703:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
411:Principality of Ryazan
241:Location within Europe
173:Commanders and leaders
116:50.4500000; 30.5236111
400:Further information:
203:Casualties and losses
1356:Magocsi, Paul Robert
664:Avraamka's Chronicle
496:Church of the Tithes
438:Michael of Chernigov
238:class=notpageimage|
1191:, pp. 707â714.
1179:, pp. 703â704.
1152:, pp. 702â703.
1093:, pp. 164â165.
1007:Charles Halperin â
668:Bolshakov Chronicle
630:Suzdalian Chronicle
615:Suzdalian Chronicle
107: /
18:Sack of Kiev (1240)
1276:Ystoria Mongalorum
971:Abrams Discoveries
925:The Hypatian Codex
755:Ystoria Mongalorum
747:Ystoria Mongalorum
722:Ystoria Mongalorum
636:Academic Chronicle
553:before an idol of
1502:Conflicts in 1240
1424:978-0-511-36800-4
1229:, pp. 89â90.
794:
793:
761:
698:Jami' al-tawarikh
684:Suprasl Chronicle
442:Daniel of Galicia
371:
370:
249:
248:
151:
150:
16:(Redirected from
1519:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1428:
1407:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1350:
1321:
1292:
1253:
1247:
1230:
1224:
1207:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
974:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
928:
920:
907:
906:
898:
889:
888:
880:
874:
868:
849:
843:
759:
741:
672:Pskov Chronicles
659:Pskov Chronicles
651:
621:Laurentian Codex
593:Khlebnikov Codex
292:
285:
275:
268:
261:
252:
231:
230:
224:
167:GaliciaâVolhynia
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
112:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
74:
73:
65:Facial Chronicle
60:
40:
21:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1467:
1466:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1410:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1354:
1347:
1339:. p. 222.
1334:
1331:
1307:
1290:
1267:
1265:Primary sources
1262:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1233:
1225:
1210:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1040:fx.substack.com
1033:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
963:Roux, Jean-Paul
961:
960:
956:
948:
944:
940:, p. xvii.
936:
932:
922:
921:
910:
900:
899:
892:
882:
881:
877:
869:
852:
844:
829:
824:
811:
758:
692:
690:Foreign records
649:
568:
563:
508:
461:
404:
398:
374:
373:
372:
367:
293:
283:
281:
279:
245:
244:
243:
242:
240:
234:
233:
232:
136:
115:
113:
109:
106:
101:
98:
96:
94:
93:
92:
61:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1497:Sieges of Kyiv
1494:
1492:1240 in Europe
1489:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1444:
1429:
1423:
1408:
1398:(4): 702â714.
1383:
1370:
1352:
1345:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1305:
1301:Hypatian Codex
1291:(in Ukrainian)
1280:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:Ostrowski 1993
1231:
1227:Ostrowski 1993
1208:
1204:Ostrowski 1993
1193:
1181:
1169:
1167:, p. 703.
1154:
1142:
1140:, p. 706.
1127:
1125:, p. 124.
1112:
1110:, p. 702.
1095:
1083:
1081:, p. 164.
1064:
1062:, p. 165.
1052:
1026:
1013:
1009:The Tatar Yoke
1000:
998:, p. 125.
988:
976:
954:
942:
930:
908:
890:
875:
873:, p. 155.
850:
848:, p. 714.
826:
825:
823:
820:
819:
818:
810:
807:
792:
791:
788:
784:
783:
777:
773:
772:
768:
763:
762:
750:
739:
738:
717:
710:
691:
688:
680:
679:
654:
640:
625:
610:
601:
587:Hypatian Codex
572:Rus' chronicle
567:
566:Native records
564:
562:
559:
507:
504:
470:Chorni Klobuky
460:
457:
397:
394:
369:
368:
366:
365:
359:
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
308:Voronezh River
305:
298:
295:
294:
280:
278:
277:
270:
263:
255:
247:
246:
236:
235:
226:
225:
219:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
187:
186:
181:
175:
174:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
143:
142:Kiev plundered
138:
132:
131:
130:Mongol victory
128:
124:
123:
88:
86:
82:
81:
78:
70:
69:
53:
52:
45:
44:
38:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1524:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1447:
1445:9780520360198
1441:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1373:
1371:9781442610217
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:9781850430575
1342:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1252:, p. 90.
1251:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1206:, p. 89.
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:Halperin 1987
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
985:
980:
977:
972:
968:
964:
958:
955:
951:
946:
943:
939:
934:
931:
926:
919:
917:
915:
913:
909:
904:
897:
895:
891:
886:
879:
876:
872:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
828:
821:
816:
813:
812:
808:
806:
804:
800:
799:interpolation
789:
786:
782:
778:
775:
774:
769:
765:
757:
756:
749:
748:
742:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:
718:
715:
711:
708:
704:
701:, written by
700:
699:
694:
693:
689:
687:
685:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:
655:
652:
645:
641:
638:
637:
632:
631:
626:
623:
622:
617:
616:
611:
608:
607:
602:
599:
598:Old Ruthenian
595:
594:
589:
588:
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1189:Maiorov 2016
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1138:Maiorov 2016
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304: (1223)
156:Belligerents
99:50°27â²0.00â³N
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1091:Martin 2007
1079:Martin 2007
1060:Martin 2007
984:Martin 2007
950:The Mongols
938:Martin 2007
871:Martin 2007
516:Ãgedei Khan
482:bombardment
302:Kalka River
135:Territorial
114: /
1471:Categories
1377:22 January
1329:Literature
822:References
707:Manker Kan
423:Pereyaslav
396:Background
1351:(e-book).
506:Aftermath
500:massacred
478:catapults
427:Chernigov
407:Batu Khan
390:Batu Khan
350:Chernigov
338:Sit River
179:Batu Khan
1358:(2010).
1287:(1290s)
965:(2003).
809:See also
520:quriltai
415:Vladimir
332:Vladimir
190:Strength
85:Location
48:Part of
1279:(1240s)
1045:30 July
1011:, p. 43
714:Dnieper
530:Carpine
449:Subutai
419:Kozelsk
382:Mongols
380:by the
344:Kozelsk
320:Kolomna
137:changes
1451:16 May
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1318:902306
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525:basqaq
512:Poland
465:Möngke
326:Moscow
314:Ryazan
198:~1,000
127:Result
731:Latin
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542:Sarai
459:Siege
1453:2023
1440:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1379:2023
1366:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1314:OCLC
1047:2020
719:The
695:The
656:The
642:The
603:The
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431:Kiev
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289:list
90:Kiev
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