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37:
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1820:. Having left a sizeable garrison at Anderstad, the bulk of the force advanced to the village of Donk and linked with the Antwerp force under MondragĂłn. Then they marched unopposed to Lier and were warmly received by Alonso de Luna and his men, who opened the 's-Hertogenbosch gate to let them in. The Spanish and Walloon soldiers and the Flemish militia then launched a two-pronged attack over the States troops. A first, main column drove the Dutch from the inner 's-Hertogenbosch gate and pushed them to the Markt district while a second, auxiliary column rushed along the Rauwbroek y Kerk streets. No prisoners were taken during the street fight.
1832:
they were soon pushed out of it and fell back to the fish market, located in an island between two bridges over the Kleine Nete. Heraugières left there a rearguard under
Captain Van Boetselaer to cover the retreat. However, the Dutch officer was slain, and his men fled disorderly towards the Leuven gate. The Dutch soldiers found their way blocked by a Catholic force under Van den Cruyce and d'Assa, who advanced along the outer wall and retook the Antwerp and Mechelen gates while other troops cleared the Carthusian monastery from an isolated pocket of Dutch soldiers. The Flemish
1853:, on the other hand, reduced the number of casualties to 300, although adding that 'this loss was even greater because they were mostly veteran soldiers'. Modern estimations set the Dutch losses at 500 men dead. They were buried in two mass graves near the Mol watergate. Among the casualties there were several officers. Two majors died: Van Boetselaer and Van den Broek, as well as captains Van Buren and Van Dorp, lieutenants Voet and Geyzelaers, ensign Greun, and Willem de Vos, adjudant of Heraugières, who had gained renown during the capture of Huy that March.
1879:
119:
1386:, had time enough to organize the defense at the 's-Hertogenbosch gate, also known as Lisper gate, and sent messengers to Antwerp and Mechelen calling for help. While the Dutch soldiers lost disciplane and plundered the town and desecrated its churches, the militias from Antwerp and Mechelen, reinforced by some regular troops, marched to relief Lier. After a stubborn fight, the
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1609:, in March 1595. The capture of Breda, in particular, had been considered a great achievement and celebrated across the Northern Netherlands in poetry, prints and songs. To avoid suspicions and preventing Spanish spies from discovering the plan, Heraugières assembled a force of 750 foot and 120 cavalry soldiers from the border garrisons of Breda,
1713:
Dutch soldiers lost discipline as they found many wine barrels in the monastery's cellar and got drunk. Heraugières was unable to restore order, and the States troops spread out around the town in search of booty. The
Calvinist soldiery looted the Lier town hall and many of the town's churches and private houses. The religious images were
1987:, the French cavalry, the mutineers of the Royal Army and bandits of all sorts. Additionally, the contribution of the Antwerp and Mechelen militias to the relief of Lier evidenced the compromise between the Southern Netherlandish population and the Spanish Crown to fight together against the Dutch Protestants.
2014:
basins, medals and three paintings. In 1596, the
Mechelen town council commissioned the local artist Jan Ghuens II to paint a canvas showing the relief of Lier, for which he was paid 42 florins. The senior officers of the town's civic guard feature prominently in the foreground. This painting became
1725:
in other ways. Heraugières had to content himself to ensure that all the gates were closed and the
Spanish defenders remained under harassment. To do this, three cannons were taken from the city walls to fire upon the entrenched positions, although the Spanish had also one piece, as Luna had ordered
1874:
returned to their cities, where crowds of citizens rushed to welcome them. The many bags and packages full of looted objects which the Dutch soldiers abandoned in the streets of Lier during their flight were ordered to be carried to the residence of
Melchior van Cortbeemde, burgomaster of Lier, for
1831:
The Dutch force was unable to mount a strong defense. The troops were either tired from the previous fighting or drunk, and many of them argued that it was better to escape with the booty than trying to hold the town. Heraugières organized the defense of the Markt square with his best soldiers, but
1910:
as their base. Albeit rebellious to the army's command, they had sent 1,000 men to relief Lier, who knew about the victory on their way to the town and returned to Tienen. According to Coloma, Fuentes joyfully received the news of the relief, as 'it perfectioned all the other events of that year'.
1848:
The total loss of the Dutch force had been variely assessed. The
Spanish officer and writer Carlos Coloma stated that 640 Dutch dead were counted on the streets of Lier and 60 prisoners were taken, and that it was later known that just 80 men returned to Breda with Heraugières. The Dutch historian
1699:
monastery. Besides this, the lock in the Nete river, in the northern side of the wall, was closed to prevent the Dutch from entering the town from there. The battle in the Markt, nevertheless, had been decided in favour of the attackers. Several buildings in the square, and also in the
Antwerp and
1893:
Further south, the Count of
Fuentes, who remained with the main army around Cambrai, having captured the city a few weeks before, was already in knowledge about the Dutch enterprise and had dispatched a force of 4,000 foot and 500 horse to relief Lier or, in case that it had fallen, to invest it
1712:
fire and fell back. Captain Arnold van Buren led a section of Dutch soldiers across the walls to attack the gate from outside, but he was killed by a musket shot and his soldiers retreated to safer positions to harass the
Spanish from behind. The attack over the Monastery succeeded, but then the
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from
Antwerp and Mechelen, who revealed themselves as loyal subjects of the Spanish Crown and an effective and essential force in the defense of the Catholic south against the northern Dutch Protestants. The success was publicized through printed accounts and commemorated by means of paintings,
2032:('map of Lier'). The third painting is similar to the other two, but it provides more details about the fight, as both the Dutch assault and the Catholic relief are shown. The three paintings are likely inspired by Huybrechts' engraving about the events, as well as by the views of Lier in the
1869:
and other Dutch forts in the vicinity of Antwerp fired several salvos to celebrate the taking of the town. However, they were soon silenced by three salvos from the 150 cannons of the citadel and the city walls of Antwerp. Next day, once the ravelin of the Mechelen gate had been repaired, the
1707:
Captain Luna withdrew his men along the Den Bosch, Rauwbroek and Brouwery streets to the 's-Hertogenbosch gate, where he was able to regroup his force and stop the Dutch push. Heraugières ordered the gate and Carthusian monastery to be carried by assault. His men, however, were met by a heavy
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and a Latin hymn were sung. By the second half of the 19th century, the original meaning of the feast had been lost, since most of the inhabitants of Lier believed then that the procession was held to thank Gummarus for having saved the town not from the Dutch Calvinists, but from the pagan
1690:
in the Markt square to contain the Dutch while himself, with the remaining force, build up a barricade with carts, barrels and mattresses in the Antwerp street to block the advance of the attackers. The States soldiers pushed the defenders to the Markt, killing 40 Spanish soldiers and three
1845:. The States troops, either on foot or in horseback, jumped into the Nete to save themselves. Heraugières was able to escape back to Breda followed by several officers and most of the cavalry, though losing their mounts in the process. Many Dutch soldiers drowned, and others were captured.
2069:, the monastery was demolished and the stained glasses were sold at a low price to different individuals. Medals were produced at Antwerp and Mechelen to be individually awarded to the principal participants in the relief. The Antwerp city hall commissioned the medallist and sculptor
1811:
The relief force from Melechen marched directly to the Anderstad castle, from the towers of which they saw the royal flag over the 's-Hertogenbosch gate of Lier. Burgmaster Van der Laen ordered his second in command, a retired German soldier called Sebastiaen Cuyser, to build a
1803:
1785:
of Burgerhout. Meanwhile, another messenger arrived to Mechelen by 8 a. m. having crossed the Nete at the Anderstad castle. The governor of the city, Gerard de Hornes, baron of Bassignies, was just in command of a Walloon infantry company, but he was joined by 800
1584:
about the presence of a weak spot in the defenses of the town, and spies were sent to inspect the gates and find out the regular number of guards of each entrance and the hours when they were shifted. The command of the enterprise was entrusted to the governor of
1750:
during the absence of the latter– about the attack. A force was quickly assembled to march in relief of Lier. Mondragón took 250 Spanish soldiers from the garrison of the citadel and assumed the overall command, though the bulk of the force was formed by
2023:
in 1580. The origins of the two other paintings are unclear. One of them was already at the Lier town hall in 1740, which suggests that it was commissioned by the municipal authorities. Though similar the Ghuens' canvas and also featuring the Mechelen
1840:
from where they opened fire on the approahcing Dutch troops. On finding the Leuven gate closed, Heraugières' men panicked and lost cohesion. They fled across the Pettendonk, chased by the Catholic soldiers and militia, hoping to escape across the Mol
1674:
which was being erected to protect the Mechelen gate and stabbed the new sentinel, a man called Coenraert Perre, before he could give the alarm. Then Van Boetselar and his men quickly overran the guard post next to the gate, where they killed 12
1548:
consisted of a few Spanish infantry companies and that of Lier just of one Spanish and one Walloon foot flags. It was decided to undertake a surprise attack over Lier, whose location halfway between Antwerp and Mechelen, and not far from
1526:, in the south, with the main Spanish Army. The command of the States Army wished to take the opportunity to make some swift gains in the mostly undefended Brabant. Intelligence collected in the previous weeks revealed that the towns of
1679:, while his lieutenant did the same in the Antwerp gate. Meanwhile, Perre, who had been left for dead, recovered consciousness and, albeit badly wounded, was able to reach the main guard post in the Markt square and gave the alarm.
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to craft a number of medals adorned with a woman crowned by the citadel of Antwerp in the obverse, and a descriptive caption on the reverse, for which he was paid 534 florins and 15 sous. Moreover, the town council gave
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published accounts in Antwerp and Brussels, respectively. The first one reccounted the events from the perspective of the Antwerp militia, while the second one was based in a notarised copy of the verbal report to the
36:
1375:
before the Mechelen gate, neutralized the few guards of the said gate and that of Antwerp, and opened the way for the bulk of the force. The defenders, a mix of Spanish soldiers and civic guards, known as
1490:
approached the town to relieve it. The Spanish troops threatened the Dutch lines of communications with the towns along the IJssel. Furthermore, Maurice's force was not large enough to guard the lines of
1695:
in the process. Following Luna's instructions, however, the garrison had time enough to secure and close the 's-Hertogenbosch gate, flanked by two round towers easy to defend, as well as a neighboring
2820:
Eekhout, Marianne (2013). "Celebrating a Trojan Horse. Memories of the Dutch Revolt in Breda, 1590–1650". In Kuijpers, Erika; Pollmann, Judith; Mueller, Johannes; van der Steen, Jasper (eds.).
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The Dutch force arrived to the vicinity of Lier on 14 October while it still was dark, between 4 a. m. and 5 a. m. Heraugières dispatched a vanguard under Captain Van Boetselaer to ford the
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Francesco Angeli, right-hand man to Alonso de Luna, was dispatched on horseback to Antwerp across the 's-Hertogenbosch gate. He arrived to the city early in the morning and informed the
1557:, would allow the Dutch, by taking control of it, to 'put themselves in the hearth of the Catholic forces, and from there to disturb them all', as said by the Spanish soldier and writer
1646:
1348:. The possession of Lier would have provided the Dutch Republic an advanced base deep inside the Brabant, which would allowed the States troops to cut the communications between
1911:
The string of defeats of the Army of Flanders following the loss of Breda in 1590 was stemmed in 1595 with the conquest of Cambrai and the victory over the French army at the
1875:
the residents to claim back their stolen properties. However, few people followed the mandate, choosing instead to keep what they were able to seize during the confusion.
2003:
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Eekhout, Marianne (2014). "Furies in beeld. Herinneringen aan gewelddadige innames van steden tijdens de Nederlandse Opstand op zeventiende-eeuwse schilderijen".
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Having marched from several border garrisons, the Dutch troops launched a swift attack on 14 October before dawn. A small force entered Lier across an unfinished
1204:
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Mees, Marc (2000). "Ecole des Pays-Bas méridionaux (première moitié du XVIIe siècle)". In Van de Kerckhof, Véronique; Bussers, Helena; Bücken, Véronique (eds.).
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Antoni van Berchem, Jacob d'Assa and Gillis de Mera, as well as Captain Gaspar de MondragĂłn, silver-gilt basins valued, together, at 829 florins and 2 sous.
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1446:, and from then on he pushed into the remaining Spanish possessions in the north. His campaigns to restore the control of the Republic over the provinces of
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1686:, send messengers to Antwerp and Mechelen and quickly mobilized all the men available, both soldiers and militia. He send a part of them to join the
1670:, he did not inform his officer. When the clock of the town hall stuck 5 a. m. and the guard was replaced, the Dutch assailants scaled an unfinished
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1983:, which, asides from large-scale actions such as the relief of Lier, were regularly involved in small-scale actions against the Dutch
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between the Antwerp and Mechelen gates, which they did waist deep in water without being discovered thanks to the darkness. An armed
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Although a minor action, the relief of Lier was widely celebrated in the Southern Netherlands, specially because the role of the
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A religious feast was established in 1596 to celebrate the salvation of the town each year on 14 October. It consisted of a
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De furie of Lier, op den 14 october 1595 door den vyand verrast en door de burgers van Antwerpen en van Mechelen hernomen
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rivers, which confluded near the town, the Nete being formed by the confluence of the Grote Nete and the Kleine Nete.
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1466:. One year later, hoping to take advantage of the fact that Spain was at war with France, Maurice and his cousin
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to allow the entire force to cross the Nete, which he did by taking two large boats from the nearby village of
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canton. There, Heraugières gave them a rest and issued his orders. After that, they marched silently to Lier.
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Las guerras de Flandes desde la mverte del emperador Carlos V hasta la conclusion de la Tregua de doze años
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While Heraugières entered Lier across the Mechelen gate with the main force, the Spanish governor, Captain
1336:
in March 1595, had been instructed to capture Lier ahead a small elite force while the bulk of the Spanish
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In Lier, the windows of the church in Carthusian monastery were adorned, some time after the events, with
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Historia de las guerras civiles que ha avido en los estados de Flandes desdel ano 1559. hasta el de 1609
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when informed about the Dutch defeat. News about the coup had also reached a number of soldiers who had
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guarding the wall heard a splash in the water, but, probably fearing to be mocked for believing in a
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1518:, while Maurice followed him. In the meantime, the interim governor of the Spanish Netherlands, the
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Beer, Joseph de (1929). "La Médaille de la prise de Lierre (1595) gravée par Jacques Jonghelinck".
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and the Spanish troops drove the Dutch soldiers from the town and killed or captured most of them.
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a matter of urban pride and memory, and helped to seal the wounds of the two sacks of Mechelen,
1800:
Jan van Wachtendonck, Ladislaus van Gottignies, Karel van Boevekerke and Jacob van Cranendonck.
1430:, which allowed the Dutch, under Maurice of Nassau, stadtholder of all the Dutch provinces save
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and Captain Gaspar de Mondragón –nephew of Cristóbal de Mondragón and interim governor of the
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Anselm van den Cryuce, administrador of the city. They were, in all, about 3,000 men. The 80
1574:
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that visually recounted the sack and the relief. After the Carthusians were banned from the
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ahead a force of 8,800 men. On 17 July, however, a Spanish army of 6,000 to 7,000 men under
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from Mechelen at the Anderstad Castle during the relief of Lier, detail from a painting by
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Se mobiliser pour le roi à la fin du XVIe siècle dans les villes des Pays-Bas catholiques
1807:
Rombout Heyns, flag bearer of the Mechelen gunners' guild in the 1580s, by Jan Verhoeven.
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1979:, secretary of the Council of Brabant. All the accounts emphasized the key role of the
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1625:, which were instructed to march separately the night on 13 October to the village of
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1865:. As Heraugières had previously reported the capture of Lier, the Dutch garrisons of
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1411:
65:
1717:, and the church ornaments were taken as booty. Some soldiers dressed themselves in
2758:
From Ghent to Aix: How They Brought the News in the Habsburg Netherlands, 1550-1700
1899:
1714:
1570:
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1730:, two barrels of powder and a number of cannonballs to the 's-Hertogenbosch gate.
1414:. This included the town of Lier, in Brabant, which had adhered to the rebellious
1704:
tried to entrench themselves in the town hall, but they were ultimately overrun.
2039:
2011:
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1345:
554:
1934:
The relief of Lier was widely reported on its immediate aftermath as far as in
1931:
as governor and he wished to leave the Netherlands with his reputation intact.
1316:
in the Southern Netherlands, took place on 14 October 1595 when a force of the
2854:
Le peintre et l'arpenteur: images de Bruxelles et de l'ancien duché de Brabant
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1790:
under Niklaes van der Laen, burgomaster of Mechelen, his brother Jan, Lord of
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Map of the vicinity of Antwerp and Mechelen with Lier and the Nete river, by
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near Wesel, in the north. The loyal provinces then asked Fuentes to besiege
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1580:
A dissatisfied resident of Lier, named Mertten de Meulaer, had informed the
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1410:, succeeded in bringing ten of the seventeen Dutch provinces back under the
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Vaderlandsch museum voor Nederduitsche letterkunde, oudheid en geschiedenis
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Walloon nobleman which had successfully undertaken daring surprise attacks
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to the Spanish in August 1582 by its Scottish military governor, Captain
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2010:
The relief of Lier was commemorated in the Southern Netherlands through
2111:
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2028:, it devots a higher detail to the urban landscape, and it is known as
1894:
until he arrived with a larger force. They stopped their march between
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Charles de Heraugières, governor of Breda (1590), anonymous portrait.
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Memory before Modernity: Practices of Memory in Early Modern Europe
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1935:
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seized the Leuven gate, flanked by three towers and provided with
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1586:
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1328:. Heraugières, who was known for his daring surprise attacks over
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News about the Catholic victory were quickly sent to Antwerp and
1939:
1655:
1975:
brought out an engraving of the relief with authorisation from
1827:
Lier captured and abandoned by the Dutch army, anonymous print.
1561:. Besides, Lier was easy to defend, since it was surrounded by
1382:, were easily overran. Nevertheless, the governor of the town,
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2523:
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1426:. From 1588 on, Parma was forced to distract its resources to
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1406:
From 1579 to 1588, the Spanish Army of Flanders, led by the
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1761:
Antoni van Berchem, Jacob d'Assa and Gillis de Mera, and
1514:
Having secured Groenlo, MondragĂłn encamped his army near
1478:
by taking the last few Spanish strongholds in the north,
1470:, aiming at securing the border of the Republic with the
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The Relief of Lier by the troops of Antwerp and Mechelen
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1434:, to recover some lost ground. In 1591, he secured the
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The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688
2085:
known as the 'Furie van Lier' which marched from the
2065:
in 1783 following a secularization decree issued by
1738:
Soon after the Dutch assault had begun, the Italian
2089:to the 's-Hertogenbosch gate, where the relics of
1915:, in the south, and the relief of Groenlo and the
2901:Spain and the Netherlands, 1559-1659: Ten Studies
2786:Revue belge de numismatique et de sigillographie
2933:(in French). Presses universitaires de Rennes.
1959:of Gillis Rombouts, lieutenant of the Mechelen
21:
207:
8:
2873:L'Histoire Des Pays-Bas d'Emanuel de Meteren
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1499:at the same time, so he ordered a retreat.
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2856:. Renaissance Du Livre. pp. 82–83.
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2920:Traditions et légendes de la Belgique
7:
2875:(in French). Hillebrand Jacobsz Wou.
2715:
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2679:
2541:
2006:, formerly in the town hall of Lier.
1700:Mechelen streets, were on fire. The
2815:(in Spanish). Pedro y Juan Bellero.
173:Relief: 250 regulars, 3,800 militia
2979:(in Dutch). Vol. 4. H. Hoste.
2087:Collegiate Church of Sint-Gummarus
1726:sergeant Diego Mateo to carry one
1565:which could be flooded by opening
16:Battle in the Southern Netherlands
14:
2927:Ruiz Ibáñez, José Javier (2015).
2797:(in Spanish). Geronymo Verdussen.
2002:, anonymous oil on canvas in the
1963:. A third account was printed in
1462:culminated in July 1594 with the
2999:Battles of the Eighty Years' War
2994:1595 in the Habsburg Netherlands
2813:Las guerras de los Estados Baxos
2806:(in Spanish). Juan de Meerbeque.
1946:printed accounts of the events.
1472:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle
117:
104:
35:
44:(17th century), Flemish school.
1938:, where Bernardino Beccari in
1:
2871:Meteren, Emanuel van (1618).
2918:Reinsberg, Otto von (1870).
1917:defeat of the States cavalry
2922:. Vol. 2. F. Claassen.
2880:Nimwegen, Olaf van (2010).
2824:. Brill. pp. 127–147.
2793:Bentivoglio, Guido (1687).
2788:(in French) (LXXXI): 25–31.
1927:had appointed the Archduke
1642:The States assault and sack
1398:medals and other artworks.
3015:
2779:(in Dutch). Joseph van In.
2775:Avontroodt, G. J. (1840).
1775:led the way in command of
1629:, the southernmost of the
2899:Parker, Geoffrey (1979).
2802:Carnero, Antonio (1625).
1607:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
1340:was deployed in northern
233:
177:
162:
129:
97:
48:
34:
26:
2884:. Boydell & Brewer.
2756:Arblaster, Paul (2014).
2093:, contained in a silver
2035:Civitates Orbis Terrarum
2000:The Fury of Lier in 1595
1684:Alonso de Luna y Cárcamo
1384:Alonso de Luna y Cárcamo
1364:, and to raid as far as
2975:Serrure, C. P. (1861).
2811:Coloma, Carlos (1624).
2004:Museum Wuyts-Van Campen
1942:and Pietro Diserolo in
1906:and seized the town of
1544:, that the garrison of
2097:, were deposited, the
2007:
1890:
1828:
1808:
1792:Schriek en te Grootloo
1651:
1591:Charles de Heraugières
1511:
1488:CristĂłbal de MondragĂłn
1322:Charles de Heraugières
136:Charles de Heraugières
130:Commanders and leaders
2903:. Enslow Publishers.
2101:was elevated over an
2052:Lodovico Guicciardini
1998:
1881:
1826:
1806:
1755:companies ley by the
1649:
1538:were guarded just by
1505:
178:Casualties and losses
2063:Habsburg Netherlands
2021:by the States troops
1715:destroyed or damaged
1464:capture of Groningen
1438:with the capture of
1312:, also known as the
1173:2nd Cape St. Vincent
1063:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
975:1st Cape St. Vincent
918:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
834:1st English Channel
650:Ten Years, 1588–1598
157:Niklaes van der Laen
2841:De Zeventiende Eeuw
2071:Jacques Jonghelinck
1977:Joachim de Buschere
1851:Emanuel van Meteren
1627:Sint-Job-in-'t-Goor
1163:3rd English Channel
988:Twelve Years' Truce
970:2nd English Channel
878:1st Schenckenschans
732:3rd Geertruidenberg
667:2nd Geertruidenberg
373:1st Geertruidenberg
145:Gaspar de MondragĂłn
74:Spanish Netherlands
2286:, p. 410-411.
2208:, p. 153-154.
2008:
1973:Adriaen Huybrechts
1913:Battle of Doullens
1891:
1829:
1809:
1748:citadel of Antwerp
1652:
1512:
1096:2nd Schenkenschans
1038:2nd Bergen op Zoom
662:1st Bergen op Zoom
153:Antoni van Berchem
2940:978-2-7535-6070-3
2831:978-90-04-26124-2
2099:Blessed Sacrament
2067:Emperor Joseph II
1948:Anthonis de Ballo
1929:Albert of Austria
1740:military engineer
1719:priestly garments
1582:States of Holland
1326:Eighty Years' War
1318:Dutch States Army
1305:
1304:
225:Eighty Years' War
190:
189:
171:Garrison: Unknown
93:
92:
29:Eighty Years' War
3006:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2923:
2914:
2895:
2876:
2867:
2848:
2835:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2706:, p. 27-28.
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2629:Ruiz Ibáñez 2015
2626:
2620:
2619:, p. 62-63.
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2581:Bentivoglio 1687
2578:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2532:, p. 23-24.
2527:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2451:, p. 16-18.
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2403:, p. 13-14.
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2353:
2352:, p. 10-11.
2347:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2150:, p. 15-18.
2145:
2139:
2133:
1723:Catholic liturgy
1520:Count of Fuentes
1493:countervallation
1416:Union of Utrecht
1362:'s-Hertogenbosch
1338:Army of Flanders
1271:2nd San Salvador
1266:1st San Salvador
1239:2nd Saint Martin
1214:1st Saint Martin
228:
226:
216:
209:
202:
193:
149:Gerard de Hornes
122:
121:
110:
108:
107:
70:Duchy of Brabant
50:
49:
39:
19:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2984:
2983:
2974:
2962:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2898:
2892:
2879:
2870:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2832:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2768:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2692:Avontroodt 1840
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2572:
2566:Avontroodt 1840
2564:
2560:
2554:Avontroodt 1840
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2530:Avontroodt 1840
2528:
2521:
2515:Avontroodt 1840
2513:
2509:
2503:Avontroodt 1840
2501:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2476:Avontroodt 1840
2474:
2467:
2461:Avontroodt 1840
2459:
2455:
2449:Avontroodt 1840
2447:
2443:
2437:Avontroodt 1840
2435:
2431:
2425:Avontroodt 1840
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2401:Avontroodt 1840
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2365:Avontroodt 1840
2363:
2356:
2350:Avontroodt 1840
2348:
2344:
2338:Avontroodt 1840
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2311:Avontroodt 1840
2309:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2263:
2257:Avontroodt 1840
2255:
2248:
2242:Avontroodt 1840
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2169:
2161:
2154:
2148:Avontroodt 1840
2146:
2142:
2136:Avontroodt 1840
2134:
2125:
2120:
2059:stained glasses
2044:Frans Hogenberg
2038:(1572-1617) by
1993:
1859:
1736:
1721:and mocked the
1668:The water devil
1644:
1639:
1615:Geertruidenberg
1497:circumvallation
1408:Prince of Parma
1404:
1306:
1301:
1285:
1195:Bay of Matanzas
1132:European waters
1017:
984:
954:European waters
862:
848:Gulf of AlmerĂa
828:European waters
646:
636:European waters
489:
449:
414:European waters
312:
247:
244:
242:List of battles
229:
224:
222:
220:
172:
155:
151:
147:
143:
116:
105:
103:
89:Spanish victory
81:
56:14 October 1595
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3012:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2972:
2964:|website=
2939:
2924:
2915:
2909:
2896:
2890:
2877:
2868:
2862:
2849:
2836:
2830:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2766:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:, p. 216.
2740:Reinsberg 1870
2732:
2730:, p. 215.
2728:Reinsberg 1870
2720:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2670:, p. 257.
2660:
2658:, p. 256.
2645:
2643:, p. 244.
2633:
2621:
2617:Arblaster 2014
2609:
2605:Arblaster 2014
2597:
2595:, p. 377.
2585:
2583:, p. 390.
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2519:
2507:
2492:
2490:, p. 326.
2480:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2415:, p. 355.
2405:
2393:
2391:, p. 356.
2381:
2379:, p. 376.
2369:
2354:
2342:
2327:
2325:, p. 410.
2315:
2300:
2298:, p. 132.
2288:
2276:
2274:, p. 354.
2261:
2246:
2234:
2232:, p. 163.
2222:
2220:, p. 161.
2210:
2198:
2196:, p. 141.
2186:
2184:, p. 357.
2167:
2165:, p. 383.
2152:
2140:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2030:Liersche Kaart
2017:by the Spanish
1992:
1989:
1952:Rutger Velpius
1858:
1855:
1814:pontoon bridge
1779:Josse Robyns,
1735:
1734:Spanish relief
1732:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1619:Bergen op Zoom
1424:William Semple
1403:
1400:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1297:Historiography
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:Southern Chile
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1072:2nd Maastricht
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1027:Western Europe
1024:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1004:
1003:
995:Western Europe
992:
991:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
956:
955:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
872:Western Europe
869:
868:
861:
860:
855:
850:
845:
843:Bayona Islands
840:
830:
829:
825:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
656:Western Europe
653:
652:
645:
644:
638:
637:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:1st Maastricht
499:Western Europe
496:
495:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
459:Western Europe
456:
455:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
430:Haarlemmermeer
427:
422:
416:
415:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
322:Western Europe
319:
318:
311:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
257:Western Europe
254:
253:
246:
245:
234:
231:
230:
221:
219:
218:
211:
204:
196:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
160:
159:
141:Alonso de Luna
138:
132:
131:
127:
126:
124:Spanish Empire
114:
112:Dutch Republic
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
64:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3011:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2957:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2910:9780894900297
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2891:9781843835752
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2863:9782804604042
2859:
2855:
2850:
2847:(2): 243–266.
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2767:9789004276840
2763:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2718:, p. 31.
2717:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2694:, p. 27.
2693:
2688:
2685:
2682:, p. 83.
2681:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2607:, p. 62.
2606:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2568:, p. 25.
2567:
2562:
2559:
2556:, p. 24.
2555:
2550:
2547:
2544:, p. 27.
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2517:, p. 23.
2516:
2511:
2508:
2505:, p. 21.
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2478:, p. 20.
2477:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2463:, p. 19.
2462:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2439:, p. 15.
2438:
2433:
2430:
2427:, p. 14.
2426:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2367:, p. 12.
2366:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2230:Nimwegen 2010
2226:
2223:
2219:
2218:Nimwegen 2010
2214:
2211:
2207:
2206:Nimwegen 2010
2202:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2046:, and in the
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:Privy Council
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1887:Jan II Ghuens
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1849:and merchant
1846:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:Carlos Coloma
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:William Louis
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:Spanish Crown
1409:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:2nd Gibraltar
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:5th Rheinberg
1084:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:2nd Oldenzaal
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
996:
989:
986:
985:
981:
980:1st Gibraltar
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
952:
949:
946:
944:
943:4th Rheinberg
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
908:3rd Rheinberg
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
873:
867:
864:
863:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
837:
832:
831:
827:
826:
823:
820:
818:
817:1st Oldenzaal
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
787:2nd Rheinberg
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
747:2nd Luxemburg
745:
743:
740:
738:
737:2nd Coevorden
735:
733:
730:
728:
727:1st Luxemburg
725:
723:
722:1st Coevorden
720:
718:
717:2nd Steenwijk
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
657:
651:
648:
647:
643:
642:Ponta Delgada
640:
639:
635:
634:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
620:1st Rheinberg
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:1st Steenwijk
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
500:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
460:
454:
451:
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
413:
412:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
324:
323:
317:
314:
313:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
252:
249:
248:
243:
239:
236:
235:
232:
227:
217:
212:
210:
205:
203:
198:
197:
194:
185:
182:
181:
176:
170:
167:
166:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
128:
125:
120:
115:
113:
102:
101:
96:
88:
85:
84:
79:
76:(present-day
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
52:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
2976:
2944:. Retrieved
2929:
2919:
2900:
2881:
2872:
2853:
2844:
2843:(in Dutch).
2840:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2757:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2668:Eekhout 2014
2663:
2656:Eekhout 2014
2641:Eekhout 2014
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2593:Carnero 1625
2588:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2510:
2488:Carnero 1625
2483:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2377:Carnero 1625
2372:
2345:
2340:, p. 8.
2323:Serrure 1861
2318:
2313:, p. 7.
2296:Eekhout 2013
2291:
2284:Serrure 1861
2279:
2259:, p. 5.
2244:, p. 4.
2237:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2163:Meteren 1618
2143:
2138:, p. 6.
2080:
2075:
2056:
2048:Descrittione
2047:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:in 1572 and
2009:
1999:
1984:
1980:
1969:Antoine Tack
1960:
1933:
1900:Valenciennes
1892:
1882:
1871:
1860:
1847:
1833:
1830:
1810:
1795:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1737:
1706:
1701:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1667:
1653:
1601:in 1590 and
1579:
1539:
1513:
1508:Carel Allard
1436:IJssel river
1405:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1370:
1332:in 1590 and
1314:Fury of Lier
1313:
1310:Sack of Lier
1309:
1307:
1244:
1243:
1219:2nd Salvador
1206:
1185:1st Salvador
1178:
1177:
1153:Lizard Point
1131:
1130:
1111:2nd Roermond
1080:1st Roermond
1026:
1025:
1006:
1005:
994:
993:
960:Dover Strait
928:Hoogstraaten
898:Lekkerbeetje
871:
870:
835:
766:
682:2nd Deventer
655:
654:
510:2nd Mechelen
498:
497:
480:1st Deventer
458:
457:
338:1st Mechelen
321:
320:
268:Valenciennes
263:Beeldenstorm
256:
255:
98:Belligerents
41:
27:Part of the
22:Sack of Lier
2413:Coloma 1624
2389:Coloma 1624
2272:Coloma 1624
2194:Parker 1979
2182:Coloma 1624
2040:Georg Braun
2012:silver-gilt
1744:burgomaster
1522:, besieged
1420:handed over
1346:Lower Rhine
1245:East Indies
1190:Puerto Rico
1058:4th Groenlo
1013:Playa Honda
1007:East Indies
990:, 1609–1621
948:3rd Groenlo
893:San Andreas
797:2nd Groenlo
757:1st Groenlo
692:Knodsenburg
677:2nd Zutphen
625:1st Zutphen
580:3rd Antwerp
565:Steenbergen
555:2nd Antwerp
465:1st Antwerp
440:Reimerswaal
403:Schoonhoven
393:Mookerheyde
293:Heiligerlee
2988:Categories
2750:References
2083:procession
2050:(1581) by
2026:schutterij
1985:vrijbuters
1981:schutterij
1961:schutterij
1883:Schutterij
1872:schutterij
1834:schutterij
1788:schutterij
1773:Borgerhout
1769:schutterij
1753:schutterij
1702:schutterij
1697:Carthusian
1693:schutterij
1688:schutterij
1677:schutterij
1623:Willemstad
1599:over Breda
1541:schutterij
1480:laid siege
1460:Gelderland
1456:Overijssel
1402:Background
1395:schutterij
1388:schutterij
1379:schutterij
938:2nd Lingen
903:Nieuwpoort
883:Zaltbommel
822:1st Lingen
802:Bredevoort
485:Borgerhout
388:Valkenburg
363:IJsselmeer
353:Middelburg
308:Le Quesnoy
283:Oosterweel
2966:ignored (
2956:cite book
2760:. Brill.
2716:Beer 1929
2704:Beer 1929
2680:Mees 2000
2542:Beer 1929
2095:reliquary
1925:Philip II
1857:Aftermath
1843:watergate
1838:loopholes
1666:known as
1664:folk tale
1631:Zandhoven
1605:, in the
1595:Calvinist
1551:Herentals
1448:Groningen
1432:Friesland
1293:Aftermath
1229:Itamaracá
1205:Trujillo
1168:The Downs
1143:2nd Cádiz
1126:4th Hulst
1121:3rd Hulst
1106:3rd Venlo
1101:4th Breda
1076:2nd Venlo
1048:3rd Breda
1021:1621–1648
965:2nd Sluis
933:3rd Sluis
923:2nd Grave
866:1599–1609
853:1st Cádiz
812:Ootmarsum
792:1st Meurs
777:2nd Hulst
742:Groningen
697:1st Hulst
672:2nd Breda
630:1st Sluis
605:1st Venlo
600:1st Grave
560:Eindhoven
535:Noordhorn
530:1st Breda
493:1579–1588
453:1576–1579
435:Zuiderzee
408:Zierikzee
398:Oudewater
316:1572–1576
298:Jemmingen
273:Wattrelos
251:1566–1572
2105:, and a
2091:Gummarus
2076:schepens
1971:, while
1904:mutinied
1863:Brussels
1777:jonkheer
1764:jonkheer
1758:schepens
1728:falconet
1710:musketry
1532:Aarschot
1528:Mechelen
1444:Deventer
1418:but was
1366:Brussels
1354:Mechelen
1344:and the
1251:MormugĂŁo
1209:Campeche
1200:Abrolhos
1179:Americas
838:Flanders
807:Enschede
782:Turnhout
767:2nd Lier
712:Caudebec
702:Nijmegen
687:Delfzijl
550:1st Lier
475:Rijmenam
470:Gembloux
420:Flushing
303:Jodoigne
163:Strength
61:Location
2112:Normans
2107:Te Deum
1797:ridders
1672:ravelin
1660:burgher
1611:Heusden
1575:Leibeek
1569:in the
1563:marshes
1546:Antwerp
1524:Cambrai
1484:Groenlo
1474:of the
1452:Drenthe
1440:Zutphen
1373:ravelin
1350:Antwerp
1320:led by
1261:Malacca
1224:Cabañas
1158:Dunkirk
1043:Fleurus
540:Niezijl
425:Borsele
368:Alkmaar
358:Haarlem
348:Naarden
328:Brielle
238:Origins
186:Unknown
183:300-700
78:Belgium
2946:22 May
2937:
2907:
2888:
2860:
2828:
2764:
1991:Legacy
1944:Verona
1921:Ostend
1908:Tienen
1818:Duffel
1794:, and
1782:schout
1637:Action
1555:Leuven
1476:Empire
1428:France
1358:Leuven
1342:France
1281:Cavite
1276:Manila
1091:Leuven
1033:JĂĽlich
1001:Aachen
913:Ostend
858:Azores
772:Calais
595:Boksum
585:Arnhem
545:Lochem
525:Kollum
378:Leiden
288:Dahlen
278:Lannoy
109:
86:Result
2118:Notes
2103:altar
1965:Lille
1936:Italy
1867:Lillo
1587:Breda
1567:locks
1536:Diest
1516:Wesel
1330:Breda
1289:Peace
1256:Galle
1148:Slaak
1116:Kallo
1068:Meuse
762:Lippe
707:Rouen
615:Neuss
590:Empel
575:Aalst
570:Ghent
515:Diest
445:Lillo
383:Delft
2968:help
2948:2022
2935:ISBN
2905:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2858:ISBN
2826:ISBN
2762:ISBN
2042:and
1950:and
1940:Rome
1898:and
1896:Mons
1656:moat
1621:and
1593:, a
1573:and
1571:Nete
1553:and
1534:and
1495:and
1458:and
1442:and
1360:and
1308:The
888:Rees
610:Axel
343:Goes
333:Mons
66:Lier
53:Date
1967:by
1771:of
1603:Huy
1482:to
1334:Huy
752:Huy
168:870
2990::
2960::
2958:}}
2954:{{
2845:30
2648:^
2573:^
2522:^
2495:^
2468:^
2357:^
2330:^
2303:^
2264:^
2249:^
2170:^
2155:^
2126:^
2114:.
2054:.
1751:16
1617:,
1613:,
1589:,
1530:,
1454:,
1450:,
1368:.
1356:,
1352:,
1295:–
1291:–
1078:,
1074:,
240:–
72:,
68:,
2970:)
2950:.
2913:.
2894:.
2866:.
2834:.
2770:.
2631:.
1889:.
1510:.
1207:·
1082:)
1070:(
836:·
215:e
208:t
201:v
80:)
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