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providing help in orienting the newcomers. For instance, the
Rudiments section of the 1991 Denson edition includes information on how to hold a singing; this information would be superfluous in a traditional context, but is important for a group starting up on its own. The tradition of the singing master is still carried on today, and singing masters from traditional Sacred Harp regions often travel outside the South to teach. In recent years an annual summer camp has been established, at which newcomers can learn to sing Sacred Harp.
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singings in Bremen, Hamburg, Berlin, Cologne and Munich, most of them with their own annual All-Day singings. Elsewhere in
Germany, singers meet irregularly in Frankfurt, Gießen and Nürnberg. Recently groups have started up in Amsterdam, Paris and Clermont-Ferrand, Oslo, Norway, and Uppsala, Sweden. Both the Swedish and Norwegian groups have arranged all-day singings; the 8th Oslo All-Day Singing was held on June 1, 2024 (starting on Friday night May 31, and ending Sunday afternoon June 2).
43:
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part singable and interesting in its own right, thus giving every singer in the group an absorbing task. For this reason, "bringing out the melody" is not a high priority in Sacred Harp composition, and indeed it is customary to assign the melody not to the trebles but to the tenors. Fuguing tunes, in which each section gets its moment to shine, also illustrate the importance in Sacred Harp of maintaining the independence of each vocal part.
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was held in 1985, with enthusiastic and strongly proactive support by prominent
Southern traditional singers. The Midwest Convention is now acknowledged to be one of the major American conventions, attracting hundreds of singers from all over the US and abroad. Similarly, the Sacred Harp singing community in western New England has become a prominent one in recent years; the late songleader
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esthetic cost by filling in the former stark open harmonies of the three-part songs. Wallace McKenzie argues to the contrary, basing his view on a systematic study of representative songs. In any event, there is little support today for abandoning the added alto parts, since most singers give a high priority to giving every side of the square its own part to sing.
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638:. The first two new editions simply added appendices of new songs to the back of the book. The 1869 revision was more extensive, removing some of the less popular songs and adding new ones in their places. From the original 262 pages, the book was expanded by 1869 to 477. This edition was reprinted and continued in use for several decades.
91:
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Even the highly traditionalist James and Denson books followed Cooper in adding alto parts to most of the old three-part songs (these alto parts led to an unsuccessful lawsuit by Cooper). Some people (see for instance the reference by Buell Cobb given below) believe that the new alto parts imposed an
381:
Sacred Harp singing normally occurs not in church services, but in special gatherings or "singings" arranged for the purpose. Singings can be local, regional, statewide, or national. Small singings are often held in homes, with perhaps only a dozen singers. Large singings have been known to have more
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The most recent layer consists of the songs that were added to the books during the twentieth century. These are the work of musically creative participants in the Sacred Harp tradition, who strove to create songs that would fit into the existing tradition by adopting the style of one of the earlier
885:
The United
Kingdom has had an active Sacred Harp community since the 1990s. The first UK Sacred Harp convention took place in 1996. There are regular singings in London, the Home Counties, the Midlands, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Manchester, Brighton, Newcastle, southwest England, Bristol, as well as in
661:
The natural path to take—and the one ultimately taken—would be to assert the archaic character of Sacred Harp as an outright virtue. In this view, Sacred Harp should be treasured as a time-tested musical tradition, standing above current trends of fashion. The difficulty with adopting traditionalism
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characterizes Cooper book style thus: it "contains a greater proportion of "camp meeting" songs than the Denson book, with more compressed part-writing, chromatic harmonies, and choruses characterized by call-and-response rather than "fuging" style. Denson book singers generally say that the Cooper
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There are now strong Sacred Harp singing communities in most major urban areas of the United States, and in many rural areas, as well. One of the first groups of singers formed outside the traditional
Southern home region of Sacred Harp singing was in the Chicago area. The first Illinois convention
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To say that both communities are traditionalist does not mean they discourage the creation of new songs. To the contrary, it is part of the tradition that musically creative Sacred Harp singers should become composers themselves and add to the canon. The new compositions are prepared in traditional
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It was thus that the traditionalism debate split the Sacred Harp community, and there seems little prospect that it will ever reunite under a single book. However, there have been no further splits. Both the Denson and the Cooper groups adopted traditionalist views for the particular form of Sacred
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son-in-law published the book in 1927, including an appendix compiled by revision committee. The Sacred Harp Book
Company was formed in 1949, and subsequent revision has been supervised by editorial committees under its instruction. New editions were issued in 1950, 1960, 1992, 2000, 2006 and 2012.
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The Cooper revision was a success, being widely adopted in many areas of the South, such as
Florida, southern Alabama, and Texas, where it has continued as the predominant Sacred Harp book to this day. The "Cooper book", as it is now often called, was revised by Cooper himself in 1907 and 1909. His
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The music itself is also meant to be participatory. Most forms of choral composition place the melody on the top (treble) line, where it can be best heard by an audience, with the other parts written so as not to obscure the melody. In contrast, Sacred Harp composers have aimed to make each musical
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The leader, being equidistant from all sections, in principle hears the best sound. The often intense sonic experience of standing in the center of the square is considered one of the benefits of leading, and sometimes a guest will be invited as a courtesy to stand next to the leader during a song.
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First, the seating arrangement (four parts in a square, facing each other) is clearly intended for the singers, not for external listeners. Non-singers are always welcome to attend a singing, but typically they sit among the singers in the back rows of the tenor section, rather than in a designated
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He retitled many old songs. These songs were formerly named by their tune, using arbitrarily chosen place names ("New
Britain", "Northfield", "Charlestown"). The new names were based on the text; thus "New Britain" became "Amazing Grace", "Northfield" became "How Long, Dear Savior", and so on. The
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at which the music is sung is relative; there is no instrument to give the singers a starting point. The leader, or else some particular singer assigned to the task, finds a good pitch with which to begin and intones it to the group. The singers reply with the opening notes of their own parts, and
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In recent years, Sacred Harp singing has experienced a resurgence in popularity, as it is discovered by new participants who did not grow up in the tradition. New singers typically strive to follow the original southern customs at their singings. Traditional singers have responded to this need by
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B. F. White had died in 1879 before completing a fourth revision of his book; thus the version that Sacred Harp participants were singing from was by the turn of the century over three decades old. During this time, the musical tastes of Sacred Harp's traditional adherents, the inhabitants of the
454:
Marini (2003) traces the earliest roots of Sacred Harp to the "country parish music" of early 18th century
England. This form of rural church music evolved a number of the distinctive traits that were passed on from tradition to tradition, until they ultimately became part of Sacred Harp singing.
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In the most recent development, Sacred Harp singing has expanded beyond the limits of
English-speaking countries to mainland Europe. In 2008 a singing community was established in Poland (which hosted the first Camp Fasola Europe in September 2012). In Germany there are regular weekly or monthly
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has been credited with re-popularizing Sacred Harp singing in northern New England. In March 2008, the 2008 Western Massachusetts Sacred Harp Convention attracted over 300 singers from 25 states and a number of foreign countries. Other prominent singing conventions outside the South include, for
696:
In the original core geographic area of Sacred Harp singing, northern Alabama and Georgia, the singers did not in general take to the Cooper book, as they felt it deviated too far from the original tradition. Obtaining a new book for these singers was made more difficult by the fact that B. F.
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styles of contemporaneous European music. The new style gradually prevailed. Shape notes and their music disappeared from the cities prior to the Civil War, and from the rural areas of the Northeast and Midwest in the following decades. However, they retained a haven in the rural South, which
923:, spreading quickly from a class module into the wider community. In March 2011 U.C.C. hosted the first annual Ireland Sacred Harp Convention, and the Cork community held their first All-Day Singing on 22 October 2011. There are now also growing Sacred Harp communities in Belfast and Dublin.
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There is no single leader or conductor; rather, the participants take turns in leading. The leader for a particular round selects a song from the book, and "calls" it by its page number. Leading is done in an open-palm style, standing in the middle of the square facing the tenors.
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periods. About a sixth of the Denson edition is taken up with such compositions, dating from as recently as 1990. The twentieth-century composers often have recycled their lyrics from earlier Sacred Harp songs (or from their sources, such as the work of the 18th-century hymnodist
701:, who would have been the natural choice to prepare a new edition, was a non-traditionalist. His "fifth edition" (1909) won little support among singers, while his "fourth edition with supplement" (1911) enjoyed some success in a few areas. Ultimately, a committee headed by
654:– syncopated and chromatic, often with piano accompaniment – had become popular, along with a number of church hymns of the "mainstream" variety, such as "Rock of Ages". Seven-shape notation systems had appeared and won adherents away from the older four-shape system (see
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music is from the mid nineteenth century and represents the popular sensibility of that era. A number of these mid-century works have an almost primal simplicity—the harmony is essentially a single extended major chord, and the parts a decoration in slow tempo of that
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These traits included the assignment of the melody to the tenors, harmonic structure emphasizing fourths and fifths, and the distinction between the ordinary four-part hymn ("plain tune"), the anthem, and the fuguing tune. Several composers of this school, including
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of shape note tunebooks appeared, many of which were widely distributed. As the population spread west and south, the tradition of shape note singing expanded geographically. Composition flourished, with the new music often drawing on the tradition of
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that cannot be assigned to any of these four main layers. There are some very old songs of European origin, as well as songs from the English rural tradition that inspired the early New England composers. There are also a handful of songs by European
1150:, also known as the Denson edition. The widely used "Cooper" edition overlaps considerably (about 60%) in content, but also includes many later songs. A detailed comparison of the two editions has been made by Sacred Harp scholar Gaylon L. Powell.
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When Sacred Harp singers begin a song, they normally start by singing it with the appropriate syllable for each pitch, using the shapes to guide them. For those in the group not yet familiar with the song, the shapes help with the task of
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was used as the songbook. During his lifetime, the book became popular and would go through three revisions (1850, 1859, and 1869), all produced by committees consisting of White and several colleagues working under the auspices of the
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Sacred Harp singers view their tradition as a participatory one, not a passive one. Those who gather for a singing sing for themselves and for each other, and not for an audience. This can be seen in several aspects of the tradition.
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All lovers of Sacred Harp Music, and to the memory of the illustrious and venerable patriarchs who established the Traditional Style of Sacred Harp singing and admonished their followers to "seek the old paths and walk therein".
121:. The work was first published in 1844 and has reappeared in multiple editions ever since. Sacred Harp music represents one branch of an older tradition of American music that developed over the period 1770 to 1820 from roots in
807:, Joe Dan Boyd identified four regions of Sacred Harp singing among African-Americans: eastern Texas (Cooper book), northern Mississippi (Denson book), south Alabama and Florida (Cooper book), and New Jersey (Cooper book). The
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1045:. They often employ stark, vivid harmonies based on open fifths. Most of the songs of this layer were originally composed in just three parts (treble, tenor, bass), with the altos added later, as noted above.
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Even as they flourished and spread, shape notes and the kind of participatory music which they served came under attack. The critics were from the urban-based "better music" movement, spearheaded by
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is limited to the New Jersey and south Alabama–Florida groups. Sacred Harp was "exported" from south Alabama to New Jersey. It appears to have died out among the African-Americans in eastern Texas.
258:. The process of reading through the song with the shapes also helps fix the notes in memory. Once the shapes have been sung, the group then sings the verses of the song with their printed words.
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A second layer comes from the decades around 1830, following the migration of the shape note tradition to the rural South. Many of the songs in this layer are believed to be originally secular
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Australia has had Sacred Harp singing since 2001, and singings are held regularly in Melbourne, Sydney, Canberra and Blackwood. The first Australian All Day Singing was held in Sydney in 2012.
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278:, that is to say, without accompanying instruments. The singers arrange themselves in a hollow square, with rows of chairs or pews on each side assigned to each of the four parts: treble,
125:, with a significant, related development under the influence of "revival" services around the 1840s. This music was included in, and became profoundly associated with, books using the
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since 2011, as well as a monthly afternoon sing, and the first Montreal all-day sing took place in the spring of 2016. Sacred Harp singing has happened on a monthly basis for years in
1674:
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On a number of early historical recordings, a piano or parlor organ accompanied the singers. In the ensuing decades, the practice of using such instruments has evidently died out.
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Two other books are currently used by Sacred Harp singers. A few singers in north Georgia employ the "White book", an expanded version of the 1869 B. F. White edition edited by
1493:
503:. The purpose of these schools was to train young people in the correct singing of sacred music. This pedagogical movement flourished, and led ultimately to the invention of
673:, a leading Sacred Harp teacher in his own region, but not part of the inner circle of B. F. White's old colleagues and descendants. In 1902 Cooper prepared a revision of
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old system was intended in colonial times to permit mixing and matching of tunes and texts, but was unnecessary in a system where the pairing of tune and text was fixed.
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Includes all the songs in the Sacred Harp book: lyrics, sheet music and the individual parts sung by a synthesised voice, and a beginners guide. In English and German.
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was a popular name for 19th century hymn and tune books, with no fewer than four bearing the title. The first of these was compiled by John Hoyt Hickok and printed in
52:
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6:16: "Thus saith the LORD, Stand ye in the ways, and see, and ask for the old paths, where is the good way, and walk therein, and ye shall find rest for your souls."
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The oldest of these layers comes from 18th century New England, and represents a rendition in shape notes of the work of outstanding early American composers such as
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Around the turn of the 20th century, Sacred Harp singing entered a period of conflict over the issue of traditionalism. The conflict ultimately split the community.
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of 1803. Although this book came out two years later than Smith and Little's book, Law claimed earlier invention of shape notes. In his system, a square indicated
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than a thousand participants. The more ambitious singings include an ample potluck dinner in the middle of the day, traditionally called "dinner on the grounds".
63:
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In Sacred Harp singing, pitch is not absolute. The shapes and notes designate degrees of the scale, not particular pitches. Thus for a song in the key of C,
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as a guiding doctrine was that different singers had different opinions about just what form the stable, traditionalized version of Sacred Harp would take.
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The strength of traditionalism can be seen in the front matter of the two hymnbooks. The Denson book is forthrightly Biblical in its defense of tradition:
421:
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for details). As time passed, Sacred Harp singers doubtless became aware that what they were singing had become quite distinct from contemporary tastes.
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teachers. Both died shortly before the project was complete, and the remaining work was overseen by Paine Denson, son of Thomas. This book was entitled
204:
3282:
1421:, "This notation was invented by Philadelphia merchant John Connelly, who on 10 March 1798 signed over his rights to the system to Little and Smith."
596:. It was this book, now distributed in several different versions, that came to be the shape note tradition with the largest number of participants.
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was published by the Machinists Union Press in 2013, combining the unaltered Sacred Harp arrangements with new secular lyrics by Secretary Michael.
492:, and then by a great number of new compositions by Billings and those who followed in his path. The work of these composers, sometimes called the "
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May God bless everyone as we endeavor to promote and enjoy Sacred Harp music and to continue the rich tradition of those who have gone before us.
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that, while retaining most of the old songs, also added new tunes that reflected more contemporary music styles. Cooper made other changes, too:
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1041:, harmonized in parts and given religious lyrics. As one would expect from the folk origin of such music, it often emphasizes the notes of the
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Around the mid-18th century, the forms and styles of English country parish music were introduced to America, notably in a new tunebook called
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Campbell, Gavin James (1997) " 'Old Can Be Used Instead of New': Shape-Note Singing and the Crisis of Modernity in the New South, 1880–1920."
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contain a prominent passage about 1/3 of the way through in which each of the four choral parts enters in succession, in a way resembling a
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1105:). A number of these modern compositions have become favorites of the singing community, and it is anticipated that future editions of
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example, the Keystone Convention in Pennsylvania, the Missouri Convention, and the Minnesota State Convention, which began in 1990.
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320:. However, Sacred Harp songs are quite different from "mainstream" Protestant hymns in their musical style: some tunes, known as
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1451:, p. 81. Evidence that Americans outside the rural South were slow, even reluctant, to give up their old music is given in
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further judges that the Cooper alto parts were more successful than the Denson ones in retaining the original harmonic style.
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styles, and could be considered a kind of tribute to the older material. New songs have been incorporated into editions of
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He transposed some songs into new keys. This is thought to have brought the notation closer to actual performing practice.
484:. This stimulus soon led to the development of a robust native school of composition, signaled by the 1770 publication of
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The music is usually sung not literally as it is printed in the book, but with certain deviations established by custom.
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The music used in Sacred Harp singing is eclectic. Most of the songs can be assigned to one of four historical layers.
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King died soon after the book was published, and White was left to guide its growth. He was responsible for organizing
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is assigned to two distinct notes of the scale. For example, the C major scale would be notated and sung as follows:
1837:
1811:
507:, which originated as a way to make the teaching of singing easier. The first shape note tunebook appeared in 1801:
197:). The four-shape system is able to cover the full musical scale because each syllable-shape combination other than
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Some of the largest and oldest annual singings are called "conventions". The oldest Sacred Harp convention was the
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1957:
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1073:(1991 edition), "Amazing Grace" is harmonized quite differently. Note that the "air", or melody, is in the tenor.
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by William Smith and William Little. At first, Smith and Little's shapes competed with a rival system, created by
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3515:
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736:, and was itself revised 1960, 1967, and 1971; a more thorough revision and remodeling of this book, overseen by
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161:. There are two prevalent systems, one using four shapes, and one using seven. In the four-shape system used in
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Miller, Kiri (Winter 2004). "'First Sing the Notes': Oral and Written Traditions in Sacred Harp Transmission".
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1931:
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Regular singings also take place in Israel, and in April 2016, an all-day singing was held in Paris, France.
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A guide to singings that demonstrates this dramatic spread may be found at the "fasola.org" web site, under
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Sacred Harp singers, although primarily users of the Cooper book, also make use of a supplementary volume,
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1781:
998:'s 2019 track "Frontier" includes a performance of Herndon's music by a singing class in Berlin, Germany.
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The shape note systems continued to evolve throughout the 19th century; for a more complete history, see
290:. The treble and tenor sections are usually mixed, with men and women singing the notes an octave apart.
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in 1834, as part of the "better music" movement mentioned above. The publisher released their book as a
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are longer songs, less regular in form, that are sung through just once rather than in multiple verses.
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are present. The term "Sacred Harp" is sometimes taken by singers to be a metaphor for the human voice
535:. Law used the shaped notes without a musical staff. The Smith and Little shapes ultimately prevailed.
181:, and these syllables are employed in singing the notes, just as in the more familiar system that uses
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1297:
This is a simplified version of Guidonian solmization which was also used in Elizabethan England: see
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1645:
1417:(1803) attributes the invention to 'J. Conly of Philadelphia'." According to David Warren Steel, in
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features an original Sacred Harp composition in the second episode, "Hard Times at the Huskin' Bee".
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988:
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2720:
I Belong to This Band, Hallelujah!: Community, Spirituality, and Tradition Among Sacred Harp Singers
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The name of the tradition comes from the title of the shape-note book from which the music is sung,
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622:. Together they compiled, transcribed, and composed tunes, and published a book of over 250 songs.
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In shape-note music, notes are printed in special shapes that help the reader identify them on the
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The James edition was further revised in 1936 by a committee under the leadership of the brothers
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3334:
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2827:
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1284:
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469:
287:
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3031:
3017:
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2944:
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2847:
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2703:
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790:
740:, is known simply as the "1991 Edition", though some singers still call it the "Denson book".
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1979:
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In more recent times Sacred Harp singing has spread beyond the borders of the United States.
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edition, while they preferred to urbanize their audience by releasing a round note edition.
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Sing to me of Heaven: A Study of Folk and Early American Materials in Three Old Harp Books
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Shape notes became very popular, and during the first part of the nineteenth century, a
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568:, which advocated a more "scientific" style of sacred music, more closely based on the
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Musical Narrative and Cultural Context in the Animated Miniseries Over the Garden Wall
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He wrote new alto parts for the many songs that originally just had three vocal lines.
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2519:"Bruce Springsteen: Wrecking Ball (Columbia) | Under the Radar – Music Magazine"
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The Chattahoochee Musical Convention, 1852–2002: A Sacred Harp Historical Sourcebook
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2004:
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837:(the "White book"). Atlanta, Georgia: J. L. White. Released 1911; republished 2007.
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17:
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for tunes and inspiration. Probably the most successful shape note book prior to
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that use words, meters, and stanzaic forms familiar from elsewhere in Protestant
62:
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1288:(Oxford University Press: article updated 16 October 2013) Subscription required
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and originated as Protestant Christian music. Many of the songs in the book are
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803:(1883–1958) in 1934 and later revised in two subsequent editions. In his book
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275:
134:
126:
82:
31:
2781:
McKenzie, Wallace (1989). "The Alto Parts in the 'True Dispersed Harmony' of
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Harp they favored, and these forms have now been stable for about a century.
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remained a fertile territory for the creation of new shapenote publications.
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3309:
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3255:
2227:"Sacred Harp Singing in Hamburg – Sacred Harp Hamburg Singing School – Home"
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and E. J. King (1844), the origin of today's Sacred Harp singing tradition.
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in 1832. The second was compiled by Lowell and Timothy Mason and printed in
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Canada has a decades-long tradition of Sacred Harp singing, particularly in
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325:
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A Sacred Feast: Reflections on Sacred Harp Singing and Dinner on the Ground
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style of notation popular in America in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
30:
For the system of notation with which Sacred Harp music is associated, see
2800:
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in general, can be observed by comparing versions of the well-known hymn "
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in 1845. The two oldest surviving Sacred Harp singing conventions are the
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2009:
1907:"South West Shape Note (Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Dorset and Wiltshire)"
1906:
1833:
825:(the "Denson book"). Carrollton, Georgia: Sacred Harp Publishing Company.
467:. For further information on the English roots of Sacred Harp music, see
3249:
3157:, a large and well-annotated collection of resources on shape-note music
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2200:
1803:
1055:", which is familiar to many Americans in a form such as the following:
3602:
3314:
2831:
2226:
1953:
1859:
916:
906:
709:(1911) that largely satisfied the wishes of this community of singers.
329:
194:
898:
3160:
2823:
1927:
1885:
3100:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
3009:
Hoboken Style: Meaning and Change in Okefenokee Sacred Harp Singing
2316:
2286:
2113:"Australia's First Ever Sacred Harp Singing Convention Hits Sydney"
1646:"Sacred Harp Singing in Europe: Its Pathways, Spaces, and Meanings"
361:, mostly composed in four-bar phrases and sung in multiple verses.
355:, Sacred Harp songs fall into three basic types. Many are ordinary
98:, showing the four-shape notation and the traditional oblong layout
90:
3561:
3260:
711:
416:
366:
283:
265:
89:
2689:. Compiled and written by workers of the Writers' Program of the
2256:
584:
Sacred Harp singing came into being with the 1844 publication of
165:, each of the four shapes is connected to a particular syllable,
105:
singing is a tradition of sacred choral music that originated in
3319:
2700:
Public Worship, Private Faith: Sacred Harp and American Folksong
1310:
317:
313:
3531:
3264:
1777:
154:. This book exists today in various editions, discussed below.
3225:
3064:
1608:
499:
Billings and his followers worked as singing masters, who led
117:, a ubiquitous and historically important tunebook printed in
2142:
1214:
In order to increase accessibility to the Sacred Harp tunes,
764:
The Cooper book also shows a warm appreciation of tradition:
270:
The hollow-square seating arrangement for Sacred Harp singing
3363:
1697:"22nd Annual Minnesota State Sacred Harp Singing Convention"
835:
The Sacred Harp, J. L. White Fourth Edition, with Supplement
203:
41:
2773:
Sacred Song in America: Religion, Music, and Public Culture
1335:
The harmony and form of Sacred Harp music are discussed in
1047:
The sound of this musical layer, as well as to some extent
3228:, includes composer sketches, including one of B. F. White
3222:, article on Sacred Harp from the Handbook of Texas online
2995:
Traveling Home: Sacred Harp Singing and American Pluralism
1425:
also laid claim to the invention of the shape note system.
851:, describing the basics of music and Sacred Harp singing.
1722:
1081:
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can
814:
In summary, three revisions of and one companion book to
3192:. Alabama Center for Traditional Culture. Archived from
975:, recorded at the 1959 United Sacred Harp Convention in
3089:
3084:
may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
1419:
John Wyeth and the Development of Southern Folk Hymnody
971:
includes a sample of "The Last Words of Copernicus" by
915:
In January 2009, Sacred Harp singing was introduced to
3042:
Stormy Banks and Sweet Rivers: A Sacred Harp Geography
1139:, long ago the implacable enemy of the tradition that
496:", forms a major part of the Sacred Harp to this day.
429:
Performance in Alabama of the tune "Schenectady", 2011
3133:
2540:
Plunkett, John; Karlsberg, Jesse P. (28 March 2012).
650:
rural South, had changed in important ways. Notably,
3151:
by Warren Steel, another web site on the Sacred Harp
1384:
by Keith Willard, posted at the fasola.org web site
348:
or similar "gapped" (fewer than seven-note) scales.
246:
designates G and C, and so on; hence it is called a
138:(voice only, without instruments) and originated as
3783:
3707:
3633:
3568:
3524:
3415:
3374:
3298:
1481:
book sounds more like "new book or gospel singing".
3155:Sacred Harp and Related Shape-Note Music Resources
2970:Jackson, George Pullen (1933b) "Buckwheat notes",
1752:United Kingdom Sacred Harp & Shapenote Singing
611:in collaboration with a younger man, E. J. King, (
3026:Steel, David Warren with Richard H. Hulan (2010)
1628:
1626:
1624:
855:The spread of Sacred Harp singing in modern times
847:Sacred Harp books generally contain a section on
2921:Like Cords Around My Heart: A Sacred Harp Memoir
1190:Lastly, according to W. J. Reynolds, writing in
831:. Samson, Alabama: The Sacred Harp Book Company.
109:and was later perpetuated and carried on in the
1413:Dick Hulan writes, "My copy of William Smith's
1582:For an extended narrative of this spread, see
1490:This edition may be viewed in digital form at
1260:Southwest Texas Sacred Harp Singing Convention
3543:
3276:
3256:BBC Radio 4 programme about Sacred Harp music
3252:, a large collection of shape-note recordings
2687:Georgia: A guide to its towns and countryside
2546:The Sacred Harp Publishing Company Newsletter
1834:"Sheffield & South Yorkshire Sacred Harp"
829:The Sacred Harp, Revised Cooper Edition, 2012
818:are currently in use in Sacred Harp singing:
344:. In their melodies, the songs often use the
8:
2596:See the online Index to the Denson edition:
1229:Awake, My Soul: The Story of the Sacred Harp
599:B. F. White (1800–1879) was originally from
561:, published in 1835 and still in use today.
3136:, a web site dedicated to Sacred Harp music
2474:"Via 'Cold Mountain', old music is revived"
3550:
3536:
3528:
3283:
3269:
3261:
2902:The Sacred Harp: A Tradition and Its Music
2740:The Sacred Harp: A Tradition and Its Music
2598:http://fasola.org/indexes/1991/?v=composer
2455:"'Cold Mountain' shows off sacred singing"
1341:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCobb1978 (
308:As the name implies, Sacred Harp music is
3120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2882:See also the bibliographic entries under
2869:Judge Jackson and The Colored Sacred Harp
2453:Wurst, Nancy Henderson (4 January 2004).
2427:"Sacred Harp Paris – 1st All Day Singing"
2169:"Application form for Camp Fasola Europe"
1377:
901:. Singings have been organized weekly in
805:Judge Jackson and The Colored Sacred Harp
463:, are represented in the 1991 Edition of
405:Sacred Harp Convention (organized as the
332:tends to deemphasize the interval of the
3186:"Wiregrass Sacred Harp Singers Era 1980"
2958:White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands
2542:"Bruce Springsteen's Sacred Harp Sample"
1557:
1135:). The book even includes five hymns by
716:"Original Sacred Harp (Denson Revision)"
413:Sacred Harp music as participatory music
2586:(Thesis). University of North Colorado.
1595:
1464:The primary source for this section is
1271:
1146:The description just given is based on
480:, published 1764 by the singing master
3816:Contemporary Catholic liturgical music
2960:. University of North Carolina Press.
2844:The Music of the English Parish Church
2267:from the original on 28 September 2017
1632:
1583:
1477:
1448:
1401:
1373:
991:" (2012) also samples this recording.
80:
2777:See chapter 3, "Sacred Harp singing".
2643:
2492:"Sacred Harp in contemporary culture"
2323:from the original on 17 November 2018
1314:
1250:Sacred Harp hymnwriters and composers
1017:Sacred Harp hymnwriters and composers
734:Original Sacred Harp, Denson Revision
242:designates C and F; for a song in G,
7:
3839:
3720:Christian bands and artists by genre
3177:(for other shape note tunebooks see
2717:Clawson, Laura (15 September 2011).
2123:from the original on 13 October 2016
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1465:
1452:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1114:There are a few additional songs in
603:, but since 1842 had been living in
2472:Burghart, Tara (13 February 2004).
2297:from the original on 20 August 2018
1382:"Distant Roots of Shape Note Music"
954:(2012), and as background music in
2750:History of Church Music in America
2380:from the original on 20 March 2016
2374:The Sacred Harp Publishing Company
2237:from the original on 27 March 2016
2207:from the original on 28 March 2016
2149:from the original on 14 April 2016
1960:from the original on 14 April 2016
1934:from the original on 9 August 2016
1840:from the original on 14 April 2016
1814:from the original on 22 March 2016
1784:from the original on 23 March 2016
1758:from the original on 4 August 2014
1671:"Sacred Harp sing draws followers"
843:. Ozark, Alabama: Judge Jackson. .
302:then the song begins immediately.
25:
2181:from the original on 10 June 2013
1866:from the original on 28 June 2016
1703:from the original on 3 March 2016
1677:from the original on 9 April 2016
878:Sacred Harp Singing beyond the US
3838:
3829:
3828:
3428:Christian electronic dance music
3232:Shape Note Historical Background
3190:Musics of Alabama: A Compilation
3069:
3030:. University of Illinois Press.
2997:. University of Illinois Press.
2871:. Alabama Folklife Association.
1347:and in more technical detail in
1235:Chattahoochee Musical Convention
1059:
1034:, who worked as singing masters.
395:Chattahoochee Musical Convention
81:Problems playing this file? See
60:
27:Tradition of sacred choral music
3770:Christian worship music artists
3202:"Shape Note Singing in Florida"
3175:(1911, rev. J. S. James et al.)
3163:, songbooks and other resources
2904:. University of Georgia Press.
2775:. University of Illinois Press.
2747:Gould, Nathaniel Duren (1853).
2723:. University of Chicago Press.
2702:. University of Georgia Press.
2517:Chris Tinkham (22 March 2012).
1202:published by J. M. D. Cates in
938:Sacred Harp singing appears as
274:Sacred Harp groups always sing
132:Sacred Harp music is performed
3161:Sacred Harp Publishing Company
2943:University of Nebraska Press.
2846:. Cambridge University Press.
2766:. University of Florida Press.
2693:. University of Georgia Press.
2231:Sacred Harp Singing in Hamburg
1980:"Montreal Sacred Harp Singers"
450:History of Sacred Harp singing
1:
3330:Hymnody of continental Europe
3028:The Makers of the Sacred Harp
2753:. Gould and Lincoln. p.
2691:Works Progress Administration
1860:"Brighton Shape Note Singing"
1240:East Texas Musical Convention
1148:The Sacred Harp, 1991 edition
1116:The Sacred Harp, 1991 edition
1001:The 2014 animated miniseries
823:The Sacred Harp, 1991 edition
777:throughout the 20th century.
705:produced an edition entitled
642:Origin of the modern editions
612:
407:East Texas Musical Convention
3387:Contemporary Christian music
3382:Christian adult contemporary
3226:Sacred Harp singing in Texas
3007:Sommers, Laurie Kay (2010) "
2893:Journal of American Folklore
2657:"Jo Puma - Wild Choir Music"
2565:"Holly Herndon – "Frontier""
1754:. Edwin and Sheila Macadam.
1372:Sources for this paragraph:
1245:List of shape-note tunebooks
1109:will also include new songs.
1078:
601:Union County, South Carolina
490:The New England Psalm Singer
438:separate audience location.
324:, contain sections that are
2771:Marini, Stephen A. (2003).
1609:http://fasola.org/singings/
1447:Source for this paragraph:
1154:Other books with the title
1143:has preserved to this day.
665:The first move was made by
636:Southern Musical Convention
387:Southern Musical Convention
113:. The name is derived from
72:Alabama Sacred Harp Singers
53:"186 (Sherburne)" from the
3911:
3448:Christian alternative rock
3392:Contemporary worship music
3040:Wallace, James B. (2007) "
2983:. The Sacred Harp Museum.
2979:Miller, Kiri (ed.) (2002)
2571:. Prometheus Global Media.
2563:Gray, Julia (2 May 2019).
1216:Jo Puma – Wild Choir Music
1014:
146:The music and its notation
29:
3824:
3745:Christian hip hop artists
3725:Christian country artists
3715:Anglican church composers
3516:Urban contemporary gospel
3361:
2937:Eastburn, Kathryn (2008)
2762:Horn, Dorothy D. (1970).
2622:resources.texasfasola.org
2370:"406 and More, in Sweden"
1723:"UK Sacred Harp Calendar"
1496:19 September 2015 at the
1194:, there was yet a fourth
864:The U.S. beyond the South
629:and conventions at which
262:Singing Sacred Harp music
3875:American Christian hymns
3870:American styles of music
3806:Christian music industry
3801:Christian music festival
3730:Christian hardcore bands
3166:Public-domain editions:
1614:21 February 2008 at the
1415:Easy Instructor, Part II
494:First New England School
3765:Christian vocal artists
3760:Christian record labels
3740:Christian metal artists
3423:Christian country music
2900:Cobb, Buell E. (1989).
2738:Cobb, Buell E. (2001).
2618:"Comparison Tune Index"
2603:11 October 2015 at the
2317:"Sacred Harp Amsterdam"
1886:"Newcastle Sacred Harp"
1727:UK Sacred Harp Calendar
1166:Lewistown, Pennsylvania
1083:download the audio file
983:. The album version of
921:University College Cork
841:The Colored Sacred Harp
796:The Colored Sacred Harp
781:Other Sacred Harp books
586:Benjamin Franklin White
94:Windham (38b) from the
3880:Christian music genres
3593:Ethiopian and Eritrean
3402:Neues Geistliches Lied
3368:
2954:Jackson, George Pullen
2582:Resler, Chloe (2022).
2521:. undertheradarmag.com
2343:"Sacred Harp Auvergne"
770:
762:
717:
620:Talbot County, Georgia
605:Harris County, Georgia
430:
399:Coweta County, Georgia
271:
216:
99:
46:
3791:Anglican church music
3494:Latin Christian music
3367:
2973:The Musical Quarterly
2867:Boyd, Joe Dan (2002)
2788:The Musical Quarterly
2698:Bealle, John (1997).
2496:Sacred Harp Australia
2287:"Sacred Harp Cologne"
2119:. 17 September 2012.
1928:"Bristol Sacred Harp"
1644:Lueck, Ellen (2017).
919:, by Juniper Hill of
766:
753:
715:
428:
391:Upson County, Georgia
269:
207:
93:
45:
3750:Christian punk bands
3735:Christian rock bands
3559:Christian liturgical
3299:Roots and beginnings
3141:"Sacred Harp Bremen"
3090:improve this article
2993:Miller, Kiri (2007)
2919:Cobb, Buell (2013).
2634:Jackson (1933b, 395)
2376:. 31 December 2015.
2257:"Sacred Harp Berlin"
2201:"Sacred Harp Bremen"
1954:"Shapenote Scotland"
1778:"London Sacred Harp"
1280:"Shape-note hymnody"
1278:David Warren Steel,
1204:Nashville, Tennessee
1011:Origins of the music
1004:Over the Garden Wall
994:Electronic musician
989:Death to My Hometown
934:Use in popular works
707:Original Sacred Harp
703:Joseph Stephen James
328:in texture, and the
3755:Christian ska bands
3237:Sacred Harp Singing
3149:Sacred Harp Singing
3102:footnote references
2923:. Outskirts Press.
2840:Temperley, Nicholas
2801:10.1093/mq/73.2.153
2661:machinistsunion.org
2616:L. Powell, Gaylon.
2480:. Associated Press.
2291:Sacred Harp Cologne
2086:"Blackwood Academy"
1569:The passage quotes
1536:, pp. 110–117.
1388:16 May 2008 at the
1133:Henry Rowley Bishop
809:Colored Sacred Harp
728:, both influential
618:–44), who was from
515:(1749–1821) in his
509:The Easy Instructor
18:Sacred Harp singing
3504:Black Gospel music
3470:Christian hardcore
3369:
3335:Exclusive psalmody
3196:on 8 January 2013.
2261:Sacred Harp Berlin
2143:"Cork Sacred Harp"
1808:London Sacred Harp
1512:, pp. 98–110.
1309:In particular, no
1285:Grove Music Online
1192:Hymns of Our Faith
718:
517:The Musical Primer
470:West gallery music
431:
401:in 1852), and the
377:Venues for singing
272:
217:
100:
47:
3895:Four-part harmony
3852:
3851:
3703:
3702:
3438:Christian R&B
3433:Christian hip hop
3239:historical marker
3220:Sacred Harp Music
3130:
3129:
3122:
3036:978-0-252-07760-9
2949:978-0-8032-1831-4
2930:978-1-4787-0462-1
2853:978-0-521-27457-9
2730:978-0-226-10959-6
1548:, pp. 95–96.
1524:, pp. 94–98.
1092:A third layer of
1087:
1064:
985:Bruce Springsteen
895:Eastern Townships
457:Joseph Stephenson
426:
231:a rectangle, and
70:Performed by the
65:
16:(Redirected from
3902:
3885:Musical notation
3842:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3775:Gospel musicians
3552:
3545:
3538:
3529:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3262:
3216:
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3197:
3144:
3134:Fasola Home Page
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1301:
1295:
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1170:Cincinnati, Ohio
1066:
1065:
1043:pentatonic scale
1028:William Billings
903:Montreal, Quebec
891:Southern Ontario
791:African-American
617:
614:
558:Southern Harmony
486:William Billings
427:
346:pentatonic scale
140:Protestant music
67:
66:
44:
21:
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3796:Christian media
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3564:
3556:
3520:
3499:Southern gospel
3453:Christian metal
3411:
3370:
3359:
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3292:Christian music
3289:
3246:
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3184:
3169:The Sacred Harp
3139:
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3106:
3087:
3078:This article's
3074:
3070:
3063:
3047:Southern Spaces
3014:Southern Spaces
2976:XIX(4):393–400.
2931:
2918:
2912:
2899:
2864:
2862:Further reading
2854:
2838:
2824:10.2307/3592990
2807:
2795:(73): 153–171.
2783:The Sacred Harp
2780:
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2605:Wayback Machine
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1200:The Sacred Harp
1183:was the one by
1162:The Sacred Harp
1159:
1141:The Sacred Harp
1112:
1107:The Sacred Harp
1089:
1088:
1086:
1071:The Sacred Harp
1067:
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1049:The Sacred Harp
1019:
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973:Sarah Lancaster
963:The 2010 song "
957:The Ladykillers
936:
880:
866:
857:
816:The Sacred Harp
783:
775:The Sacred Harp
761:
757:
675:The Sacred Harp
671:Dothan, Alabama
644:
631:The Sacred Harp
627:singing schools
615:
609:The Sacred Harp
594:The Sacred Harp
582:
579:The Sacred Harp
577:The arrival of
549:The Sacred Harp
531:and a diamond,
501:singing schools
465:The Sacred Harp
452:
417:
415:
389:, organized in
379:
264:
223:is a triangle,
163:The Sacred Harp
152:The Sacred Harp
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115:The Sacred Harp
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3784:Related topics
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3198:
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3137:
3128:
3127:
3082:external links
3077:
3075:
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3061:External links
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2818:(4): 475–501.
2811:American Music
2805:
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1996:
1971:
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1598:, p. 163.
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1378:Temperley 1983
1376:, p. 77,
1365:
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1328:
1319:
1317:, p. 127.
1302:
1299:Solfège#Origin
1290:
1270:
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1210:Comedic parody
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977:Fyffe, Alabama
940:diegetic music
935:
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853:
845:
844:
838:
832:
826:
799:, produced by
782:
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730:singing school
699:James L. White
690:
689:
686:
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607:. He prepared
590:Elisha J. King
581:
575:
553:William Walker
461:Aaron Williams
451:
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397:(organized in
378:
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219:The shape for
147:
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111:American South
78:
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3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Gospel reggae
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3477:Christian ska
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3458:Unblack metal
3456:
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3416:Fusion genres
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3375:Modern genres
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3006:
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3003:0-252-03214-4
3000:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2989:1-887617-13-2
2986:
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2974:
2969:
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2963:
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2907:
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2709:0-8203-1988-0
2705:
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2696:
2692:
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2685:Anon. (1940)
2683:
2682:
2678:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2646:, p. 55.
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2012:
2011:
2006:
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1749:
1748:"Conventions"
1743:
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1597:
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1585:
1579:
1576:
1572:
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1559:
1558:McKenzie 1989
1554:
1551:
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1535:
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1511:
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1450:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1424:
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1416:
1410:
1407:
1404:, p. 78.
1403:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1363:, p. 86.
1362:
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1117:
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1095:
1091:
1084:
1074:
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1056:
1054:
1053:Amazing Grace
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
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1022:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1005:
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997:
996:Holly Herndon
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
958:
953:
952:
947:
946:
945:Cold Mountain
942:in the films
941:
933:
931:
928:
924:
922:
918:
913:
910:
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904:
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839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:
819:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
801:Judge Jackson
798:
797:
792:
788:
780:
778:
776:
769:
765:
760:
752:
749:
745:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:Thomas Denson
723:
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700:
694:
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684:
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541:
536:
534:
530:
527:, a triangle
526:
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412:
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372:
368:
364:
363:Fuguing tunes
360:
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349:
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343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:fuguing tunes
319:
315:
311:
306:
303:
300:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
268:
261:
259:
257:
256:sight reading
251:
249:
248:moveable "do"
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
215:
211:
210:C major scale
206:
202:
200:
196:
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172:
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164:
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159:musical scale
155:
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137:
136:
130:
128:
124:
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108:
104:
97:
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86:
84:
73:
57:
56:
37:
33:
19:
3811:Church music
3615:Prostopinije
3484:Gospel blues
3407:Mass (music)
3397:Gospel music
3344:
3244:Online media
3209:. Retrieved
3205:
3194:the original
3189:
3168:
3116:
3107:
3092:by removing
3079:
3045:
3027:
3012:
2994:
2980:
2971:
2957:
2939:
2920:
2901:
2896:110:169–188.
2891:
2881:
2868:
2843:
2815:
2809:
2792:
2786:
2785:Revisions".
2782:
2772:
2763:
2749:
2739:
2719:
2699:
2686:
2664:. Retrieved
2660:
2651:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2611:
2592:
2583:
2577:
2568:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2495:
2486:
2477:
2467:
2458:
2448:
2436:. Retrieved
2430:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2403:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2373:
2364:
2352:. Retrieved
2346:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2290:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2260:
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2230:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2089:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2062:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
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2008:
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1983:
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1650:Dissertation
1649:
1639:
1603:
1596:Clawson 2011
1591:
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1125:Ignaz Pleyel
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756:DEDICATED TO
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697:White's son
695:
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667:W. M. Cooper
664:
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652:gospel music
648:
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566:Lowell Mason
563:
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540:whole series
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350:
336:in favor of
310:sacred music
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3865:Sacred Harp
3509:Traditional
3345:Sacred Harp
3340:Jesus music
3211:14 December
3179:these links
3110:August 2021
1732:29 February
1655:11 November
1633:Miller 2004
1584:Bealle 1997
1478:Miller 2004
1449:Marini 2003
1402:Marini 2003
1374:Marini 2003
1196:Sacred Harp
1185:B. F. White
1181:Sacred Harp
1156:Sacred Harp
1129:Thomas Arne
1123:composers (
1103:Isaac Watts
1094:Sacred Harp
1032:Daniel Read
965:Tell Me Why
948:(2004) and
787:J. L. White
738:Hugh McGraw
616: 1821
523:, a circle
505:shape notes
235:a diamond.
214:shape notes
123:New England
119:shape notes
107:New England
103:Sacred Harp
96:Sacred Harp
55:Sacred Harp
3890:Shape note
3859:Categories
3660:Beneventan
3651:(Milanese)
3355:Spirituals
3350:Shape note
3250:BostonSing
2884:Shape note
2666:18 October
2644:Gould 1853
2400:"Facebook"
2327:13 January
2211:14 January
2059:"Facebook"
2032:"Facebook"
2005:"Facebook"
1891:23 January
1436:shape note
1423:Andrew Law
1315:Anon. 1940
1255:Shape note
1179:The third
1174:shape note
1039:folk tunes
1015:See also:
981:Alan Lomax
886:Scotland.
656:shape note
513:Andrew Law
482:James Lyon
409:in 1855).
403:East Texas
358:hymn tunes
326:polyphonic
276:a cappella
135:a cappella
127:shape note
83:media help
32:Shape note
3690:Old Roman
3685:Mozarabic
3680:Gregorian
3649:Ambrosian
3640:Plainsong
3583:Byzantine
3325:Hymn tune
3310:Polyphony
3306:Homophony
3094:excessive
3055:1551-2754
3022:1551-2754
2569:Stereogum
2525:10 August
1912:1 January
1546:Cobb 2001
1534:Cobb 2001
1522:Cobb 2001
1510:Cobb 2001
1466:Cobb 2001
1455:, ch. 12.
1453:Horn 1970
1361:Horn 1970
1349:Horn 1970
1337:Cobb 1978
1206:in 1867.
1121:classical
849:rudiments
545:folk song
351:In their
227:an oval,
3834:Category
3675:Gelineau
3670:Gallican
3655:Anglican
3625:Znamenny
3598:Galician
3578:Armenian
2956:(1933a)
2842:(1983).
2601:Archived
2438:31 March
2432:Facebook
2411:31 March
2405:Facebook
2384:31 March
2378:Archived
2354:31 March
2348:Facebook
2321:Archived
2295:Archived
2265:Archived
2241:31 March
2235:Archived
2205:Archived
2185:30 April
2176:Archived
2153:31 March
2147:Archived
2127:31 March
2121:Archived
2097:31 March
2091:Facebook
2070:31 March
2064:Facebook
2043:31 March
2037:Facebook
2016:31 March
2010:Facebook
1989:31 March
1984:Facebook
1964:31 March
1958:Archived
1932:Archived
1870:31 March
1864:Archived
1844:31 March
1838:Archived
1818:31 March
1812:Archived
1788:31 March
1782:Archived
1756:Archived
1707:31 March
1701:Archived
1681:31 March
1675:Archived
1612:Archived
1586:, ch. 4.
1571:Jeremiah
1494:Archived
1468:, ch. 4.
1386:Archived
1222:See also
960:(2004).
893:and the
570:harmonic
250:system.
3844:Commons
3695:Ravenna
3635:Western
3603:Obikhod
3570:Eastern
3315:Chorale
3088:Please
3080:use of
2832:3592990
2679:Sources
2301:8 March
2271:8 March
1938:19 June
1804:"Music"
1339:, ch. 2
951:Lawless
917:Ireland
907:Toronto
722:Seaborn
371:Anthems
338:fourths
330:harmony
318:hymnody
195:solfege
3665:Celtic
3620:Syrian
3608:Kievan
3588:Coptic
3171:(1860)
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2706:
1762:15 May
1131:, and
1097:chord.
969:M.I.A.
899:Quebec
478:Urania
342:fifths
286:, and
3708:Lists
3562:chant
3525:Chant
2828:JSTOR
2502:5 May
2179:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
1311:harps
1282:, in
1266:Notes
979:, by
967:" by
669:, of
367:fugue
334:third
314:hymns
299:pitch
284:tenor
177:, or
3320:Hymn
3308:vs.
3213:2023
3051:ISSN
3032:ISBN
3018:ISSN
2999:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2945:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2906:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2725:ISBN
2704:ISBN
2668:2021
2552:(1).
2527:2016
2504:2019
2440:2016
2413:2016
2386:2016
2356:2016
2329:2019
2303:2018
2273:2018
2243:2016
2213:2020
2187:2012
2155:2016
2129:2016
2099:2016
2072:2016
2045:2016
2018:2016
1991:2016
1966:2016
1940:2016
1914:2020
1893:2020
1872:2016
1846:2016
1820:2016
1790:2016
1764:2014
1734:2024
1709:2016
1683:2016
1657:2021
1343:help
1030:and
987:'s "
724:and
588:and
551:was
459:and
340:and
297:The
288:bass
280:alto
208:The
3096:or
2820:doi
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