Sabra and Shatila massacre - Knowledge (XXG)

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with Mossad present, the Israeli Chief of Staff said he had a "positive impression" of their behavior in the field and from what the Phalangists reported, and asked them to continue 'mopping up the empty camps' until 5 am, whereupon they must desist due to American pressure. According to the Kahan Commission investigation, neither side explicitly mentioned to each other reports or rumours about the way civilians were being treated in the camp. Between 18:00 and 20:00, Israeli Foreign Ministry personnel in Beirut and in Israel began receiving various reports from U.S. representatives that the Phalangists had been observed in the camps and that their presence was likely to cause problems. On returning to Israel, the Chief of Staff spoke to Ariel Sharon between 20:00 and 21:00, and according to Sharon, informed him that the "Lebanese had gone too far", and that "the Christians had harmed the civilian population more than was expected." This, he testified, was the first he had ever heard of Phalangist irregularities in the camps. The Chief of Staff denied they had discussed any killings "beyond what had been expected".

1426:– voting 'yes' – added: "My delegation regrets the use of the term 'an act of genocide' ... the term 'genocide' is used to mean acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group." Canada and Singapore questioned whether the General Assembly was competent to determine whether such an event would constitute genocide. The Soviet Union, by contrast, asserted that: "The word for what Israel is doing on Lebanese soil is genocide. Its purpose is to destroy the Palestinians as a nation." The Nicaragua delegate asserted: "It is difficult to believe that a people that suffered so much from the Nazi policy of extermination in the middle of the twentieth century would use the same fascist, genocidal arguments and methods against other peoples." 1139:

somewhere else or that they were told, as the liaison officer was overheard saying, to 'do what your heart tells you, because everything comes from God.' Yaron interrupted the officer and said he'd checked and that 'they have no problems at all,' and that with regard to the people, 'It will not, will not harm them.' Yaron later testified he had been sceptical of the reports and had in any case told the Phalangists not to harm civilians. At 21:00 Maj. Amos Gilad predicted during a discussion at Northern Command that, rather than a cleansing of terrorists, what would take place was a massacre, informing higher commanders that already between 120 and 300 had already been killed by that time.

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army repeatedly refused to "clear them out." No evidence was offered for this claim. There were only a small number of forces sent into the camps and they suffered minimal casualties. Two Phalangists were wounded, one in the leg and another in the hand. Investigations after the massacre found few weapons in the camps. Thomas Friedman, who entered the camps on Saturday, mostly found groups of young men with their hands and feet bound, who had been then lined up and machine-gunned down gang-land style, not typical he thought of the kind of deaths the reported 2,000 terrorists in the camp would have put up with.

1541:, based on 90 hours of interviews with the LF soldiers who participated in the massacre, gives the participants' memories of how they were drawn into the militia, trained with the Israeli army and unleashed on the camps to take revenge for the murder of Bachir Gemayel. The motivations are varied, from blaming beatings from their fathers in childhood, the effects of the brutalization of war, obedience to one's leaders, a belief that the camp women would breed future terrorists, and the idea three-quarters of the residents were terrorists. Others spoke of their violence without traces of repentance. 3580:, p. 218: "On Wednesday 15th, units of the elite Israeli army 'reconnaissance' force, the Sayeret Mat`kal, which had already carried out the assassination of the three PLO leaders in Beirut, entered the camps with a mission to liquidate a selected number of Palestinian cadres. The next day, two units of killers were introduced into the camps, troops from Sa'd Haddad's Army of South Lebanon, attached to the Israeli forces in Beirut, and the LF security units of Elie Hobeika known as the Apaches, led by Marun Mash'alani, Michel Zuwayn and Georges Melko" 843:—the UN peacekeeping forces in Lebanon—reported that the PLO had launched not a single act of provocation against Israel. The Israeli government tried out several justifications to ditch the ceasefire and attack the PLO, even eliciting accusations from the Israeli opposition that "demagogy" from the government threatened to pull Israel into war. Before the attempted assassination of the ambassador, all such justifications had been shot down by its ally, the United States, as an insufficient reason to launch a war against the PLO. 1248:, an American journalist, later wrote to her husband, Dr. Franklin Lamb, "I saw dead women in their houses with their skirts up to their waists and their legs spread apart; dozens of young men shot after being lined up against an alley wall; children with their throats slit, a pregnant woman with her stomach chopped open, her eyes still wide open, her blackened face silently screaming in horror; countless babies and toddlers who had been stabbed or ripped apart and who had been thrown into garbage piles." 1108:

Phalangists were to go in there "with their own methods". After Gemayel's assassination there were two possibilities, either the Phalange would collapse or they would undertake revenge, having killed Druze for that reason earlier that day. With regard to this second possibility, it was noted, 'it will be an eruption the likes of which has never been seen; I can already see in their eyes what they are waiting for.' 'Revenge' was what Bachir Gemayel's brother had called for at the funeral earlier.

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the agreement of July 1981. Indeed, subsequent Israeli propaganda notwithstanding, the border between July 1981 and June 1982 enjoyed a state of calm unprecedented since 1968. But Sharon and Begin had a broader objective: the destruction of the PLO and its ejection from Lebanon. Once the organization was crushed, they reasoned, Israel would have a far freer hand to determine the fate of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

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into the camp, after which shots rang out, and the soldiers left. Sometime later, he saw the Phalangists had killed a group of five women and children. When he expressed a desire to make report, the tank crew said they had already heard a communication informing the battalion commander that civilians had been killed, and that the latter had replied, "We know, it's not to our liking, and don't interfere."

234: 869:, had already issued orders that the Lebanese predominantly Christian, right-wing militias should not take part in the fighting and the proposal was to counter public complaints that the IDF were suffering casualties whilst their allies were standing by. The subsequent Israeli inquiry estimated the strength of militias in West Beirut, excluding Palestinians, to be around 7,000. They estimated the 1459:, concluded that the Israeli authorities or forces were responsible in the massacres and other killings that have been reported to have been carried out by Lebanese militiamen in Sabra and Shatila in the Beirut area between 16 and 18 September. Unlike the Israeli commission, the McBride Commission did not work with the idea of separate degrees of responsibility, viz., direct and indirect. 246: 1088:, the IDF newspaper, that a Phalangist told an Israeli official: "he question we are putting to ourselves is—how to begin, by raping or killing?" A US envoy to the Middle East expressed horror after being told of Sharon's plans to send the Phalangists inside the camps, and Israeli officials themselves acknowledged the situation could trigger "relentless slaughter". 83: 722:. As the massacre unfolded, the IDF received reports of atrocities being committed, but did not take any action to stop it. Instead, Israeli troops were stationed at the exits of the area to prevent the camp's residents from leaving and, at the request of the Lebanese Forces, shot flares to illuminate Sabra and Shatila through the night during the massacre. 1123:

Phalangists' liaison officer had heard from an operative inside the camp that he held 45 people and asked what he should do with him. The liaison officer told him to more or less "Do the will of God." The Intelligence Officer received this report at approximately 20:00 from the person on the roof who heard the conversation. He did not pass on the report.

943:. The public reason given was to be that they were there to prevent chaos. In a separate conversation, at 20:30 that evening, Sharon and Eitan agreed that the IDF should not enter the Palestinian refugee camps but that the Phalange should be used. The only other member of the cabinet who was consulted was Foreign Minister 854:, the fighting was brought to an end with a U.S.-brokered agreement between the parties on 21 August 1982, which allowed for safe evacuation of the Palestinian fighters from the city under the supervision of Western nations and guaranteed the protection of refugees and the civilian residents of the refugee camps. 1387:, which oversaw the withdrawal of the PLO from Beirut, had assigned responsibility to the American-led Multi National Force for guaranteeing the safety of those non-combatant Palestinians who remained. The US administration was criticized for the early withdrawal of the Multi National Force, a criticism which 1939: 1174:, the Military Intelligence chief and the American Morris Draper about the situation in West Beirut, At that noontime meeting Sharon insisted that "terrorists" needed "mopping up." Americans pressed for the intervention of the Lebanese National Army, and for an IDF withdrawal immediately. Sharon replied: 1471:

found that only "indirect" responsibility befitted Israel's involvement. For British journalist David Hirst, Israel crafted the concept of indirect responsibility so as to make its involvement and responsibility seem smaller. He said of the commission's verdict that it was only by means of errors and

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militia fighters reported that, prior to the massacre, the IDF took them to training camps in Israel and showed them documentaries about the Holocaust. The Israelis told the Lebanese fighters that the same would happen to them too, as a minority in Lebanon, if the fighters did not take action against

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In the wake of the assassination of the President-elect Bashir Jemayel, the I.D.F. has seized positions in West Beirut in order to forestall the danger of violence, bloodshed and chaos, as some 2,000 terrorists, equipped with modern and heavy weapons, have remained in Beirut, in flagrant violation of

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commented: 'the Phalangists are already entering a certain neighborhood—and I know what the meaning of revenge is for them, what kind of slaughter. Then no one will believe we went in to create order there, and we will bear the blame. Therefore, I think that we are liable here to get into a situation

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Shatila had previously been one of the PLO's three main training camps for foreign fighters and the main training camp for European fighters. The Israelis maintained that 2,000 to 3,000 terrorists remained in the camps, but were unwilling to risk the lives of more of their soldiers after the Lebanese

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supported peaceful relations with Israel) in order to control attacks and violence, and action from Gemayel to move on the PLO fighters which Israel believed remained a hidden threat in Lebanon. However, the Phalangists, who were previously united as reliable Israeli allies, were now split because of

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concluded Israeli Defense minister Sharon bore personal responsibility "for ignoring the danger of bloodshed and revenge" and "not taking appropriate measures to prevent bloodshed". Sharon's negligence in protecting the civilian population of Beirut, which had come under Israeli control, amounted to

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At 23:00 the same evening, a report was sent to the IDF headquarters in East Beirut, reporting the killings of 300 people, including civilians. The report was forwarded to headquarters in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, and to the office of the Bureau Chief of the director of Military Intelligence, Lt. Col.

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The most immediate problem was the PLO's military infrastructure, which posed a standing threat to the security of northern Israeli settlements. The removal of this threat was to be the battle cry to rouse the Israeli cabinet and public, despite the fact that the PLO took great pains not to violate

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The independent commission headed by Seán MacBride looking into reported violations of International Law by Israel, however, did find that the concept of genocide applied to the case as it was the intention of those behind the massacre "the deliberate destruction of the national and cultural rights

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The Lebanese army's chief prosecutor, Assad Germanos, investigated the killings, but following orders from above, did not summon Lebanese witnesses. Also Palestinian survivors from the camps were afraid to testify, and Phalangist fighters were expressly forbidden to give testimony. Germanos' report

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Before the massacre, it was reported that the leader of the PLO, Yasir Arafat, had requested the return of international forces, from Italy, France and the United States, to Beirut to protect civilians. Those forces had just supervised the departure of Arafat and his PLO fighters from Beirut. Italy

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heard from several Israeli officers that they had heard that killings had taken place in the camps. At 11:30 he telephoned Ariel Sharon to report on the rumours, and was told by Sharon that he had already heard of the stories from the Chief of Staff. At 16:00 in a meeting with the Phalangist staff,

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At 20:40, General Yaron held a briefing, and after it the Divisional Intelligence Officer stated that it appeared no terrorists were in the Shatila camp, and that the Phalangists were in two minds as to what to do with the women, children and old people they had massed together, either to lead them

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entered Sabra and Shatila at 18:00. A battle ensued that at times Palestinians claim involved lining up Palestinians for execution. During the night, the Israeli forces fired illuminating flares over the area. According to a Dutch nurse, the camp was as bright as "a sports stadium during a football

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have commented that the PLO could not have been involved in the assault, or even approved of it, as Abu Nidal's group was a bitter rival to Arafat's PLO and even murdered some of its members. The PLO issued a condemnation of the attempted assassination of the Israeli ambassador. Nonetheless, Israel

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On 25 September 1982, Peace Now, which had been established 4 years previously, organised in Tel Aviv a protest demonstration which brought to the streets some 10% of Israel’s population, an estimated 400,000 participants. They expressed their anger and demanded an investigation into Israel's

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at 11:19 asking him to check reports of a Phalangist slaughter in the camps. Shamir testified that from his recollection the main thing Tzipori had told him of was that 3/4 IDF soldiers killed, no mention of a massacre or slaughter, as opposed to a "rampage" had been made. He made no check because

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Early on that morning, between 08:00 and 09:00, several IDF soldiers stationed nearby noted killings were being conducted against the camp refugees. A deputy tank commander some 180 metres (200 yd) away, Lieutenant Grabowski, saw two Phalangists beating two young men, who were then taken back

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The Kahan Commission determined that the evidence pointed to 'two different and separate reports', noting that Yaron maintained that he thought they referred to the same incident, and that it concerned 45 "dead terrorists". At the same time, 20:00, a third report came in from liaison officer G. of

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and other senior officers. It was agreed that the Phalange should go into the camps. According to the Kahan Commission report throughout Wednesday, R.P.G. and light-weapons fire from the Sabra and Shatila camps was directed at this forward command post, and continued to a lesser degree on Thursday

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That triggered the massacre of Palestinians in Sabra and Shatila camps in three waves, according to Alain Menargues, first at the hands of special Israeli units, whose troops reoccupied West Beirut; then by the groups in the SLA; and finally by men from the Jihaz al-Amn, a Lebanese forces special

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During the night the Phalangists entered the Sabra and Shatilla refugee camps. Even though it was agreed that they would not harm civilians, they 'butchered.' They did not operate in orderly fashion but dispersed. They had casualties, including two killed. They will organize to operate in a more

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An Israeli intelligence officer present in the forward post, wishing to obtain information about the Phalangists' activities, ordered two distinct actions to find out what was happening. The first failed to turn up anything. The second resulted in a report at 20:00 from the roof, stated that the

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Hobeika was assassinated by a car bomb in Beirut on 24 January 2002. Lebanese and Arab commentators blamed Israel for the murder of Hobeika, with alleged Israeli motive that Hobeika would be "apparently poised to testify before the Belgian court about Sharon's role in the massacre" (see section

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where he went straight to the Phalangists' headquarters and instructed their leadership to order a general mobilisation of their forces and prepare to take part in the forthcoming Israeli attack on West Beirut. He also ordered them to impose a general curfew on all areas under their control and

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After the war, Israel presented its actions as a response to terrorism being carried out by the PLO from several fronts, including the border with Lebanon. However, these historians have argued that the PLO was respecting the ceasefire agreement then in force with Israel and keeping the border

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At roughly the same time or a little earlier at 19:00, Lieutenant Elul testified that he had overheard a radio conversation between one of the militia men in the camp and his commander Hobeika in which the former asking what he was to do with 50 women and children who had been taken prisoner.

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At 19:30, the Israeli Cabinet convened and was informed that the Phalangist commanders had been informed that their men must participate in the operation and fight, and enter the extremity of Sabra, while the IDF would guarantee the success of their operation though not participate in it. The

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After Sharon's 2001 election as Israeli Prime Minister, relatives of the victims of the massacre filed a lawsuit. On 24 September 2003, Belgium's Supreme Court dismissed the war crimes case against Ariel Sharon, since none of the plaintiffs had Belgian nationality at the start of the case.

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Hevroni, at 05:30 the following day where it was seen by more than 20 senior Israeli officers. It was then forwarded to his home by 06:15. That same morning an IDF historian copied down a note, which later disappeared, which he had found in the Northern Command situation room in Aley.

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writes that while the massacre was presented as a reaction to the assassination of Bachir, it represented the posthumous achievement of his "radical solution" to Palestinians in Lebanon, who he thought of as "people too many" in the region. Later, the Israeli army's monthly journal

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On morning of Wednesday 15 September Israeli Defence Minister, Sharon, who had also travelled to Beirut, held a meeting with Eitan at the IDF's forward command post, on the roof of a five-storey building 200 metres southwest of Shatila camp. Also in attendance were Sharon's aide

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appoint a liaison officer to be stationed at the IDF forward command post. He told them that the IDF would not enter the refugee camps but that this would be done by the Phalangist forces. The militia leaders responded that the mobilisation would take them 24 hours to organise.

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the Phalangists who in the presence of numerous Israeli officers, including general Yaron, in the dining room, stated that within 2 hours the Phalangists had killed 300 people, including civilians. He returned sometime later and changed the number from 300 to 120.

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and Elie Hobeika's bodyguard, the Phalangists were given "harsh and clear" warnings about harming civilians. However, it was by then known that the Phalangists presented a special security risk for Palestinians. It was published in the edition of 1 September of

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found that Israeli military personnel had failed to take serious steps to stop the killings despite being aware of the militia's actions, and deemed that the IDF was indirectly responsible for the events, and forced erstwhile Israeli defense minister

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adding that nothing would happen except perhaps for a few more terrorists being killed, which would be a benefit to all. Shamir and Sharon finally agreed to a gradual withdrawal, at the end of Rosh Hashana, two days later. Draper then warned them:

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On 11 September 1982, the international forces that were guaranteeing the safety of Palestinian refugees left Beirut. Then on 14 September, Gemayel was assassinated in a massive explosion which demolished his headquarters. Eventually, the culprit,

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and while Israeli troops fired a stream of flares over the Palestinian refugee camps in the Sabra and Shatila districts of West Beirut, the Israeli's Christian Lebanese allies carried out a massacre of innocents there which was to shock the whole

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published a story in its 21 February 1983, issue, implying that Sharon had "reportedly discussed with the Gemayels the need for the Phalangists to take revenge" for Bachir's assassination. The jury found the article false and defamatory, although

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The following morning, 16 September, the sixth IDF order relating to the attack on West Beirut was issued. It specified: "The refugee camps are not to be entered. Searching and mopping up the camps will be done by the Phalangists/Lebanese Army".

3154: 796: 1131:, Divisional Commander, who asked Lieutenant Elul, his Chef de Bureau, what the laughter was about; Elul translated what Hobeika had said. Yaron then had a five-minute conversation, in English, with Hobeika. What was said is unknown. 3319: 1170:

his impression was that the point of the information was to keep him updated on IDF losses. At a meeting with American diplomats at 12:30 Shamir made no mention of what Tzipori told him, saying he expected that he would hear from

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accepted later. Shultz recounted in his memoirs that "The brutal fact is that we are partially responsible. We took the Israelis and Lebanese at their word". On 20 September the Multi National Force was redeployed to Beirut.

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received a tip-off a source in the General Staff in Tel Aviv that there had been a slaughter in the camps. Checking round for some hours, he got no confirmation other than that there "there's something." At 11:00 he met with

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By 1982, the Israeli-Maronite relationship was quite the open secret, with Maronite militiamen training in Israel and high-level Maronite and Israeli leaders making regular reciprocal visits to one another's homes and

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In the afternoon, before 16:00, Lieutenant Grabowski had one of his men ask a Phalangist why they were killing civilians, and was told that pregnant women will give birth to children who will grow up to be terrorists.

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Hobeika's reply was: "This is the last time you're going to ask me a question like that; you know exactly what to do." Other Phalangists on the roof started laughing. Amongst the Israelis there was Brigadier General

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So, we'll kill them. They will not be left there. You are not going to save them. You are not going to save these groups of the international terrorism.. . If you don't want the Lebanese to kill them, we will kill

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developing alliances with Syria, which remained militarily hostile to Israel. As such, Gemayel rejected signing a peace treaty with Israel and did not authorize operations to root out the remaining PLO militants.

947:. Shortly after 6.00 am 15 September, the Israeli army entered West Beirut, This Israeli action breached its agreement with the United States not to occupy West Beirut and was in violation of the ceasefire. 3411:

Their film "Massaker" — which studied six perpetrators of the 1982 Christian militia massacres of 1,000 people at the Sabra and Shatila Palestinian camps in Beirut — was awarded the Fipresci Prize at the 2005

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Yasir Arafat, leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization, demanded today that the United States, France and Italy send their troops back to Beirut to protect its inhabitants against Israel...

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met with Phalangist militia units and invited them to enter Sabra and Shatila, claiming that the PLO was responsible for Gemayel's assassination. The meeting concluded at 15:00 on 16 September.

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The United States commented that "While the criminality of the massacre was beyond question, it was a serious and reckless misuse of language to label this tragedy genocide as defined in the

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estimated that over 2,000 had been killed. 1,200 death certificates were issued to anyone who produced three witnesses claiming a family member disappeared during the time of the massacre.

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I just don't understand, what are you looking for? Do you want the terrorists to stay? Are you afraid that somebody will think that you were in collusion with us? Deny it. We denied it,

1036:, which set up checkpoints at the exits and entrances, and used several multi-story buildings as observation posts. Amongst them was the seven-story Kuwaiti embassy which, according to 733:, concluded that the IDF, as the then occupying power over Sabra and Shatila, bore responsibility for the militia's massacre. The commission also stated that the massacre was a form of 282: 1443:, stated that "there was little discussion of the scope of the term genocide, which had obviously been chosen to embarrass Israel rather than out of any concern with legal precision". 4228:

The fate of the disappeared of Sabra and Chatila will come back to haunt Sharon when a Belgian court hears a suit brought by their relatives alleging his involvement in the massacres.

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wrote that the Lebanese Forces hoped to provoke "the general exodus of the Palestinian population" and aimed to create a new demographic balance in Lebanon favouring the Christians.

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From there, small units of Lebanese Forces militiamen, roughly 150 men each, were sent into Sabra and Shatila, which the Israeli army kept illuminated through the night with flares.

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gives a minimum consisting of 1,300 named victims based on detailed comparison of 17 victim lists and other supporting evidence, and estimates an even higher total of 3500.

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On the morning of Friday, 17 September, the Israeli Army surrounding Sabra and Shatila ordered the Phalange to halt their operation, concerned about reports of a massacre.

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of Palestinians and Lebanese Shias at the hands of Christian militias. In total, between 300 and 400 militiamen were involved in the massacre, including some from the

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On 17 September, while Sabra and Shatila still were sealed off, a few independent observers managed to enter. Among them were a Norwegian journalist and diplomat

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fighters had been evacuated from Beirut under the supervision of Multinational Force. The evacuation was conditional on the continuation of the presence of the

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Israel in Lebanon: The Report of International Commission to enquire into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon

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The casus belli cited by the Israeli side to declare war, however, was an assassination attempt, on 3 June 1982, made upon Israeli Ambassador to Britain

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In July 1981 Israel responded to PLO rocket attacks on northern Israeli settlements by bombing PLO encampments in southern Lebanon. United States envoy

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entered the camp to liquidate a number of Palestinian cadres, and left the same day. It was followed the next day, by "killers" from the Sa'ad Haddad's

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From July 1981 to June 1982, under cover of the ceasefire, the PLO pursued its acts of terror against Israel, resulting in 26 deaths and 264 injured.

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protest march, which also injured ten others, that a compromise was reached: Sharon would resign as Defense Minister, but remain in the Cabinet as a

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above). Prior to his assassination, Elie Hobeika had stated "I am very interested that the trial starts because my innocence is a core issue."

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The US responsibility was considerable; indeed the Arab states and the PLO blamed the US. The negotiations under the mediation of US diplomat

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Middle East correspondent Harbo was also quoted with the same information on ABC News "Close up, Beirut Massacres", broadcast 7 January 1983.

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the massacre of 1,500 Palestinians, Shi'is, and others in Karantina and Maslakh, and the revenge killings of hundreds of Christians in Damour

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a non-fulfilment of a duty with which the Defense Minister was charged, and it was recommended that Sharon be dismissed as Defense Minister.

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had been assassinated, Prime Minister Begin, Defense Minister Sharon and Chief of Staff Eitan agreed that the Israeli army should invade

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between the Jewish state and Lebanon more stable than it had been for over a decade. During that ceasefire, which lasted eight months,

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won the suit in the U.S. court because Sharon's defense failed to establish that the magazine's editors and writers had "acted out of

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and strongly urged him to sign a peace treaty with Israel. Begin also wanted the continuing presence of the SLA in southern Lebanon (

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The delegate for Canada stated: "The term genocide cannot, in our view, be applied to this particular inhuman act". The delegate of

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On 15 June 1982, 10 days after the start of the invasion, the Israeli Cabinet passed a proposal put forward by the Prime Minister,

4433:(1983). The Commission of Inquiry into events at the refugee camps in Beirut 1983 Final Report (Authorized translation) (Report). 1040:

magazine, had "an unobstructed and panoramic view" of Sabra and Shatila. Hours later, IDF tanks began shelling Sabra and Shatila.

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used the event as a justification to break the ceasefire with the PLO, and as a casus belli for a full-scale invasion of Lebanon.

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An opinion poll indicated that 51.7% of the Israeli public thought the commission was too harsh, and only 2.17% too lenient.

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This article is about the 1982 mass murder in Beirut, Lebanon. For the 1985–1988 subconflict of the Lebanese Civil War, see

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omissions in the analysis of the massacre that the commission was able to reach the conclusion of indirect responsibility.

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and Friday (16–17 September). It also added that by Thursday morning, the fighting had ended and all was 'calm and quiet'.

5402: 4982: 4948: 4932: 3709: 3365: 3039: 1187:

Sure, the I.D.F. is going to stay in West Beirut and they will let the Lebanese go and kill the Palestinians in the camps.

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An hour later, 1,500 militiamen assembled at Beirut International Airport, then occupied by Israel. Under the command of

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and identity of the Palestinian people". Individual Jews throughout the world also denounced the massacre as genocide.

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that Hobeika ordered the massacre of civilians in defiance of Israeli instructions to behave like a "dignified" army.

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Military Occupations in the Age of Self-Determination: The History Neocons Neglected (Praeger Security International)

2135: 4695: 1324:

wrote, "After three days of rape, fighting and brutal executions, militias finally leave the camps with 1,700 dead".

5422: 5357: 4552: 4121: 2025: 1492: 1252:

expressed 'deep concerns' about 'the new Israeli advance', but no action was taken to return the forces to Beirut.

903:(MNF) to provide security for the community of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. Two days later the Israeli Premier 802:

As the civil war unfolded, Israel and the PLO had been exchanging attacks since the early 1970s until early 1980s.

4652: 4725: 4215: 4014: 1910: 1798: 881: 710:, whose family and fiancée had been murdered by Palestinian militants and left-wing Lebanese militias during the 665: 227: 5330: 5174: 4400: 4155: 3930: 3597: 2502: 1496: 1305: 1113:

in which we will be blamed, and our explanations will not stand up ..." The press release that followed reads:

822: 543: 509: 332: 315: 5019: 4239: 3065: 763:. Infighting and massacres between these groups claimed several thousand victims. Examples: the Syrian-backed 1419:. The voting record on section D of Resolution 37/123 was: yes: 123; no: 0; abstentions: 22; non-voting: 12. 759:

From 1975 to 1990, groups in competing alliances with neighboring countries fought against each other in the

5324: 5294: 5234: 4358: 4311: 2949: 1276: 921: 795:(August 1976) by Phalangists and their allies against Palestinian refugees living in a camp administered by 776: 649: 206: 4182: 5312: 5270: 5186: 4747: 2535: 792: 585: 568: 504: 357: 1772: 1636: 1604: 1333: 1212:

Later in the afternoon, a meeting was held between the Israeli Chief of Staff and the Phalangist staff.

1033: 1032:, the Phalangists sought revenge. By noon on 15 September, Sabra and Shatila had been surrounded by the 972: 673: 653: 620: 251: 210: 5240: 4602: 3758:(1997). "Theoretical Issues Relating to Genocide: Uses and Abuses". In Andreopoulos, George J. (ed.). 950: 5204: 5180: 3918: 1888: 1266:

I ask Italy, France and the United States: What of your promise to protect the inhabitants of Beirut?

1224: 677: 519: 399: 321: 176: 62: 2851: 989: 746:

to resign from his position "for ignoring the danger of bloodshed and revenge" during the massacre.

5264: 5258: 5252: 5192: 5086: 4713: 4584: 3966: 3952: 3686: 3526: 3280: 3155:"The Israeli Army Papers That Show What Ariel Sharon Hid From the Cabinet in the First Lebanon War" 1575: 1514:

part and responsibility in the massacre. It would remain Israel's largest street protest until the

514: 462: 4454: 3863: 1483:

At first, Sharon refused to resign, and Begin refused to fire him. It was only after the death of

4939: 4647: 4638: 4434: 4075: 3993: 3535: 3324: 3033: 3016: 2112: 1827: 1767: 1625: 1377: 888:

by the National Assembly. Israel had relied on Gemayel and his forces as a counterbalance to the

772: 764: 760: 719: 715: 696: 661: 600: 338: 292: 238: 48: 4430: 2413: 2403: 2328: 2093: 4249:, Redress (London). Retrieved 5 January 2010; section Belgium, subsection 'Shabra and Shatila'. 2953: 2540: 1091: 5004: 4976: 4926: 4864: 4829: 4757: 4729: 4677: 4616: 4588: 4556: 4530: 4516: 4502: 4458: 4408: 4386: 4362: 4334: 4315: 4270: 4260: 4125: 4115: 3767: 3690: 3656: 3646: 3601: 3494: 3427: 2987: 2981: 2957: 2881: 2772: 2718: 2634: 2506: 2417: 2376: 2332: 2292: 2243: 2239: 2131: 2033: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1918: 1883: 1847: 1841: 1722: 1706: 1698: 1644: 1245: 1162: 706:

The killings are widely believed to have taken place under the command of Lebanese politician

409: 371: 3680: 2185: 1714: 799:. The total death toll in Lebanon for the whole civil war period was around 150,000 victims. 5228: 5210: 4446: 2710: 2029: 1620: 1495:. Notwithstanding the dissuading conclusions of the Kahan report, Sharon would later become 1476: 1468: 929: 847: 768: 738: 726: 684: 538: 467: 439: 429: 31: 5090: 5216: 5117: 5070: 5000: 4544: 4472: 4376: 4246: 4150: 4088: 4058: 3716: 3480: 3461: 3007: 2977: 2207: 1979: 1944: 1600: 1555: 1436: 1369: 1328: 1239: 870: 862: 851: 780: 711: 700: 558: 386: 364: 345: 17: 4570: 1502:

The Kahan commission also recommended the dismissal of Director of Military Intelligence

1284:, it featured six perpetrators of the Sabra and Shatila massacre, and it was awarded the 1157: 5306: 5246: 4574: 4488: 2942: 2321: 1503: 1484: 1373: 1311: 1205: 1166: 1048: 1029: 1017: 997: 944: 936: 904: 877: 858: 669: 434: 424: 414: 4771: 3504: 5346: 4797: 4691: 4578: 4422: 3676: 2699:

Shahid, Leila (Autumn 2002). "The Sabra and Shatila Massacres: Eye-Witness Reports".

2571: 2409: 2228: 2018: 1388: 1353:

The primary responsibility for the massacre is generally attributed to Elie Hobeika.

976: 553: 5042: 3304: 1296: 924:, a Lebanese Christian, confessed to the crime. He turned out to be a member of the 5163: 4990: 4743: 4673: 4426: 4301: 4210: 3642: 3393: 3360: 3150: 2399: 2155: 1384: 1354: 1171: 1080: 1068: 1052: 866: 826: 806: 788: 743: 707: 419: 310: 3710:

U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982.

1487:

after a grenade was tossed by a right-wing Israeli into the dispersing crowd of a

5131: 4606: 4520: 4492: 4449:; Asmal, A. K.; Bercusson, B.; Falk, R. A.; Pradelle, G. de la; Wild, S. (1983). 4380: 4352: 4305: 3591: 1670:"1982, Robin Moyer, World Press Photo of the Year, World Press Photo of the Year" 648:

was the 16–18 September 1982 killing of between 1,300 and 3,500 civilians—mostly

5061: 5038: 4612: 4498: 4348: 3652: 3452: 2873: 2198: 2055: 2053: 1596: 1321: 1272: 1100: 1076: 940: 912: 4809: 1341:

concluded that 460 people had been killed (including 15 women and 20 children.)

5282: 1649: 1507: 1231: 1128: 1021: 1009: 1005: 4670:

Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's Deadly Response

2722: 2714: 787:, including the family and fiancée of the Lebanese Forces intelligence chief 147: 134: 4860: 4382:

The Sunni-Shia Conflict: Understanding Sectarian Violence in the Middle East

4017:, Center for Israel Education, 25 September 1982, accessed 8 September 2024. 3755: 3544: 2630: 2288: 2235: 1603:

cited the Sabra and Shatila massacre as one of the motivations for the 1996

1488: 1423: 814: 610: 3682:

Turmoil and Triumph: Diplomacy, Power, and the Victory of the American Deal

4522:

Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967

2405:

Righteous Victims : A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001

5095: 4776: 4707: 3961: 2598: 2567: 2141: 1608: 1416: 1235: 1230:

Many of the bodies found had been severely mutilated. Young men had been

1013: 908: 850:

moving northwards to surround the capital, Beirut. Following an extended

188: 4438: 3590:

Avon, Dominique; Khatchadourian, Anaïs-Trissa; Todd, Jane Marie (2012).

1565:

in American and Israeli courts in a $ 50 million libel suit, after

1262:

The dignity of three armies and the honor of their countries is involved

676:(IDF) that had surrounded Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent 3159: 861:, that the IDF should not enter West Beirut but this should be done by 102: 2158:

eventually negotiated a shaky cease-fire that was monitored by UNIFIL.

2108:"After 2 Decades, Scars of Lebanon's Civil War Block Path to Dialogue" 1506:, and the effective promotion freeze of Division Commander Brig. Gen. 1380:, before the Lebanese Forces units of Elie Hobeika entered the camps. 1327:

In his book published soon after the massacre, the Israeli journalist

725:

In February 1983, an independent commission chaired by Irish diplomat

5222: 3648:

The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians

3356:"Sabra & Shatila echoes past & ongoing Palestinian suffering" 1001: 980: 818: 657: 260: 117: 3301:"Remembering Janet Lee Stevens, martyr for the Palestinian refugees" 2662:, posted 1 July 1999 (19 July 1999 issue). Accessed 9 February 2006. 2020:

The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: people, power, and politics

1148:

orderly manner—we will see to it that they are moved into the area."

2944:

A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism

1562: 1523: 1295: 1090: 1072: 4753:

Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services

4262:

Structures of Love, The: Art and Politics beyond the Transference

3389:"Lokman Slim: The daring Lebanese activist, admired intellectual" 2499:

Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: Patterns, Problems, Possibilities

61:

Bodies of victims of the massacre in the Sabra neighbourhood and

4722:

Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice

4405:

Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East

3901: 3899: 3897: 3246: 3244: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3121: 3119: 2923: 2921: 2456: 2454: 2230:

Christopher Hitchens and His Critics: Terror, Iraq, and the Left

1611:

attacked an American Air Force housing complex in Saudi Arabia.

810: 5135: 5066:"Another war on terror. Another proxy army. Another mysterious" 4331:

PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization

2878:

The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East

2801: 2799: 2085: 2083: 873:

to be 5,000 when fully mobilized of whom 2,000 were full-time.

264: 4963:. 9 October 2004. Archived from the original on 9 October 2004 4913:. 9 October 2004. Archived from the original on 9 October 2004 4886: 3219: 3217: 3215: 2774:

Middle Eastern Terrorism: From Black September to 11 September

2755: 2226:

Cushman, Thomas; Cottee, Simon; Hitchens, Christopher (2008).

928:

and an agent of Syrian intelligence. Palestinian and Lebanese

889: 688: 2140:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Archived from 4996:

Necessary Illusions: Thought control in democratic societies

2203:"Abu Nidal, notorious Palestinian mercenary, 'was a US spy'" 1028:

Following the assassination of Lebanese Christian President

3625: 3623: 3621: 2059: 1372:, on 15 September, an Israeli special operations group of 3799: 3797: 3795: 3730:"Voting Summary U.N. General Assembly Resolution 37/123D" 3493:] (in French). Translated by Jehshan, Khalil. Seuil. 2284:

Israel's Wars: A History since 1947 (Warfare and History)

4810:"Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century" 3349: 3347: 935:

On the evening of 14 September, following the news that

3320:"Arafat Demands 3 Nations Return Peace Force to Beirut" 2441: 2439: 2437: 2070: 2068: 1439:, director of the Irish Centre for Human Rights at the 1415:

condemned the massacre and declared it to be an act of

821:

or Iraqi involvement. Historians and observers such as

4206:"Vanished victims of Israelis return to accuse Sharon" 3923:"Sabra and Shatila massacres – why do we ignore them?" 3387:

Agencies, The New Arab Staff & (6 February 2021).

3276:"Syrians aid 'Butcher of Beirut' to hide from justice" 4029:"This Week In History: Masses protest Sabra, Shatila" 3989:"Around the world; Israeli General Resigns From Army" 1071:, they began moving towards the area in IDF-supplied 779:

in the predominantly Muslim slum district of Beirut;

4826:

Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions

2880:. National Geographic Books. pp. 484, 488–489. 767:(January 1976) by the Kataeb and its allies against 4798:

A/RES/37/123(A-F). The situation in the Middle East

216: 202: 194: 182: 171: 163: 124: 113: 41: 5126:The Kahan Commission on Sabra and Shatila Massacre 4549:Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes 2941: 2320: 2227: 2017: 1533:Post-war testimonies by Lebanese Forces operatives 691:. By 30 August 1982, under the supervision of the 4307:Periphery: Israel's Search for Middle East Allies 4179:"Sharon Loses Libel Suit; Time Cleared of Malice" 3491:Investigation into a massacre: Sabra and Shatila 3439: 3423: 3101:, 26 September 1982. in Claremont Research p. 76 2497:Eisenberg, Laura Zittrain; Caplan, Neil (1998). 2460: 2181: 2089: 27:1982 mass murder of civilians in Beirut, Lebanon 4712:. The paper is based on a lecture delivered at 3905: 3250: 3235: 3223: 3206: 3189: 3177: 3137: 3125: 3110: 3020:. Archived from the original on 15 October 2010 2927: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2735: 2671: 2484: 2472: 1792: 1790: 1357:, Elie Hobeika's bodyguard, stated in his book 3760:Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions 5147: 5111:Sabra and Shatila, the unforgivable slaughter 4015:"Israelis Protest Sabra and Shatila Massacre" 2844:"Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, A War Criminal" 1672:. archive.worldpressphoto.org. Archived from 755:Lebanese Civil War and Israeli-PLO skirmishes 276: 8: 4828:. Princeton, USA: Markus Wiener Publishers. 4240:Universal Jurisdiction Update, December 2003 1344:Israeli intelligence estimated 700–800 dead. 783:(January 1976) by the PLO against Christian 5154: 5140: 5132: 4879:"1982: Refugees massacred in Beirut camps" 3593:Hezbollah: A History of the "Party of God" 2754:Panorama: "The Accused", broadcast by the 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 1843:The New Face of Lebanon: History's Revenge 1264:, Mr. Arafat said at his news conference. 283: 269: 261: 55: 38: 3629: 3577: 3565: 3486:Enquête sur un massacre: Sabra et Chatila 3051: 3049: 2848:The Jerusalem Fund / The Palestine Center 2790: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2627:The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs 1846:. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 162. 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 971:On the night of 14/15 September 1982 the 82: 5398:Violence against Shia Muslims in Lebanon 3058:"7: The Massacres at Sabra and Shatilla" 2625:Bregman, Ahron; Al-Tahri, Jihan (1998). 2375:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 7. 2264: 2262: 1823: 1718: 1156:At around 08:00, military correspondent 4010: 4008: 3876: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3803: 3786: 1661: 1522:in exchange for a cease-fire deal with 1079:'s "Free Lebanon forces". According to 1012:, an Intelligence officer, the Head of 731:Secretary-General of the United Nations 4974: 4924: 4177:Kroeger, Brooke W. (25 January 1985). 4084: 4073: 3031: 2912: 2900: 2358: 2169: 1710: 1702: 1280:the Palestinians. The film was called 1204:At Beirut airport at 16:00 journalist 932:leaders denied any connection to him. 687:with the intention of rooting out the 5353:Anti-Palestinian sentiment in Lebanon 5091:"Analysis: 'War crimes' on West Bank" 4803:A/RES/37/123(A-F) of 16 December 1982 4101: 3888: 3857:Irish Centre for Human Rights at the 3086: 2594:"1982: PLO leader forced from Beirut" 2445: 2268: 2074: 1966: 1830:on the 20, 21, and 27 September 1982. 1733: 1578:", as required under U.S. libel law. 1516:2023 Israeli judicial reform protests 7: 5378:Persecution of Muslims by Christians 5128:, published by Israel State Archives 5020:"Sabra and Shatila: New Revelations" 3012:"The Beirut Massacre: The Four Days" 1694: 1020:, the Deputy Chief of Staff—General 737:. And in February 1983, the Israeli 616:Civil Administration of the Mountain 473:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats 5363:Massacres of the Lebanese Civil War 4857:Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947 3354:Rmeileh, Rami (18 September 2023). 2850:. Information Brief. Archived from 2562:Asser, Martin (14 September 2002). 2134:, ed. (1988). "Israel in Lebanon". 1761:Anziska, Seth (17 September 2012). 1518:and 7 September 2024 rally for the 1095:Flares fired over Sabra and Shatila 4267:State University of New York Press 4027:Tamara Zieve (23 September 2012). 2373:PLO in Lebanon: Selected Documents 1915:Final Conflict: The War in Lebanon 1879:"Politics and war of Elie Hobeika" 1797:Mostyn, Trevor (25 January 2002). 1652:on events surrounding the massacre 1537:Lokhman Slim and Monika Borgman's 1455:The MacBride Commission's report, 1051:, Ariel Sharon and Chief of Staff 809:. The attempt was the work of the 714:in 1976, itself a response to the 25: 4795:United Nations General Assembly, 4204:Flint, Julie (25 November 2001). 3318:Kamm, Henry (17 September 1982). 1877:Hassan, Maher (24 January 2010). 1316:Sabra and Shatila: September 1982 1271:In interviews with film director 1047:According to Linda Malone of the 549:January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup 5373:Beirut in the Lebanese Civil War 4772:"New 'evidence' in Sharon trial" 4494:Sabra and Shatila September 1982 3997:. 15 August 1983. Archived from 3927:September 11th and Terrorism FAQ 3764:University of Pennsylvania Press 2779:University of Pennsylvania Press 2602:. 30 August 1982. Archived from 244: 232: 221: 81: 74: 5428:Wartime sexual violence in Asia 5018:Anziska, Seth (26 April 2021). 4907:"Sabra Shatila Massacre Photos" 4643:"Remembering Sabra and Shatila" 4354:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War 4146:"Time Collection: Ariel Sharon" 3929:. Global Issues. Archived from 2564:"Sabra and Shatila 20 years on" 1917:. Century London. p. 231. 1582:Relatives of victims sue Sharon 1413:United Nations General Assembly 1407:Palestinian genocide accusation 1300:Memorial in Sabra, South Beirut 926:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 483:Assassination of Bachir Gemayel 4527:University of California Press 3859:National University of Ireland 3853:"Professor William A. Schabas" 3284:. 17 June 2001. Archived from 2842:Malone, Linda (14 June 2001). 1441:National University of Ireland 1219:Foreign reporters' testimonies 901:Multinational Force in Lebanon 554:Assassination of Rashid Karami 478:Multinational Force in Lebanon 1: 5418:Israeli war crimes in Lebanon 5383:September 1982 events in Asia 4477:Secrets de la Guerre du Liban 3906:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 3251:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 3236:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 3224:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 3207:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 3190:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 3178:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 3138:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 3126:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 3111:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 2928:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 2830:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 2818:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 2806:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 2736:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 2672:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 2485:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 2473:Kahan, Barak & Efrat 1983 670:Christian militias in Lebanon 5024:The New York Review of Books 4952:. Retrieved 4 December 2004. 2702:Journal of Palestine Studies 1631:List of massacres in Lebanon 1256:reported in September 1982: 664:. It was perpetrated by the 581:Assassination of René Moawad 175:Sabra neighbourhood and the 5388:Christian terrorism in Asia 4608:A History of Modern Lebanon 4481:Secrets of the Lebanese War 2106:Wood, Josh (12 July 2012). 1840:Harris, William W. (2006). 1447:Irish Commission (MacBride) 880:, leader of the right-wing 626:South Lebanon security belt 405:1978 South Lebanon conflict 5444: 4901:BBC News archive and video 4726:W. W. Norton & Company 4706:(1): 25–36. Archived from 4553:Cambridge University Press 4122:Cambridge University Press 3613:group led by Elie Hobeika. 2986:. Macmillan. p. 109. 2026:Cambridge University Press 1549: 1510:for at least three years. 1493:minister without portfolio 1404: 1242:carved into their bodies. 1218: 646:Sabra and Shatila massacre 534:U.S. embassy annex bombing 489:Sabra and Shatila massacre 42:Sabra and Shatila massacre 29: 18:Sabra and Shatila Massacre 5408:Massacres of Palestinians 5301:Shadia Abu Ghazala School 5170: 4981:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4931:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4245:10 September 2008 at the 4117:War and Memory in Lebanon 3719:Retrieved 4 January 2010. 3038:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2762:accessed 9 February 2006. 2371:Israeli, Raphael (1983). 2254:shlomo argov casus belli. 1938:Malone, Linda A. (1985). 1463:Kahan Commission (Israel) 1411:On 16 December 1982, the 1118:the evacuation agreement. 606:People's Republic of Tyre 594:Cantons and puppet states 393:St George's Church attack 302: 69: 54: 46: 4824:Harris, William (1996). 4792:Shashaa, Esam (no date). 4329:Becker, Jillian (1984). 4312:Rowman & Littlefield 4114:Haugbolle, Sune (2010). 3598:Harvard University Press 3457:"The forgotten massacre" 3424:Schiff & Ya'ari 1985 2983:From Beirut to Jerusalem 2903:, pp. 239, 356–357. 2715:10.1525/jps.2002.32.1.36 2503:Indiana University Press 2182:Schiff & Ya'ari 1985 2090:Schiff & Ya'ari 1985 1985:From Beirut to Jerusalem 1799:"Obituary: Elie Hobeika" 1763:"A Preventable Massacre" 1497:Prime Minister of Israel 1306:Palestinian Red Crescent 544:1985 Beirut car bombings 352:1976 Syrian intervention 5393:1982 murders in Lebanon 5116:6 February 2008 at the 4855:Bregman, Ahron (2002). 4720:Lewis, Bernard (1999). 4696:"The New Anti-Semitism" 4489:Nuwayhed al-Hout, Bayan 4359:Oxford University Press 3062:From Israel to Damascus 2950:Oxford University Press 2281:Bergman, Ahron (2002). 2137:Israel: A Country Study 2016:Cobban, Helena (1984). 1648:, 2008 Israeli film by 1545:Lawsuits against Sharon 1359:From Israel to Damascus 1349:Role of various parties 1288:at the 2005 Berlinale. 922:Habib Tanious Shartouni 846:On 6 June 1982, Israel 672:, and supported by the 527:Fourth phase: 1984–1990 379:Second phase: 1977–1982 5413:1980s crimes in Beirut 5289:Cave of the Patriarchs 3056:Hatem, Robert Maroun. 2940:Byman, Daniel (2011). 2536:Jewish Voice for Peace 2319:Gannon, James (2008). 1520:liberation of hostages 1312:Bayan Nuwayhed al-Hout 1301: 1269: 1198: 1189: 1180: 1150: 1120: 1099:The first unit of 150 1096: 569:Dahr al-Wahsh massacre 456:Third phase: 1982–1984 358:Siege of Tel al-Zaatar 305:First phase: 1975–1977 101:Site of the attack in 5368:Mass murder in Beirut 5319:Nuseirat refugee camp 4668:Klein, A. J. (2005). 4641:(16 September 2003). 3965:. BBC. Archived from 3715:29 April 2012 at the 3455:(15 September 2002). 3440:Nuwayhed al-Hout 2004 3010:(26 September 1982). 2461:Nuwayhed al-Hout 2004 1988:. Macmillan. p. 1605:Khobar Towers bombing 1334:Le Monde Diplomatique 1299: 1275:in 2005, some of the 1258: 1193: 1185: 1176: 1145: 1115: 1094: 994:Military Intelligence 683:In June 1982, Israel 674:Israel Defense Forces 621:State of Free Lebanon 450:Iraqi Embassy bombing 252:Israel Defense Forces 5403:Massacres of Muslims 5064:(28 November 2001). 4957:"Eyewitness Lebanon" 4801:(16 December 1982). 4710:on 8 September 2011. 4700:The American Scholar 4585:Simon & Schuster 4580:Israel's Lebanon War 4385:. Nortia Media Ltd. 4124:. pp. 144–145. 3957:"Israel and the PLO" 3687:Simon & Schuster 3531:"The Usual Suspects" 2876:(13 February 2007). 2633:. pp. 172–174. 2531:"Sabra and Shatilla" 2291:. pp. 158–159. 2144:on 30 September 2023 2120:on 29 December 2023. 2060:MacBride et al. 1983 895:By 1 September, the 886:President of Lebanon 678:Shatila refugee camp 520:1984 Sohmor massacre 495:U.S. embassy bombing 445:1981 Israeli bombing 322:Battle of the Hotels 177:Shatila refugee camp 167:16–18 September 1982 97:class=notpageimage| 63:Shatila refugee camp 5043:"Sabra and Shatila" 4961:littleredbutton.com 4949:All About Palestine 4911:littleredbutton.com 4889:. 17 September 1982 4714:Brandeis University 4655:on 25 December 2005 4259:Penney, J. (2012). 4001:on 12 October 2023. 3933:on 26 February 2024 3568:, pp. 469–470. 3543:(4). Archived from 3281:The Daily Telegraph 3167:on 2 December 2023. 3008:Friedman, Thomas L. 2978:Friedman, Thomas L. 2327:. Praeger. p. 2201:(25 October 2008). 2062:, pp. 191–192. 1826:. Also articles in 1550:Sharon's libel suit 1355:Robert Maroun Hatem 1238:, and some had the 876:On 23 August 1982, 834:Post-war assessment 729:, assistant to the 693:Multinational Force 515:February 6 Intifada 463:1982 Beirut bombing 333:Black Saturday 316:Black Thursday 148:33.8628°N 35.4984°E 144: / 5162:Massacres against 4517:Quandt, William B. 4483:] (in French). 4218:on 12 October 2023 4158:on 16 January 2006 4083:Unknown parameter 4062:. 8 September 2024 4033:The Jerusalem Post 3994:The New York Times 3818:, p. 541-542. 3536:World Press Review 3507:on 7 February 2006 3332:on 12 October 2023 3325:The New York Times 3099:The New York Times 3017:The New York Times 2738:, pp. 11, 31. 2574:on 7 December 2023 2543:on 30 October 2006 2132:Metz, Helen Chapin 2113:The New York Times 1891:on 27 January 2023 1828:The New York Times 1768:The New York Times 1626:1982 Hama massacre 1554:Ariel Sharon sued 1378:South Lebanon Army 1302: 1277:Lebanese Christian 1254:The New York Times 1097: 992:, the Director of 865:. Chief of Staff, 765:Karantina massacre 761:Lebanese Civil War 720:South Lebanon Army 716:Karantina massacre 697:South Lebanon Army 668:, one of the main 662:Lebanese Civil War 601:East Beirut canton 574:War of Elimination 339:Karantina massacre 294:Lebanese Civil War 239:South Lebanon Army 49:Lebanese Civil War 5423:Genocides in Asia 5358:Massacres in 1982 5340: 5339: 5331:Al-Tabaeen School 5277:Sabra and Shatila 5089:(17 April 2002). 4944:Sabra and Shatila 4716:on 24 March 2004. 4603:Traboulsi, Fawwaz 4594:978-0-671-60216-1 4536:978-0-520-22374-5 4414:978-0-571-23741-8 4392:978-0-9842252-1-7 4368:978-0-19-280130-2 4340:978-1-4918-4435-9 4321:978-1-4422-3102-3 4131:978-0-521-19902-5 3955:(20 April 1998). 3696:978-1-4516-2311-6 3677:Shultz, George P. 3662:978-0-7453-1530-0 3607:978-0-674-07031-8 3288:on 14 April 2024. 3238:, pp. 16–17. 2993:978-0-374-70699-9 2963:978-0-19-983045-9 2887:978-1-4000-7517-1 2423:978-0-679-74475-7 2039:978-0-521-27216-2 1999:978-0-385-41372-5 1884:Egypt Independent 1853:978-1-55876-392-0 1775:on 15 August 2014 1645:Waltz with Bashir 1457:Israel in Lebanon 1401:U.N. condemnation 1292:Number of victims 1246:Janet Lee Stevens 1163:Mordechai Tzipori 1004:officer, General 852:siege of the city 641: 640: 564:War of Liberation 510:Battle of Tripoli 505:Mountain War 500:Barracks bombings 410:Battle of Kaukaba 400:Hundred Days' War 372:Aishiyeh massacre 259: 258: 89:Sabra and Shatila 16:(Redirected from 5435: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5133: 5122: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5014: 4986: 4980: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4936: 4930: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4874: 4839: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4808:White, Matthew. 4789: 4787: 4785: 4767: 4739: 4711: 4687: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4651:. 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AuthorHouse. 4328: 4322: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4269:. p. 235. 4258: 4257: 4253: 4247:Wayback Machine 4238: 4234: 4221: 4219: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4185:on 3 March 2024 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4082: 4072: 4065: 4063: 4059:Times of Israel 4052: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4006: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3969:on 22 June 2024 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3866:on 9 June 2007. 3851: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3717:Wayback Machine 3708: 3704: 3697: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3655:. p. 377. 3641: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3619: 3608: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3501: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3469:on 8 June 2024. 3462:The Independent 3451: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3422: 3418: 3404: 3402: 3386: 3385: 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