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fees are too high and that grazing regulations are too onerous despite environmentalist complaints that the opposite is true and that promised improvements to grazing on federal lands do not occur. Miners complain of restricted access to claims, or to lands to prospect. Researchers complain of the difficulty of getting research permits, only to encounter other obstacles in research, including uncooperative permit-holders and, especially in archaeology, vandalized sites with key information destroyed. Off-road vehicle users want free access, but hikers and campers and conservationists complain grazing is not regulated enough and that some mineral lease holders abuse other lands or that off-road vehicle destroy the resource. Each complaint has a long history.
115:. The process was known as the "Roadless Area Review and Evaluation" (RARE, or later, RARE I). The RARE process developed significant opposition from both environmental groups and public lands users and was challenged in federal court. The results of RARE I were nullified by the courts for lack of uniform criteria for evaluation of lands and other procedural problems. A second review started in 1977, known as RARE II, and involved more than 60 million acres (24 million km) of wildland under federal jurisdiction. RARE II was completed in 1979, but the effort was largely sidelined during the presidency of
303:, Hatch agreed to leave National Parks and National Monuments in federal hands, and he drafted a bill that would allow states to apply for control over selected parcels. With 16 cosponsors, he introduced the bill in 1979, and again in 1981. Partly because Hatch's bill dealt with major objections to previous bills, news outlets for the first time covered the bill as if it had a serious chance of passing. That started a two-year newspaper, radio, and television fight for the legislation. It was never passed.
158:
142:, whose 1962 report suggested legislation to protect recreational resources in a "national system of wild and scenic rivers," a national wilderness system, a national trails system, the federal Land and Water Conservation Fund, and recreation areas administered by existing public lands agencies beyond National Parks and National Monuments, both of which are administered in the Department of the Interior by the National Park Service.
295:(R-Utah) joined in land transfer legislation efforts in 1977 after loud complaints from ranchers and oilmen from Utah, coupled with strong support from several Utah county governments. By late 1979, Hatch was the legislator who was the most interested in land transfers. He sought to introduce a transfer bill that would get hearings and potential action. Upon the advice of members of the
149:, which some wanted to use for grazing, off-road vehicle use, and other development, instead of wilderness conservation. These "rebels" urged that instead of designating more federal wilderness protection, some or much of the land should be granted to states or private parties. They took on the phrase "Sagebrush Rebellion" to describe their opposition to federal management of the lands.
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Complaints about federal management of public lands constantly roil relations between public lands users (ranchers, miners, researchers, off-road vehicle enthusiasts, hikers, campers and conservation advocates) and the agencies and environmental regulation on the other. Ranchers complain that grazing
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Various bills intended to transfer federal public lands to western states had been proposed after 1932, all of which failed to garner much attention, let alone action. Among key objections to such transfers were the increasing value to the federal treasury of mineral lease receipts and complaints
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The movement continues to have support by persons interested in developing the lands for resource extraction and private benefits, such as livestock grazing, mineral extraction, and timber harvesting. Opponents place higher value on private economic benefits by recreation and societal benefits of
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in 1862, granting parcels in 40-acre (160,000 m) increments to homesteaders who could maintain a living on land for a period of time. Congress also made huge land grants to various railroads working to complete a transcontinental rail system. Much of the latter grants intentionally included
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was not ecologically suited for homesteading because of mountainous terrain, poor soils, lack of available water, and other ecological barriers to significant settlement. By the early 20th century, the federal government held significant portions of most western states that had simply not been
288:. The Act required the bureau to plan land use accommodating all users and specifically named ranching, grazing, and mining, but it also introduced formal processes to consider preservation of the land from those uses.
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holdings include between 20% and 85% of a state's area. Supporters of the movement wanted more state and local control over the lands, if not outright transfer of them to state and local authorities and/or
313:, and his appointees slowed or stopped wilderness designation legislation. By Reagan's second term, the Sagebrush Rebellion was back to simmering on the back burner of federal land management agencies.
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to set aside lands for forest conservation and for special scientific or natural history interest. Much land still remained unclaimed even after such reserves had been initially set up. The
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conducted required surveys of plots of public lands of at least 5,000 acres (7.8 sq mi; 20 km) that had roads removed after 1972 for the potential designation as part of the
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mineral and timber-rich lands so that the railroads could get financing to build. Again, the hypothesis was that the railroads would sell off the land to get money.
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to the unappropriated lands to the states in 1932, but the states complained that the lands had been overgrazed and would also impose a burden during the
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movement" in 1988. Even so, Congress has designated several wilderness areas since 1981, sometimes by using data acquired through the RARE processes.
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On July 4, 1980, proponents of the
Sagebrush Rebellion carved a road into an area in Grand County that was proposed to be designated as wilderness.
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and so the federal government would retain control of the western public lands. The act sought to establish a system of land management by the
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and told the crowd, "I happen to be one who cheers and supports the
Sagebrush Rebellion. Count me in as a rebel." Reagan faced opposition from
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that the "crown jewels" of the national lands holdings, the
National Parks, could not be managed adequately or fairly by individual states.
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733:, Washington Post, January 4, 2016, on the roots of the western land ownership disputes with the Federal government in multiple states.
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National Parks were considered to be national treasures, and few legislators would concur with turning them over to the states.
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The term "Sagebrush
Rebellion" was coined during fights over designation of National Wilderness lands, especially in
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held millions of acres in the western states, with
Arizona and New Mexico joining the union by 1913. US President
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Americans
Outdoors: The Legacy, the Challenge, with Case Studies : the Report of the President's Commission
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119:, who was elected in 1980. Reagan declared himself a sagebrush rebel in an August 1980 campaign speech in
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The election of Ronald Reagan as president put a friend to the
Sagebrush Rebels in the White House,
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Ross W. Gorte; Carol Hardy
Vincent; Laura A. Hanson; Marc R. Rosenblum (February 8, 2012).
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The spark that turned these complaints into a "rebellion" was the enactment in 1976 of the
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presidential commission, the
Outdoor Recreational Resources Review Commission chaired by
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Michael E. Kraft, and Norman J. Vig, "Environmental policy in the Reagan presidency."
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The
Closing of the Public Domain: Disposal and Reservation Policies, 1901-50, Issue 10
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Michael E. Kraft, and Norman J. Vig, "Environmental policy in the Reagan presidency."
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Dearen, Jason (September 2, 2012). "'Sagebrush Rebellion' Suffers Legal Setback".
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Federal Land, Western Anger: The Sagebrush Rebellion and Environmental Politics
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To encourage settlement of western lands, Congress passed the first of several
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The National Wilderness Preservation System grew out of recommendations of a
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171:, which provided for the surveying and sale of lands in the area created by
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Among the first pieces of legislation passed following independence was the
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721:. Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Reno.
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The Oregon standoff is far bigger than a group of armed men in a refuge
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552:
S.1680 Western Lands Distribution and Regional Equalization Act of 1979
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539:"Public Lands Ranching: The Ecological Costs of Public Lands Ranching"
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Public Lands and Private Rights: The failure of scientific management
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land control, use, and disposal policy in 13 western states in which
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States' Rights Timeline, including the 1980 Sagebrush Rebellion
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Crossings: how road ecology is shaping the future of our planet
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claimed for any use. Conservationists prevailed upon President
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Ultimately, however, it turned out that much land west of the
79:, one of the leaders, became Secretary of the Interior in the
459:"Sagebrush Rebellion On Hold, Group Lights Other Legal Fires"
503:
E. Louise Peffer (1951). "Chapter 11: The Hoover Proposal".
476:
President's Commission on Americans Outdoors (U.S.) (1987).
127:. The struggle persists today after changing form with the "
27:
Political movement for local control of U.S. government land
602:(First ed.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
83:, and worked to roll back federal environmental policies.
415:. (Oregon). Associated Press. June 11, 1980. p. 15C.
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This Sovereign Land: A New Vision for Governing the West
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in the 1970s and the 1980s that sought major changes to
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of western land to the national government. Later, the
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from the University of Virginia Digital History Center
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Storm Over Rangelands: Private Rights in Federal Lands
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open space and hard-to-quantify economic benefits of
72:, supporters adopted the name "Sagebrush Rebellion."
719:
A Guide to the Records of Sagebrush Rebellion, 85-04
554:, introduced March 8, 1979, by Senator Orrin Hatch
334:Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge
391:"The Open West, Owned by the Federal Government"
342:, passed into law in 2012, effective after 2014.
179:provided for the political organization of the
727:at the University of Colorado Denver Library
8:
566:"Sagebrush rebellion losing on Capitol Hill"
409:"Andrus predicts end to West's 'rebellion'"
362:"Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data"
713:A brief history of the Sagebrush Rebellion
247:was created to manage much of that land.
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31:
725:"SageBrush Rebellion Collection No. 32"
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113:National Wilderness Preservation System
787:Political history of the United States
278:Federal Land Policy and Management Act
564:Forrester, Steve (December 9, 1979).
520:Carol Hardy Vincent (June 19, 2012).
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369:Table 1. Federal Land by State, 2010
243:'s cash-strapped state budgets. The
739:, from the Forestry History Society
522:"Grazing Fees: Overview and Issues"
68:As much of the land in question is
25:
797:Conservatism in the United States
702:, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995.
527:. Congressional Research Service.
340:Utah Transfer of Public Lands Act
772:Environment of the United States
715:from High Country News, hcn.org.
457:Coates, James (March 16, 1996).
371:. Congressional Research Service
792:Rebellions in the United States
446:. Associated Press. p. 10.
1:
299:, appointed by Utah Governor
229:US Department of the Interior
745:U.S. News & World Report
509:. Stanford University Press.
482:. Island Press. p. ix.
688:Political Science Quarterly
427:Political Science Quarterly
203:, and part of northeastern
81:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
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782:1980s in the United States
777:1970s in the United States
743:Text of a 1980 article in
642:University Press of Kansas
297:Utah Wilderness Commission
291:The newly-elected Senator
125:conservation organizations
329:Bureau of Land Management
286:Bureau of Land Management
245:Bureau of Land Management
145:Much of the wildland was
109:Bureau of Land Management
162:Map of US federal lands.
762:20th-century rebellions
103:, especially after the
40:in northeastern Nevada.
690:99.3 (1984): 415-439.
676:, Island Press, 2001.
596:Goldfarb, Ben (2023).
429:99.3 (1984): 415-439.
169:Land Ordinance of 1785
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136:Kennedy administration
48:was a movement in the
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698:Robert Henry Nelson,
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571:Eugene Register-Guard
413:Eugene Register-Guard
235:proposed to deed the
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50:Western United States
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153:Public lands history
140:Laurance Rockefeller
444:The Virginian Pilot
183:(now the states of
177:Northwest Ordinance
46:Sagebrush Rebellion
18:Sagebrush rebellion
225:Theodore Roosevelt
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89:ecosystem services
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609:978-1-324-00589-6
397:. March 23, 2012.
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267:Yellowstone
756:Categories
618:1396185975
347:References
251:Complaints
95:Background
581:April 14,
375:April 28,
260:Rebellion
205:Minnesota
189:Wisconsin
147:sagebrush
659:, 1989.
644:, 1993.
317:See also
271:Yosemite
197:Illinois
185:Michigan
129:wise use
107:and the
75:In 1981
201:Indiana
54:federal
692:online
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431:online
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525:(PDF)
365:(PDF)
678:ISBN
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377:2014
269:and
193:Ohio
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