2799:
how many Iraqis were allowed to leave the country. Although citizens needed to undergo a convoluted and bureaucratic procedure to obtain the necessary papers to leave the country, the fact remains that more than one million Iraqis migrated from Iraq from the end of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988 until the US-led invasion in 2003. Third, religion under Stalin did not function in the same manner as it did in Iraq, and while Faust details how the Shia were not allowed to engage in some of their ceremonies, the average Iraqi was allowed to pray at home and in a mosque. ... it is correct that the security services kept a watch on religious establishments and mosques, but the Iraqi approach is somewhat different from that pursued by Stalin's totalitarianism.
1748:
how many Iraqis were allowed to leave the country. Although citizens needed to undergo a convoluted and bureaucratic procedure to obtain the necessary papers to leave the country, the fact remains that more than one million Iraqis migrated from Iraq from the end of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988 until the US-led invasion in 2003. Third, religion under Stalin did not function in the same manner as it did in Iraq, and while Faust details how the Shia were not allowed to engage in some of their ceremonies, the average Iraqi was allowed to pray at home and in a mosque. ... it is correct that the security services kept a watch on religious establishments and mosques, but the Iraqi approach is somewhat different from that pursued by Stalin's totalitarianism.
965:
1141:
31:
63:
20:
1270:. In April 2002, Saddam increased the money offered to Palestinian families of martyrs from $ 10,000 to $ 25,000. West Bank representative who was handing out money to Palestinian families, Mahmoud Besharat, reportedly said "You would have to ask President Saddam why he is being so generous. But he is a revolutionary and he wants this distinguished struggle, the intifada, to continue".
2759:
1708:
1223:
Saddam introduced social security programs such as disability benefits which granted disabled people financial assistance. He also introduced healthcare coverage to ensure that Iraqi citizens had access to healthcare and medication when needed. Healthcare worsened in the 1990s due to the UN sanctions
2798:
First, Faust totally ignores the economy in his analysis. This oversight is remarkable given his attempt to trace how the regime became totalitarian, which, by definition, encompasses all facets of life. ... Second, the comparison with Stalin or Hitler is weak when one takes into consideration
1747:
First, Faust totally ignores the economy in his analysis. This oversight is remarkable given his attempt to trace how the regime became totalitarian, which, by definition, encompasses all facets of life. ... Second, the comparison with Stalin or Hitler is weak when one takes into consideration
1227:
Saddam
Hussein invested heavily in infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges, and public buildings. This contributed to the modernization of Iraqi cities and improved the overall infrastructure of Iraq. Saddam placed an emphasis on improving access to education and healthcare. The government
1197:
According to Phebe Marr, Saddam "provided widespread health, education, and social benefits that went well beyond those of any previous regime". Saddam implemented land reform, made hospitals and education free, doubled the number of students in schools and developed infrastructure such as roads,
1529:
Following the Gulf War, Shias participated in a largely sectarian uprising against Saddam's regime. Shia rebels held pictures of Shia religious leaders such as
Iranian leader Khomeini, as well as Shia religious symbols. The uprisings were quelled by the regime through the use of force and mass
1183:
rule of the 1980s and 1970s. The campaign granted greater freedoms to
Islamist groups, allocated more resources into religious programmes, increased use of Islamic punishments, and a greater emphasis being put on Islam in all sectors of Iraqi life, although maintaining the Arab nationalism.
908:
and views political disputes and conflict in a military manner as "battles" requiring "fighting", "mobilization", "battlefields", "bastions", and "trenches". Saddamism was officially supported by Saddam
Hussein's government and promoted by the Iraqi daily newspaper
1029:
Saddam
Hussein claimed that the Arab nation did not have the class structure of that of other nations and that class division was more along national lines between Arabs and non-Arabs than within the Arab community. However he spoke fondly of
1430:
described Saddam as "one of the last of the 20th century's great dictators, but not the least in terms of egotism, or cruelty, or morbid will to power." Saddam's regime brought about the deaths of at least 250,000 Iraqis and committed
2745:
Having devoted extensive time and effort to documenting atrocities, we estimate that in the last twenty-five years of Ba'ath Party rule the Iraqi government murdered or 'disappeared' some quarter of a million Iraqis, if not
1371:. He had thousands of portraits, posters, statues and murals erected in his honor all over Iraq. His face was visible on office buildings, schools, classrooms, airports, and shops, as well as on all denominations of the
1224:
restricting basic-medical equipment and supplies from getting into Iraq. The UN sanctions are believed to have inflicted about 500,000 Iraqi deaths due to the shortages in food and medicine caused by the blockade.
1518:, initiated a propaganda campaign calling on Iraqi Shias to accept Khomeinism and rebel against the Sunni-dominated Ba'athist regime of Saddam. Despite Saddam's fears of unrest, Iran's attempts to
1220:. This caused extreme economic decline as Iraq's GDP declined from $ 66.2 billion in 1989 to $ 10.8 billion in 1996 while per capita annual income decreased from $ 3,510 in 1989 to $ 450 in 1996.
1494:. Iraq was ruled by a Sunni Arab elite, although Shias and Kurds were permitted to help build the nation provided that they made no trouble. Saddam banned and suppressed Shia public displays of
629:
571:
1490:" (non-Arabs) was used to discredit Shia activists and political dissidents, and particularly the Iranians. Although Saddam initially promoted secularism and non-sectarianism, his rule saw
1034:
and commended Lenin for giving
Russian Marxism a uniquely Russian specificity that Marx alone was incapable of doing. He also expressed admiration for other communist leaders, such as
566:
2171:
492:
1931:
634:
592:
408:
429:
1519:
805:
1997:
323:
964:
2768:
1717:
661:
1205:
domestic industries. He also sponsored industrialization programs. Oil proceeds increased from $ 1 billion in 1972 to $ 33 billion in 1980. Following the
2365:
613:
434:
413:
392:
371:
121:
1278:
694:
587:
471:
366:
111:
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executions, and Sunni state control managed to restore order. Throughout the 1990s, Saddam relied more on Sunni Arab officials from his own tribe of
450:
3092:
1297:, amid the Gulf War. The attacks killed between 11 and 74 Israelis, mostly due to heart attacks, incorrect use of gas masks, and incorrect use of
2508:
1228:
invested in building schools and hospitals, and literacy rates in Iraq increased significantly. Saddam implemented policies aimed at advancing
2968:
1771:
1691:
508:
487:
263:
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1179:
within Iraqi society. This has been described as a Ba'athist "full-scale politicisation of Islam" and marked a shift away from the more
529:
2586:
1522:
were largely unsuccessful in rallying support from Shias in Iraq and the Gulf states. Most Iraqi Shias, who formed the majority of the
798:
3082:
3023:
2990:
2936:
1651:
1608:
1569:
1245:
2146:
3107:
1470:. Saddam responded with repression, killing enemies and suspected political dissidents, resulting in the deaths of about 150,000
1414:
on April 9, 2003, all statues of Saddam were destroyed. All other aspects of his cult of personality were dismantled thereafter.
1407:
681:
455:
62:
1462:
insurgency. Human Rights Watch estimates that between 50,000 and 100,000 people were killed. Following the disastrous Gulf War,
2408:
1082:
1005:
387:
1070:. Thus, Saddam Hussein and his supporters claim that there is no conflict between Mesopotamian heritage and Arab nationalism.
1274:
1241:
652:
351:
72:
791:
313:
309:
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1317:
1105:
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1249:
328:
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1157:
333:
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and joining their co-religionists in Iran, Saddam laid more emphasis on the Arab character of Iraq as opposed to the
608:
2534:
1312:, whose residents remember him as an Arab leader who was prepared to challenge the United States and Israel. In the
1020:
in nature — claiming that the Ba'ath Party is a popular revolutionary movement and that as such the people rejected
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2315:
1726:
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1153:
227:
222:
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1531:
1423:
1341:
956:, embodying Saddam Hussein's special leadership qualities and the strong connections between him and the people.
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2263:
1483:
1140:
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2433:
1951:
1206:
2535:"Palestinians Erect Memorial To Saddam Hussein In Qalqilya, Bearing Slogan 'Arab Palestine From River To Sea'"
707:
2728:
2341:
2204:
2053:
3097:
2290:
1600:
1109:
992:, Ba'athism's key founder. Saddam Hussein was also an avid reader of topics on moral and material forces in
925:
ideology that aimed to control all aspects of Iraqi life, and has been accused by critics of incorporating "
524:
299:
91:
2627:
2018:
1198:
access to electricity and water, in addition to increasing life expectancy and decreasing child mortality.
1257:
1168:
993:
855:
831:
283:
203:
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1925:
1440:
1403:
1253:
545:
158:
293:
46:
1905:
1503:
1467:
188:
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30:
2482:
1391:
clothing to project the image of an urban and modern leader. He also portrayed himself as a devout
1364:
941:
2681:
2117:
1085:, Saddam had become "the defender of the Arab world" against a revolutionary, fundamentalist, and
2789:
2732:
1971:
1952:""So Let Today Be All the Arabs Muḥammad": The Prophet in the Discourse of the Iraqi Baʿth Party"
1861:
1808:
1738:
1523:
1507:
1471:
1436:
1329:
953:
268:
258:
1074:
273:
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3040:
3019:
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2942:
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1800:
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1687:
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1647:
1604:
1565:
1515:
1321:
1022:
910:
890:
874:
671:
253:
35:
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1963:
1913:
1730:
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1073:
Saddam portrayed Iraq as the bulwark of the Arab world against
Iranian expansion during the
1063:
1013:
997:
929:
918:
878:
777:
734:
338:
1826:
1526:, chose their own country over their Shia Iranian coreligionists during the Iran–Iraq War.
2632:
1368:
1267:
1059:
1043:
922:
846:
822:
770:
198:
168:
163:
19:
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of 1988 was undertaken in the northern regions of Iraq in response to the
Iranian-backed
101:
1455:
1214:
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1121:
1031:
1001:
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870:
739:
233:
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148:
81:
23:
1301:. Israel did not retaliate against Iraq due to pressure exerted by the United States.
1260:. Additionally, he subsidized the families of Palestinian suicide bombers who died as
896:
that calls upon Arab countries to adopt
Saddamist political discourse and reject "the
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2793:
2713:
1975:
1742:
1511:
1427:
1388:
1229:
1202:
1086:
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revolving around him. However, the applicability of these labels has been contested.
1852:
Dawisha, Adeed (Autumn 1999). ""Identity" and
Political Survival in Saddam's Iraq".
1046:
due to their spirit of asserting national independence rather than their communism.
2587:"Palestinian Saddam statue is a 'poke in America's eye,' diplomats and leaders say"
1917:
1444:
1333:
1286:
1035:
989:
976:
937:
914:
153:
2067:
1152:
descent to draw on a classical form of religious legitimacy. Saddam supported the
972:
940:
zeal for the fatherland and its leader", as well as enabling Saddam to generate a
866:
550:
54:
2560:
1638:
1591:
1552:
1392:
1372:
1129:
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by claiming that the Bablyonians and ancient Assyrians are the ancestors of the
1039:
1017:
926:
901:
886:
749:
178:
1148:
During the Iran–Iraq War, Saddam emphasized his Prophetic descent and used his
1124:. Despite this, Saddam's socialism has been described as "nothing but a patchy
1054:
Saddam Hussein and his ideologists sought to fuse a connection between ancient
3000:
2785:
1967:
1734:
1463:
1332:. He remains widely known for his commitment to the Palestinian cause and his
1313:
1309:
1180:
1101:
1090:
1078:
905:
893:
16:
Political ideology based on the political ideas and thinking of Saddam Hussein
2946:
2216:
2183:
1804:
1561:
1448:
1432:
1305:
1055:
933:
897:
744:
952:
The term "Saddamism" (Saddamiyyah) or "the new Arab era" was coined by the
2811:
2366:"Iraq Chief, Boasting of Poison Gas, Warns of Disaster if Israelis Strike"
3067:
2904:"Deaths at Iraq's Ashura festival will not deter millions of worshippers"
1325:
1298:
1290:
1210:
1172:
1125:
1094:
288:
278:
2708:
1998:"From Militant Secularism to Islamism: The Iraqi Ba'th Regime 1968-2003"
1812:
1788:
988:
Saddam Hussein based his political views and ideology upon the views of
2237:
1865:
1411:
1376:
1345:
1328:, and many portraits and other forms of memorials are found throughout
1009:
2409:"'We're going to attack Iraq,' Israel told the US. 'Move your planes'"
1466:
rebelled in southern Iraq and executed Ba'athist officials during the
1132:", with the alleged goal of strengthening his own political position.
2983:
The Failure of Democracy in Iraq: Religion, Ideology and Sectarianism
2959:
Esposito, John, "Political Islam Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform",
1499:
1495:
1380:
1282:
1261:
1149:
1375:. Saddam aimed to appeal to all aspects of Iraqi society. He donned
1956:
The Presence of the Prophet in Early Modern and Contemporary Islam
1486:
was more of a national difference than a religious one. The term "
1459:
1396:
1294:
1176:
1139:
1067:
963:
29:
18:
1128:, combining a tightly-controlled state economy with a measure of
3045:. Yale Program on Governance and Local Development. p. 16.
2264:"Empty classrooms and black market textbooks – Iraq | ReliefWeb"
1487:
1273:
In April 1990, Saddam threatened to destroy half of Israel with
869:
political ideology based on the political ideas and thinking of
2929:
The Iran-Iraq War: Historical, Economic, and Political Analysis
1447:
and torture. Saddam also used Iraq's oil wealth to develop a
1016:'s claim that non-Marxist-Leninist parties are automatically
2762:
The Ba'thification of Iraq: Saddam Hussein's Totalitarianism
1711:
The Ba'thification of Iraq: Saddam Hussein's Totalitarianism
1120:
The ruling Ba'ath Party during Saddam's rule was officially
1399:, but most often, he was shown wearing a military uniform.
3018:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 91–93.
2509:"Palestinian Activists Build Monument to Saddam Hussein"
2483:"Palestinian activists build monument to Saddam Hussein"
1089:
expansionist Iran. To prevent Iraqi Shias from adopting
2458:"Why was Saddam Hussein so popular among Palestinians?"
2118:"Iraq – Dictatorship, Invasion, Sanctions | Britannica"
1880:"Why was Saddam Hussein so popular among Palestinians?"
1646:. London, England, UK: Croom Helm, Ltd. p. 62-71.
2342:"Saddam Hussein's Support for International Terrorism"
2019:"From Militant Secularism to Islamism | Wilson Center"
2316:"IRAQ: Was Life for Iraqi Women Better Under Saddam?"
1395:, wearing a full headdress and robe, praying towards
3042:
War-Making, State-Making and Non-State Power in Iraq
1906:"A marriage of convenience Saddam Hussein and Islam"
860:
836:
2056:
University of Edinburgh 2013, Retrieved April 2024.
706:
693:
680:
670:
660:
622:
601:
580:
559:
538:
517:
501:
480:
464:
443:
422:
401:
380:
359:
120:
110:
100:
90:
80:
2291:"The Iraq Report: Baghdad struggles to rise again"
1348:who emigrated to the land of Palestine must leave.
900:discourse" that it claims collapsed following the
2147:"The US-led war in Iraq and Saddam's Arab legacy"
1763:Middle East Contemporary Survey, Volume Xvi, 1992
1336:stance. In 2001, Saddam said on Iraqi television:
2613:Muslim Anti-Semitism: A Clear and Present Danger
2172:"Iraqis Must Learn to Read and Write – Or Else!"
2005:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
1827:"Iran-Iraq War – Summary, Timeline & Legacy"
1599:. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA:
1242:Palestinian guerrilla and militant organizations
2709:"Saddam Hussein – The blundering dictator"
1510:in 1979 and the ensuing Iran–Iraq War. The new
1506:. Sectarian tensions became evident during the
1338:
1240:Saddam Hussein sheltered and supported several
3016:State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein
2729:"War in Iraq: Not a Humanitarian Intervention"
1930:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
1686:. Harvard University Press. pp. 213–215.
1560:. Oxon, England, UK; New York, New York, USA:
1324:. A memorial dedicated to Saddam was built in
1316:, Saddam is well regarded, especially for his
996:. Saddam Hussein's government was critical of
1683:Overreach: Delusions of Regime Change in Iraq
1156:from 1980 to 1982 and supplied the insurgent
1077:from 1980 to 1988. With the support of other
1000:and opposed the orthodox Marxist concepts of
799:
8:
2880:"Iraq: controversial Shia ritual under fire"
2769:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1718:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1585:
1583:
1581:
2238:"From 0% to 20% illiteracy — an Iraqi feat"
2068:"Iraq's Public Healthcare System in Crisis"
917:. Saddamism has often been described as an
2140:
2138:
2092:"Saddam Hussein's Iraq – Iraq | ReliefWeb"
1593:Saddam's Word: Political discourse in Iraq
1554:Iraq's Armed Forces: an Analytical History
1277:if it moved against Iraq. In 1991, Saddam
1160:with a steady flow of arms and supplies.
806:
792:
41:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1379:clothing, the traditional clothes of the
662:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
2682:"Saddam Hussein's Statue of Limitations"
2561:"PA city erects Saddam Hussein memorial"
2042:"Evolution of Disability Rights in Iraq"
1408:toppling of his statue on Firdous Square
1340:Palestine is Arab and must be liberated
2812:"Iraqi Anfal, Human Rights Watch, 1993"
2626:Franklin, Stephen (September 5, 1990).
2383:"The day Israel's wars changed forever"
1766:. The Moshe Dayan Center. p. 453.
1543:
53:
1923:
1304:Saddam remains a heroic figure in the
695:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
657:
356:
77:
2434:"Palestinians cheer Saddam as a hero"
1451:system for supporters of his regime.
1443:issued regular reports of widespread
7:
2407:Ari Gross, Judah (18 January 2018).
2072:EPIC - Enabling Peace in Iraq Center
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
2346:georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
1680:MacDonald, Michael (October 2014).
1435:in Iran, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia.
1171:. This new policy aimed to promote
1163:In June 1993, Saddam initiated the
971:(left) talking with the founder of
850:
826:
2985:. London: Routledge. p. 126.
2931:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 1.
2585:Medoff, Rafael (29 October 2017).
1950:Jordan, David (10 November 2021).
1289:into Israeli territory, primarily
1175:and encourage popular devotion to
234:The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue
14:
2961:Political Islam and Gulf Security
2859:"Saddam courts Iraqi nationalism"
2758:Sassoon, Joseph (February 2017).
1707:Sassoon, Joseph (February 2017).
1246:Palestine Liberation Organization
1236:Support for the Palestinian cause
873:, who served as the President of
2670:, Rotterdam: Post Editions, 2010
2657:, Rotterdam: Post Editions, 2010
2628:"Hussein's Dark Side Enshrouded"
1789:"Nasser, Saddam and Pan-Arabism"
682:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
61:
2289:Arab, The New (13 April 2022).
2044:JMU 2015, Retrieved April 2024.
1996:Baram, Amatzia (October 2011).
1100:Saddam is well-regarded in the
1006:dictatorship of the proletariat
877:from 1979 to 2003. It espouses
3093:Eponymous political ideologies
2680:Sher, Lauren (April 9, 2009).
2559:Polon, Tal (22 October 2017).
2387:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
1918:10.1080/0449010X.1991.10705782
1367:became a prominent feature of
1144:Saddam Hussein praying in 1976
1:
2835:"The language of anti-Shiism"
1904:Karsh, Efraim (28 May 2013).
1760:Ayalon, Ami (December 1994).
1520:export its Islamic Revolution
305:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
38:, used to represent Saddamism
2963:, Lynne Rienner Publishers,
2833:Haddad, Fanar (2024-05-30).
1640:Iraq, the contemporary state
1551:al-Marashi, Ibrahim (2008).
1250:Palestinian Liberation Front
1062:civilization in Iraq to the
329:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
1201:Saddam imposed tariffs and
1167:, under the supervision of
1097:character of the Iranians.
861:
837:
334:Assadist-Saddamist conflict
3124:
2778:Cambridge University Press
2066:epicmatthew (2017-03-07).
1727:Cambridge University Press
1426:against his own citizens.
1404:fall of his regime in 2003
1279:ordered a missile campaign
1193:Economic and social policy
1154:Islamist uprising in Syria
862:al-Baʿthīyah as-Ṣaddāmiyah
228:The Battle for One Destiny
223:On the Way of Resurrection
2786:10.1017/S0020743816001392
2611:Wistrich, Robert (2002).
2054:"Health services in Iraq"
1968:10.1163/9789004466753_014
1735:10.1017/S0020743816001392
1342:from the river to the sea
1218:imposed sanctions on Iraq
264:November 1963 coup d'état
34:Second and Final flag of
3083:Arab nationalism in Iraq
3039:Ahram, Ariel I. (2015).
2981:Alkifaey, Hamid (2018).
2927:El Azhary, M.S. (2012).
1207:Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
122:Baath Party (pro-Syrian)
3108:Totalitarian ideologies
2205:"A new history of Iraq"
1787:Jillani, Anees (1991).
1601:Oxford University Press
324:Intervention in Lebanon
112:Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)
3014:Blaydes, Lisa (2018).
2764:[Book Review]"
1920:(inactive 2024-08-08).
1713:[Book Review]"
1387:. He also appeared in
1356:
1258:Abu Nidal Organization
1230:women's rights in Iraq
1169:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
1145:
1012:; as well as opposing
994:international politics
980:
913:owned by Saddam's son
352:Regional organisations
204:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
39:
27:
2884:english.religion.info
2591:Jewish News Syndicate
1637:Niblock, Tim (1982).
1590:Bengio, Ofra (1998).
1482:Under Saddam's rule,
1441:Amnesty International
1422:Saddam was known for
1418:Purges and executions
1369:Iraqi popular culture
1254:Arab Liberation Front
1143:
1104:, especially for his
967:
708:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
319:Corrective Revolution
159:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
33:
22:
2814:. Human Rights Watch
2211:. 25 November 2003.
2178:. 22 December 2023.
2023:www.wilsoncenter.org
1504:mourning of Muharram
1468:1991 Iraqi uprisings
1406:, symbolized by the
983:
189:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
92:Arab Ba'ath Movement
2413:The Times of Israel
2244:. 17 September 2010
2098:. 13 September 1999
1854:Middle East Journal
1484:Sunni-Shia conflict
1365:cult of personality
1359:Cult of personality
1081:, particularly the
942:cult of personality
843:Saddamist Ba'athism
2733:Human Rights Watch
2370:The New York Times
2270:. 22 December 2016
2122:www.britannica.com
1962:. Brill: 323–345.
1524:Iraqi Armed Forces
1508:Iranian Revolution
1492:sectarian violence
1437:Human Rights Watch
1188:Saddamist policies
1158:Muslim Brotherhood
1146:
981:
666:1960–1962/63
294:De-Ba'athification
269:17 July Revolution
259:Ramadan Revolution
40:
28:
2969:978-1-55587-262-5
2760:"Aaron M. Faust,
2735:. 25 January 2004
2717:. 4 January 2007.
2515:. 23 October 2017
2489:. 23 October 2017
2322:. 3 February 2015
1773:978-0-8133-2133-2
1709:"Aaron M. Faust,
1693:978-0-674-72910-0
1516:Ruhollah Khomeini
1363:Saddam Hussein's
1322:Palestinian cause
1110:Palestinian cause
859:
841:), also known as
835:
816:
815:
719:
718:
672:Socialist Lebanon
643:
642:
314:1966 coup d'états
133:
132:
26:in the late 1960s
3115:
3103:State ideologies
3055:
3054:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2978:
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1514:leader of Iran,
1424:employing terror
1385:Kurdish clothing
1354:
1285:. Iraq fired 42
1275:chemical weapons
1209:and the ensuing
1064:Arab nationalism
1050:Arab nationalism
1014:Marxism-Leninism
998:orthodox Marxism
930:Arab nationalism
889:, as well as an
879:Arab nationalism
864:
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851:البعثية الصدامية
840:
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1564:. p. 108.
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1044:Josip Broz Tito
1023:petit bourgeois
986:
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169:Wahib al-Ghanim
164:Abdullah Rimawi
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1860:(4): 557–558.
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1833:. 13 July 2021
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1360:
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1350:
1244:, such as the
1237:
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1215:United Nations
1194:
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1165:Faith Campaign
1137:
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1122:Arab socialist
1117:
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1032:Vladimir Lenin
1002:class conflict
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871:Saddam Hussein
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36:Ba'athist Iraq
24:Saddam Hussein
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2714:The Economist
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2615:. p. 43.
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1567:
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1512:Shia Islamist
1509:
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1428:The Economist
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1287:Scud missiles
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1221:
1219:
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1213:in 1991, the
1212:
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1199:
1192:
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1174:
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1111:
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1103:
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1087:Shia Islamist
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:Iran–Iraq War
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73:Organisations
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1393:Sunni Muslim
1362:
1344:and all the
1339:
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915:Uday Hussein
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312: /
298:
284:UN sanctions
252:
154:Michel Aflaq
102:Ba'ath Party
2971:, pp. 56–58
2780:: 205–206.
2666:Göttke, F.
2653:Göttke, F.
2565:Arutz Sheva
1837:14 February
1729:: 205–206.
1644:(Paperback)
1597:(Paperback)
1558:(Paperback)
1532:Al-Bu Nasir
1472:Iraqi Shias
1383:, and even
1373:Iraqi dinar
1266:during the
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1040:Ho Chi Minh
1026:politics.
954:Iraqi media
932:, confused
902:Six-Day War
887:Pan-Arabism
750:Pan-Arabism
712:2002–
699:1970–
686:1966–
179:Salah Jadid
126:1966–
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3077:Categories
3001:1057243408
2913:2024-05-26
2889:2024-05-26
2865:2024-05-26
2844:2024-05-26
2443:2024-06-04
2438:Al Jazeera
2393:2024-06-04
2351:2024-06-04
2320:PeaceWomen
2151:Al Jazeera
2077:2024-05-25
2028:2024-05-25
1538:References
1433:war crimes
1402:After the
1314:Arab world
1310:Gaza Strip
1102:Arab world
1091:Khomeinism
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894:Arab world
838:Ṣaddāmiyah
518:Mauritania
217:Literature
3088:Ba'athism
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2794:164804585
2242:Arab News
2217:0261-3077
2184:0190-8286
1976:244288193
1805:0030-980X
1743:164804585
1562:Routledge
1449:patronage
1330:Palestine
1306:West Bank
1203:protected
1150:sharifian
1018:bourgeois
984:Ba'athism
973:Ba'athism
948:Etymology
934:Stalinism
898:Nasserist
867:Ba'athist
856:romanized
832:romanized
819:Saddamism
755:Saddamism
745:Nasserism
635:pro-Syria
614:pro-Syria
593:pro-Syria
572:pro-Syria
551:pro-Syria
539:Palestine
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493:pro-Syria
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414:pro-Syria
393:pro-Syria
372:pro-Syria
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2326:16 March
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2102:16 March
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1351:—
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1326:Qalqilya
1299:atropine
1291:Tel Aviv
1281:against
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1136:Islamism
1126:populism
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