84:
510:
tribunal is not to grant an injunction suspending the person's removal while the challenge proceeds, unless there is a "real, imminent and foreseeable risk of serious and irreversible harm", and it is not allowed to entertain the argument that Rwanda is unsafe for that person because of the risk of being sent to another country to face possible persecution in breach of international law ("refoulement"). The question of safety based on individual circumstances must be confined to conditions in Rwanda itself.
36:
506:
does not disapply other provisions of the Human Rights Act, leaving open the possibility of obtaining a declaration of incompatibility under section 4 of that act. The explanatory memorandum which is attached to the act states that the purpose of section 3 is "to make clear that the courts and tribunals should defer to
Parliament’s sovereign view that Rwanda is safe country as defined, and are under no obligation that could conflict with this".
376:
509:
Section 4(1) qualifies the section 2 restrictions on challenges based on the safety of Rwanda, by providing that challenges based on the person's "particular individual circumstances" are still permitted, while requiring the person to provide compelling evidence in support of such a claim. A court or
505:
Section 6 of the Human Rights Act requires public authorities to act compatibly with
European Convention rights. Sections 7, 8 and 9 give people the right to bring proceedings and get remedies in the courts of the United Kingdom, rather than having to go to the European Court of Human Rights. The act
630:
in section 2(3) of the act could itself be judicially reviewed, to test the lawfulness of migrants being denied access to the courts. The outcome of this would depend on whether the courts maintained the orthodoxy that parliamentary sovereignty makes whatever
Parliament enacts lawful or whether they
513:
Section 5 provides that where the
European Court of Human Rights makes urgent orders called "interim measures" in proceedings concerning the removal of a person to Rwanda under the Immigration Acts, a minister can decide whether to comply. Courts and tribunals are therefore instructed to ignore such
340:
On 5 December 2023, the government signed a new treaty with Rwanda containing further safeguards over relocation. A significant change is that no one relocated to Rwanda could be sent on from there to another country, only back to
Britain. The Rwanda policy does not mean that asylum-seekers would be
487:
Section 3(4) disapplies section 3 of the Human Rights Act, which requires legislation to be interpreted compatibly with
Convention rights "so far as it is possible to do so", in relation to the entire act; so that courts interpreting the legislation are not required to attempt to find a Convention-
276:
After this, the bill returned to the Lords for consideration of
Commons disagreements on 20 March 2024, where the Lords insisted on a number of amendments. The bill was then sent back and forth four times where it waited on Commons consideration of Lords amendments on 22 April 2024, and where the
483:
Section 3(3) disapplies the Human Rights Act for the purpose of determining whether Rwanda is a safe country in respect of a decision to be taken under the
Immigration acts. Where the question of the safeness of Rwanda arises in any such proceedings, courts and tribunals are not required to take
540:, and was given a first reading in the House of Commons the next day. On 12 December, it was given a second reading in the Commons with a majority of 44, and with no Conservatives voting against, but some government supporters said they would be proposing amendments at the committee stage.
652:
Professor
Elliott's comment on this is "For a court to take the step implied in this comment, by holding, in effect, that Parliament had exceeded its authority by seeking to limit the courts' constitutional role, would be fraught with risk for the judiciary."
277:
government vowed to disagree with the amendments. The bill returned to the Lords the same day for consideration of
Commons disagreements. There was speculation about the double-insistence rule and its implications for the bill, including the use of the
475:
Section 3 disapplies most of the operative provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998, for certain specific purposes. Section 2 of that act requires that the courts "must take into account" the judgments and decisions of the
523:
Section 9 provides that if enacted the act would not come into force until the United Kingdom-Rwanda Asylum Partnership Treaty comes into force, when the internal ratification procedures of each country are complete.
564:
The bill was considered by a committee of the whole House on 16–17 January 2024 and passed its third reading in the Commons with a majority of 44. Eleven Conservative MPs voted against the bill, including former
341:
held in Rwanda while their claims for asylum were determined in Britain. Their claims would be determined by Rwanda, and when claims were allowed the result would be that those concerned would remain in Rwanda.
458:
Section 2 seeks to prohibit legal challenges based on the argument that Rwanda is unsafe. It instructs immigration officers and judges to treat Rwanda as safe when deciding whether or not to send people there:
432:
Section 1(1) states that the purpose of the act is to "prevent and deter unlawful migration, and in particular migration by unsafe and illegal routes". This repeats a section of the Illegal Migration Act 2023.
455:
Section 1(6) defines international law as including the treaties mentioned by the Supreme Court in its judgment, as well as customary international law and "any other international law... whatsoever".
623:, dismissed as Home Secretary by Sunak three weeks before, following arguments which included the government policy on immigration, claimed the day after the bill was published that it "won't work".
251:
139:
111:
561:, was among the Conservatives who abstained, and commented "Our objection was that we don't believe as it's currently drafted the act is firm enough to ensure that flights will take off to Rwanda."
636:
1135:
520:
Section 7(2) excludes Rwandan citizens from being removed to Rwanda, as a claim for asylum by such persons is likely to be based on alleged persecution by the Government of Rwanda.
498:
A decision as to whether to grant interim relief, such as an injunction preventing removal, in a challenge to removal based on individual circumstances under section 4 of the act.
831:
617:
resigned as immigration minister over "strong disagreements" with the government's response to problems with the Rwanda plan, stating that the act "does not go far enough".
1376:
1356:
452:
Section 1(5) defines the meaning of declaring that Rwanda is a safe country: namely, that removing someone to there is in compliance with all relevant international law.
436:
Section 1(2) refers to the recent treaty with Rwanda and states that the act gives effect to "the judgement of Parliament that the Republic of Rwanda is a safe country".
1361:
501:
A decision as to whether the person would face a real risk of serious and irreversible harm in a challenge to removal based on particular individual circumstances.
1351:
641:
443:
517:
Sections 6 to 10 mostly deal with routine technical issues common to most legislation, such as territorial extent. However, there are two which are significant.
1310:
1366:
362:
subsequently stated that he would withdraw the UK from the ECHR if there were further challenges to stop deportations to Rwanda after the act was passed.
1341:
962:
386:
971:"R (on the application of AAA and others) (Respondents/Cross Appellants) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant/Cross Respondent)"
220:
106:
393:
337:
on 15 November 2023 found that Rwanda is not safe, and the plan was unlawful, as migrants might be sent away from Rwanda to face persecution.
1346:
587:, both resigned their positions in order to support amendments designed to "toughen up" the act. Following the third reading in the Commons,
950:
856:
805:
356:
284:
247:
135:
1371:
974:
958:
924:
648:... it is ultimately for the courts, not the legislature, to determine the limits set by the rule of law to the power to exclude review.
352:
334:
344:
In the act, Parliament has declared that Rwanda is to be treated as safe, believing that this will mean the relocation plan is lawful.
1041:
1075:
881:
580:
544:
419:
1222:
992:
439:
Section 1(3) summarises the treaty, setting out what has changed since an asylum partnership was agreed with Rwanda in April 2022.
305:
and received royal assent on 25 April 2024. The act will come into force with the United Kingdom-Rwanda Asylum Partnership Treaty.
472:
Section 2(4) prohibits arguments that someone removed to Rwanda might be sent to another country and as a result face persecution
215:
The act seeks to deter unlawful migration, particularly by unsafe and illegal routes, by allowing some migrants to be sent to the
302:
270:
209:
187:
88:
1108:
752:
477:
278:
469:
which prohibits a court or tribunal from hearing a legal challenge to a removal to Rwanda based on the safety of Rwanda.
401:
322:
1250:
954:
724:
966:
731:
832:"'We will sit there and vote until it's done': Sunak promises to get Rwanda bill through parliament on Monday"
17:
558:
551:
said later "if the government sticks to its guns then it can probably get this legislation through intact".
295:
266:
537:
205:
780:
348:
298:
on 22 April 2024 and the Lords did not insist on their amendments in the early hours of 23 April 2024.
96:
626:
Alasdair Mackenzie, a barrister active in the Rwanda litigation, has suggested that the prevention of
462:
Section 2(1) "Every decision-maker must conclusively treat the Republic of Rwanda as a safe country."
584:
1279:
1192:
314:
216:
191:
321:
in Britain to Rwanda and says it is a safe country for them. Despite legislative changes in the
291:, vowed that Parliament would sit day and night until the Lords backed down on 22 April 2024.
180:
1083:
1049:
889:
601:
over the bill. The act secured its second reading in the Lords on 29 January 2024 and had its
1307:"R (on the application of Privacy International) v Investigatory Powers Tribunal and others"
620:
569:
330:
1285:
1227:
1198:
929:
627:
589:
318:
255:
101:
An act to make provision about the removal of certain migrants to the Republic of Rwanda.
970:
495:
A decision to conclusively treat Rwanda as a safe country under section 2(1) of the act;
449:
Section 1(4)(b) states that international law does not override acts of the Parliament.
49:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
614:
598:
573:
566:
533:
243:
232:
228:
224:
126:
122:
1166:
1335:
602:
554:
466:
236:
1327:
Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Bill - Parliamentary Bills - UK Parliament
1306:
1013:
631:
agreed with some previous judgments that parliamentary sovereignty is not absolute.
1140:
548:
547:
of Conservatives had recommended its members to vote for the act, and its chairman
326:
259:
156:
1136:"MPs back Rwanda bill in boost to Rishi Sunak despite rebellion by right wing MPs"
491:
Section 3(5) disapplies sections 6 to 9 of the Human Rights Act, in relation to:
594:
442:
Section 1(4)(a) recognises that Parliament is sovereign, repeating words in the
359:
288:
1193:"Rishi Sunak secures Commons approval for Rwanda bill as rebel MPs back down"
1087:
1053:
893:
857:"Rwanda bill to become law after late night row between government and Lords"
190:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
1255:
925:"Sunak's Rwanda plan in tatters after Supreme Court judges rule it unlawful"
484:
account of any relevant ECHR case law, but are not prevented from doing so.
725:"Research Briefing: Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Bill 2023-24"
265:
After its third reading in the Lords, the bill returned to the Commons for
1326:
1018:
173:
806:"Persistent Rwanda Deadlock Could Kill Rishi Sunak's Deportation Plans"
317:, under which it plans to send some migrants who would otherwise claim
1280:"UK court battles still lie ahead over revamped Rwanda removal scheme"
1251:"Robert Jenrick resigns saying Rishi Sunak's Rwanda bill is doomed"
1223:"Rishi Sunak set for titanic battle with Lords over Rwanda bill"
369:
252:
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department
188:
Text of the Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act 2024
140:
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department
29:
1109:"Sunak hints that UK could leave ECHR if Rwanda plan blocked"
913:
Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act 2024, section 9
514:
interim measures when considering an application or appeal.
351:, it avoids the more radical option of withdrawing from the
1042:"Rishi Sunak ready to pull out of ECHR over Rwanda flights"
753:"House of Commons - Lords Amendments: Monday 18 March 2024"
1076:"Sunak: Rwanda plan 'more important' than ECHR membership"
882:"Britain's Rwanda asylum legislation formally becomes law"
1167:"Rishi Sunak sees off Tory rebellion in Rwanda bill vote"
637:
R (Privacy International) v Investigatory Powers Tribunal
355:
altogether, which was opposed by the Rwandan government.
397:
313:
The background to the act is the British Government's
993:"The Rwanda Bill and its constitutional implications"
1277:Gray, Alistair; Wallis, William (6 December 2023).
1221:Devlin, Kate; Mitchell, Archie (18 December 2023).
723:Dawson, Joanna; McKinney, C. J. (8 December 2023).
579:The two deputy chairmen of the Conservative Party,
186:
179:
172:
165:
155:
150:
118:
105:
95:
1278:
1191:
202:Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act 2024
72:Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act 2024
1014:"PM will fail on Rwanda Bill - Suella Braverman"
1012:Zeffman, Henry; Francis, Sam (7 December 2023).
347:While the act disapplies some provisions of the
646:
444:European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020
18:Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Bill
1311:British and Irish Legal Information Institute
977:, 15 November 2023, accessed 10 December 2023
8:
999:, 6 December 2023, accessed 10 December 2023
273:disagreed with all the Lords’ amendments.
130:
71:
27:Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
143:
70:
1377:Constitutional laws of the United Kingdom
1357:January 2024 events in the United Kingdom
420:Learn how and when to remove this message
269:, which took place on 18 March 2024. The
392:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1160:
1158:
662:
1362:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2024
1007:
1005:
597:was "set for titanic battle" with the
532:The bill for the act was announced by
404:to additional sources at this section.
1352:Immigration law in the United Kingdom
987:
985:
983:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
181:Text of statute as originally enacted
174:History of passage through Parliament
7:
1134:Sparrow, Andrew (12 December 2023).
923:Bancroft, Holly (15 November 2023).
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
975:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
781:"UK Parliament - Double insistence"
353:European Convention on Human Rights
335:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
1165:Morton, Becky (12 December 2023).
385:relies largely or entirely upon a
25:
634:In the Supreme Court judgment in
294:The bill had two extra rounds of
1342:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1249:Dathan, Matt (6 December 2023).
572:and former immigration minister
374:
258:on 19 February 2024, and passed
210:Parliament of the United Kingdom
89:Parliament of the United Kingdom
82:
34:
1367:Rwanda–United Kingdom relations
1074:Martin, Daniel (3 April 2024).
605:in the Lords on 12 March 2024.
333:at the time, a judgment of the
301:The bill therefore passed both
242:The bill was introduced to the
478:European Court of Human Rights
235:on 12 December and passed its
1:
1040:Smyth, Chris (4 April 2024).
329:on 20 July 2023, but was not
1347:Home Office (United Kingdom)
480:if relevant to proceedings.
1313:, accessed 10 December 2023
267:consideration of amendments
219:. It was introduced in the
167:Status: Current legislation
1393:
1372:Premiership of Rishi Sunak
323:Illegal Migration Act 2023
68:United Kingdom legislation
488:compliant reading of it.
81:
76:
43:This article needs to be
991:Professor Mark Elliott,
732:House of Commons Library
136:The Lord Sharpe of Epsom
997:Public Law for Everyone
559:European Research Group
296:Parliamentary ping-pong
223:on 7 December 2023, by
650:
536:on 6 December 2023 as
528:Parliamentary progress
538:emergency legislation
349:Human Rights Act 1998
613:On 6 December 2023,
585:Brendan Clarke-Smith
398:improve this article
303:Houses of Parliament
262:on 6 March 2024.
248:Lord Sharpe of Epsom
239:on 17 January 2024.
1080:The Daily Telegraph
545:One Nation grouping
465:Section 2(3) is an
73:
557:, chairman of the
315:Rwanda asylum plan
217:Republic of Rwanda
192:legislation.gov.uk
1202:. 17 January 2024
888:. 25 April 2024.
886:The Straits Times
430:
429:
422:
325:, which received
198:
197:
77:Act of Parliament
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
1384:
1314:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1009:
1000:
989:
978:
959:Lord Lloyd-Jones
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
920:
914:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
878:
872:
871:
869:
867:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
757:
749:
743:
742:
740:
738:
729:
720:
621:Suella Braverman
570:Suella Braverman
425:
418:
414:
411:
405:
378:
377:
370:
221:House of Commons
145:
132:
86:
85:
74:
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1286:Financial Times
1276:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1228:The Independent
1220:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1199:Financial Times
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1113:The Independent
1107:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1011:
1010:
1003:
990:
981:
949:
945:
935:
933:
930:The Independent
922:
921:
917:
912:
908:
898:
896:
880:
879:
875:
865:
863:
855:
854:
850:
840:
838:
830:
829:
825:
815:
813:
812:. 19 April 2024
804:
803:
799:
789:
787:
779:
778:
774:
764:
762:
755:
751:
750:
746:
736:
734:
727:
722:
721:
664:
659:
628:judicial review
611:
590:The Independent
530:
426:
415:
409:
406:
400:by introducing
391:
379:
375:
368:
311:
279:Parliament Acts
256:Committee Stage
168:
134:
91:
83:
69:
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1321:External links
1319:
1316:
1315:
1299:
1269:
1241:
1213:
1183:
1154:
1126:
1115:. 3 April 2024
1100:
1066:
1032:
1001:
979:
943:
915:
906:
873:
848:
823:
797:
772:
744:
661:
660:
658:
655:
615:Robert Jenrick
610:
607:
599:House of Lords
593:reported that
574:Robert Jenrick
567:Home Secretary
534:James Cleverly
529:
526:
503:
502:
499:
496:
428:
427:
396:. Please help
382:
380:
373:
367:
364:
357:Prime Minister
310:
307:
285:Prime Minister
244:House of Lords
233:second reading
229:Home Secretary
225:James Cleverly
196:
195:
184:
183:
177:
176:
170:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
153:
152:
148:
147:
127:Home Secretary
123:James Cleverly
120:
116:
115:
109:
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
87:
79:
78:
67:
62:
61:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1389:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1270:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
944:
932:
931:
926:
919:
916:
910:
907:
895:
891:
887:
883:
877:
874:
862:
858:
852:
849:
837:
833:
827:
824:
811:
810:Politics Home
807:
801:
798:
786:
785:PARLIAMENT.UK
782:
776:
773:
761:
760:PARLIAMENT.UK
754:
748:
745:
733:
726:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
663:
656:
654:
649:
645:
643:
642:Lord Carnwath
639:
638:
632:
629:
624:
622:
618:
616:
608:
606:
604:
603:third reading
600:
596:
592:
591:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
568:
562:
560:
556:
555:Mark Francois
552:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
527:
525:
521:
518:
515:
511:
507:
500:
497:
494:
493:
492:
489:
485:
481:
479:
473:
470:
468:
467:ouster clause
463:
460:
456:
453:
450:
447:
445:
440:
437:
434:
424:
421:
413:
403:
399:
395:
389:
388:
387:single source
383:This section
381:
372:
371:
365:
363:
361:
358:
354:
350:
345:
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
306:
304:
299:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
280:
274:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
237:third reading
234:
231:, passed its
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
164:
161:25 April 2024
160:
158:
154:
149:
141:
137:
128:
124:
121:
119:Introduced by
117:
113:
110:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
80:
75:
66:
58:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1309:, UKSC 22,
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1284:
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1254:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1226:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1197:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:The Guardian
1139:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1112:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1079:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1045:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1017:
996:
973:, UKSC 42,
946:
934:. Retrieved
928:
918:
909:
897:. Retrieved
885:
876:
864:. Retrieved
860:
851:
839:. Retrieved
835:
826:
814:. Retrieved
809:
800:
788:. Retrieved
784:
775:
763:. Retrieved
759:
747:
735:. Retrieved
651:
647:
640:, UKSC 22,
635:
633:
625:
619:
612:
588:
581:Lee Anderson
578:
563:
553:
549:Damian Green
542:
531:
522:
519:
516:
512:
508:
504:
490:
486:
482:
474:
471:
464:
461:
457:
454:
451:
448:
441:
438:
435:
431:
416:
407:
384:
346:
343:
339:
327:royal assent
312:
300:
293:
283:
275:
264:
260:Report Stage
241:
214:
201:
199:
157:Royal assent
65:
52:
44:
1292:10 December
1234:19 December
1176:12 December
1147:12 December
963:Lord Briggs
360:Rishi Sunak
289:Rishi Sunak
1336:Categories
1262:9 December
1206:19 January
1025:9 December
967:Lord Sales
955:Lord Hodge
936:9 December
737:9 December
410:April 2024
366:Provisions
309:Background
271:government
97:Long title
1256:The Times
1088:0307-1235
1054:0140-0460
1046:The Times
951:Lord Reed
894:0585-3923
609:Reception
402:citations
394:talk page
254:, passed
55:July 2024
1171:BBC News
1019:BBC News
899:25 April
866:22 April
861:Sky News
841:19 April
836:Sky News
816:19 April
790:21 March
765:16 March
331:in force
107:Citation
1119:4 April
1093:4 April
1059:4 April
208:of the
131:Commons
45:updated
1086:
1052:
892:
644:said:
319:asylum
204:is an
756:(PDF)
728:(PDF)
657:Notes
595:Sunak
151:Dates
144:Lords
1294:2023
1264:2023
1236:2023
1208:2024
1178:2023
1149:2023
1121:2024
1095:2024
1084:ISSN
1061:2024
1050:ISSN
1027:2023
938:2023
901:2024
890:ISSN
868:2024
843:2024
818:2024
792:2024
767:2024
739:2023
583:and
543:The
200:The
114:c. 8
112:2024
281:.
246:by
206:act
1338::
1283:.
1253:.
1225:.
1196:.
1169:.
1157:^
1138:.
1111:.
1082:.
1078:.
1048:.
1044:.
1016:.
1004:^
995:,
982:^
969:,
965:,
961:,
957:,
953:,
927:.
884:.
859:.
834:.
808:.
783:.
758:.
730:.
665:^
576:.
446:.
287:,
250:,
227:,
212:.
138:,
125:,
1296:.
1266:.
1238:.
1210:.
1180:.
1151:.
1123:.
1097:.
1063:.
1029:.
940:.
903:.
870:.
845:.
820:.
794:.
769:.
741:.
423:)
417:(
412:)
408:(
390:.
194:.
146:)
142:(
133:)
129:(
57:)
53:(
47:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.