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non-compliance with grant agreement inappropriate governance and organizational operations.â The
Alberta government requested that the site be investigated for possible criminal misuse of funds. Shortly afterwards, Lethbridge Police Service announced that the funds, which had previously been reported as missing, had been present and accounted for in bank accounts belonging to the SCS. Acting Inspector Pete Christos stated that the initial auditors did not have the means to determine whether money was missing, and confirmed that, during police interviews with Arches staff, all spent funds had been accounted for. Police Chief Shahin Mehdizadeh told reporters that the Alberta Justice Specialized Prosecutions Branch supported the police's findings and were not recommending criminal charges.
141:
254:, Switzerland in June, 1986. Part of a project combatting HIV, the general concept of the café was a place where simple meals and beverages would be served, and information on safe sex, safe drug use, condoms and clean needles provided. Social workers providing counselling and referrals were also present. An injection room was not originally conceived, however, drug users began to use the facility for this purpose, and this soon became the most attractive aspect of the café. After discussions with the police and legislature, the café was turned into the first legally sanctioned drug consumption facility provided that no one under the age of 18 was admitted.
601:, Canada explore "any unintended consequences" of supervised consumption services (SCS) within the "surrounding community". The USIS study was undertaken in response to a drug crisis in Lethbridge that impacted "many neighbourhoods in many different ways." Researchers studied the "perceptions and observations of social disorder by business owners and operators" in a neighborhood where SCS was introduced. The report cautioned, that drug abuse-related antisocial behavior in Lethbridge, in particular, and in cities, in general, has increased, as the "quantity and type of drugs in circulation" increases. As the use of
33:
700:, which operated for several months, as a temporary facility, became fully operational starting April 30, 2018 with services available 24 hours, 7 days a week. From the day it initially launched in October 30, 2017 to March 31, 2019, 71,096 people had used its services The staff "responded to a total of 954 overdoses." In one month alone, "848 unique individuals" made 5,613 visits to the SCS. Its program is monitored by the Province of Alberta in partnership with the Institute of Health Economics.
796:âIn this study of the Sydney injecting room there were 9.2 (sic) heroin overdoses per 1000 heroin injections in the centre. This rate of overdose is higher than amongst heroin injectors generally. The injecting room clients seem to have been a high-risk group with a higher rate of heroin injections than others not using the injection room facilities. They were more often injecting on the streets and they appear to have taken greater risks and used more heroin whilst in the injecting room.
295:
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improved health outcomes for DPC residents. The DPC considers the incorporation of such services as central to a "comprehensive harm reduction strategy" and the research team concluded, through interviews with 13 residents, that "the harm reduction policy altered the structural-environmental context of healthcare services and thus mediated access to palliative and supportive care services", in addition to creating a setting in which drug use could be discussed honestly.
622:, Canada in 2018 to make first hand field observations of several safe consumption sites already in operation. A drug addict interviewed by the reporter said she visits the site to obtain supply, but did not stick around and used the supplies to shoot up drugs elsewhere and acknowledged the site attracts drug users and drug dealers. A neighbor interviewed by the reporter said there was drug use before, but he reports it has increased since the site opened.
55:) are a health and social response to drug-related problems. They are fixed or mobile spaces where people who use drugs are provided with sterile drug use equipment and can use illicit drugs under the supervision of trained staff. They are usually located in areas where there is an open drug scene and where injecting in public places is common. The primary target group for DCR services are people who engage in risky drug use.
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collection of data needed to do a proper evaluation of effectiveness of the scheme. At the beginning of 2009 there were 92 facilities operating in 61 cities, including 30 cities in the
Netherlands, 16 cities in Germany and 8 cities in Switzerland. Denmark passed a law allowing municipalities to run "fix rooms" in 2012, and by the end of 2013 there were three open.
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for further and more comprehensive evaluation studies into the impact of such services." To that end, the two non-European injecting facilities, Australia's Sydney
Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC) and Canada's Vancouver Insite Supervised Injection Site have had more rigorous research designs as a part of their mandate to operate.
551:
community attitudes (2006), referral and client health (2007) and a fourth (2007) service operation and overdose related events. Other evaluations of drug-related crime in the area were completed in 2006, 2008 and 2010, the SAHA International cost-effectiveness evaluation in 2008 and a final independent KPMG evaluation in 2010.
859:
The cost of running Insite per annum is CA$ 3 million. Mathematical modeling showed cost to benefit ratios of one dollar spent ranging from 1.5 to 4.02 in benefit. However, the Expert
Advisory Committee expressed reservation about the certainty of Insiteâs cost effectiveness until proper longitudinal
834:
The
Lethbridge Police Service and Alberta Justice Specialized Prosecutions Branch later contradicted these findings, stating that all funds were present and accounted for in accounts belonging to the agency. When asked why these funds had previously been reported as missing, LPS Acting Inspector Pete
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Research by injecting room evaluators in 2007 presented statistical evidence that there had been later reductions in ambulance callouts during injecting room hours, but failed to make any mention of the introduction of sniffer dog policing, introduced to the drug hot-spots around the injecting room a
542:
In the late 1990s there were a number of studies available on consumption rooms in
Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands. "The reviews concluded that the rooms contributed to improved public and client health and reductions in public nuisance but stressed the limitations of the evidence and called
262:
The United
Kingdom opened one (officially unsanctioned) facility in Glasgow in September 2020. It was opened by Peter Krykant, a local drugs worker; however, lack of funding and support led to its closure in May 2021. In nine months of operation, 894 injection events were recorded at the facility and
237:
The first professionally staffed service where drug injection was accepted emerged in the
Netherlands during the early 1970s as part of the "alternative youth service" provided by the St. Paul's church in Rotterdam. At its peak it had two centers that combined an informal meeting place with a drop-in
639:
The Sydney MSIC client survey conducted in 2005, found that public injecting (defined as injecting in a street, park, public toilet or car), which is a high risk practice with both health and public amenity impacts, was reported as the main alternative to injecting at the MSIC by 78% of clients. 49%
791:
Vancouverâs Insite yielded 13 overdoses per 10,000 injections shortly after commencement, but in 2009 had more than doubled to 27 per 10,000. The Sydney MSIC recorded 96 overdoses per 10,000 injections for those using heroin. Commenting on the high overdose rates in the Sydney MSIC, the evaluators
758:
The City of
Lethbridge commissioned a report that included an Urban Social Issues Study (USIS) which examined unintended consequences of the SIS site in Lethbridge. The research found that in smaller cities, such as Lethbridge, that in communities with a SCS, social disorder may be more noticeable.
733:
By
September 2019, the number of overdose treatment at Safeworks spiked. The staff were overwhelmed and 13.5% of their staff took psychological leave. They have had dealt with 134 overdose reversals in 2019 which was 300% more than the same time period from the previous year. The center's director
830:
Audit of Lethbridge ARCHES SCS by Deloitte accounting firm ordered by the Alberta provincial government found the SCS had $ 1.6 million in unaccounted funds between 2017 and 2018; additionally they've found led $ 342,943 of grant funds had been expended on senior executive compensation despite the
605:
eclipses the use of opiates, users exhibit more "erratic behavior". Crystal meth and other "uppers" also "require more frequent use" than "downers" like opiates. The report also notes that not all social disorder in communities that have a SCS, can be "unequivocally and entirely attributed" to the
392:
study from July 2020 reports that an illegal supervised consumption site has been operating at an "undisclosed" city in the U.S. since 2014 where over 10,000 doses of illegal drugs have been injected over a five-year period. Supervised consumption sites with some degree of official sanction from a
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Observations before and after the opening of Insite indicated no increases in drug dealing or petty crime in the area. There was no evidence that the facility influenced drug use in the community, but concerns that Insite âsends the wrong messageâ to non-users could not be addressed from existing
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met to discuss potential solutions. In the November 2016 Alberta Health report that resulted from that meeting, the introduction of supervised consumption services, along with numerous other responses to the crisis, was listed as a viable solution. The 2016 Alberta Health report stated that, SIS,
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Virtual overdose monitoring services are similar to safe consumption rooms. These programs use phone lines or smartphone apps to monitor clients while they use drugs, contacting emergency services if the caller becomes unresponsive. These services include the National Overdose Response Service in
805:
The results of a research project undertaken at the Dr. Peter Centre (DPC), a 24-bed residential HIV/AIDS care facility located in Vancouver, were published in the Journal of the International AIDS Society in March 2014, stating that the provision of supervised injection services at the facility
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While overdoses are managed on-site at Vancouver, Sydney and the facility near Madrid, German consumption rooms are forced to call an ambulance due to naloxone being administered only by doctors. A study of German consumption rooms indicated that an ambulance was called in 71% of emergencies and
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Whereas injection facilities in Europe often evolved from something else, such as different social and medical outreaches or perhaps a homeless shelter, the degree and quality of actual supervision varies. The history of the European centers also mean that there have been no or little systematic
754:
The province defunded ARCHES after an audit ordered by government discovered misuse and mismanagement of public monies. Around 70% of ARCHES funding comes from the province, and it chose to shut it down on August 31, 2020 after the funding was revoked. The audit found âfunding misappropriation,
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has seen a major spike in crime since its opening and described in a report by the police as having become "ground zero for drug, violent and property crimes in the downtown." Within this zone, statistics by the police in 2018 showed a call volume increase to the police by 276% for drug related
629:
Over the two days we sat outside several of Toronto's safe injection facilities, we witnessed prevalent drug use out front, drug deals, and even violence. We watched as one man harassed several people passing by on the sidewalk, even putting one in a chokehold. One guy decided to fight back and
554:
The Vancouver Insite facility was evaluated during the first three years of its operation by researchers from the BC Center for Excellence in HIV/AIDS with published and some unpublished reports available. In March 2008 a final report was released that evaluated the performance of the Vancouver
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state government has provided extensive funding for ongoing evaluations of the Sydney MSIC, with a formal comprehensive evaluation produced in 2003, 18 months after the centre was opened. Other later evaluations studied various aspects of the operation – service provision (2005),
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He said the plan was for the Tenderloin Center to be a resource center while the Department of Public Health created a number of so-called "wellness hubs" around the city where addicts could consume their drugs, while being monitored to prevent overdoses. In its eleven months of operation as a
58:
The geographical distribution of DCRs is uneven, both at the international and regional levels. In 2022, there were over 100 DCRs operating globally, with services in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Spain, as well as in Switzerland,
703:
In the City of Lethbridge's commissioned 2020 102-page report, the author noted that "Calgaryâs Sheldon Chumir SCS has received considerable negative press about the "rampant" social disorder around the SCS, a neighbourhood that is mixed residential and commercial." According to a May 2019
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The Expert Advisory Committee found that Insite had referred clients such that it had contributed to an increased use of detoxification services and increased engagement in treatment. Insite had encouraged users to seek counseling. Funding has been supplied by the Canadian government for
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would institute a policy of not criminally prosecuting those using approved supervised drug consumption sites. Police Scotland have also confirmed they will exercise discretion in not prosecuting those using such a facility. An official facility is planned to open in Glasgow in October
62:
Primarily, DCRs aim to prevent drug-related overdose deaths, reduce the acute risks of disease transmission through unhygienic injecting, and connect people who use drugs with addiction treatment and other health and social services. They can also aim to minimise public nuisance.
377:
advised that users utilizing the unauthorized SCS would be arrested for drug possession, because exemptions do not apply to unauthorized sites. This opening of this illegal drug consumption tent was controversial and became a subject of discussion at the City Council meeting.
516:, has signaled some openness and stated that it is "evaluating supervised consumption sites, including discussions with state and local regulators about appropriate guardrails for such sites, as part of an overall approach to harm reduction and public safety."
763:'s Em M. Pijl, said that news media tended to the "personal experiences of business owners and residents who work and/or live near an SCS", which contrasts with "scholarly literature that demonstrates a lack of negative neighbourhood impacts related to SCSs."
725:
announced in February 2019 of approval for Siteworks to operate for another year, conditional to addressing neighborhood safety issues, drug debris and public disorder. There has been a plan for mobile safe consumption site intending to operate in the
652:, British Columbia, Canada Insite facility indicated a reduction in public injecting. "Self-reports" of INSITE users and "informal observations" at INSITE, Sydney and some European SISs suggest that SISs "can reduce rates of public self-injection."
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editorial, by 2020 Alberta had seven SIS with a "100-per-cent success rate at reversing the more than 4,300 overdoses" that occurred from November 2017 – when the first SIS opened in the province – until August 2019.
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requests. The average per-capita operating cost of government sanctioned sites are reported to be CAD$ 600 per unique-client, with the exception of the ARCHES Lethbridge which had a disproportionately high cost of CAD $ 3,200 per unique client.
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led by an ARCHES employee started hosting an unauthorized SCS in public places in a tent. The group did not have authorizations to operate an SCS or a permit to pitch a tent in the park. The organizer was issued citations for the tent; and the
352:, the largest SCS in North America, closed shortly after Alberta revoked their grant for misuse of grant funds. Shortly after opening in February 2018, ARCHES Lethbridge found itself repetitively necessitating police intervention and/or
439:
issued a statement together on the proposed site stating that "the operation of such sites is illegal under federal law. 21 U.S.C. Sec. 856 prohibits the maintaining of any premises for the purpose of using any controlled substance."
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SCS, partly because of the "ongoing drug epidemic." Other variables that explain increased anti-social behaviour includes an increase in the number of people aggregating outdoors as part of seasonal trends with warmer temperatures.
850:
The Expert Advisory Committee for Vancouverâs Insite found that health professionals, local police, the local community and the general public have positive or neutral views of the service, with opposition decreasing over time.
242:. Its purpose was to improve the psychosocial function and health of its clients. The centers received some support from law enforcement and local government officials, although they were not officially sanctioned until 1996.
1823:
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For 11 months between January 2022 to December 2022, there had been drug addicts using within the center established by the health department. The center "morphed" from a social services linking service to a drug usage site.
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of clients indicated resorting to public injection if the MSIC was not available on the day of registration with the MSIC. From this, the evaluators calculated a total 191,673 public injections averted by the centre.
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The 2010 MSIC evaluators found that over 9 years of operation it had made no discernible impact on heroin overdoses at the community level with no improvement in overdose presentations at hospital emergency wards.
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Proponents say they save lives and connect users to services, while opponents believe they promote drug use and attract crime to the community around the site. Supervised injection sites are part of a
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In May 2023, Pennsylvania senate passed a bill to ban supervised injection sites anywhere within the State of Pennsylvania with a 41-9 vote and it is pending house approval. The Pennsylvania governor
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studies had been undertaken. Mathematical models for HIV transmissions foregone had not been locally validated and mathematical modeling from lives saved by the facility had not been validated.
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Ireland has legislation to permit the opening of a service (as of May 2017) in the Misuse of Drugs (Supervised Injecting Facilities) Bill 2017; however, it has been halted by planning concerns.
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Over a nine-year period the Sydney MSIC managed 3,426 overdose-related events with not one fatality while Vancouverâs Insite had managed 336 overdose events in 2007 with not a single fatality.
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in February 2020 with the support of the city government. Immediate neighbors strongly objected to the site, and the owner of the first proposed location withdraw a lease offer under pressure.
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grant agreement allowing only $ 80,000. Beyond this, an additional $ 13,000 was spent on parties, staff retreats, entertainment and gift cards, and numerous other inappropriate expenditures.
436:
3756:"Impact of supervised drug consumption services on access to and engagement with care at a palliative and supportive care facility for people living with HIV/AIDS: a qualitative study"
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The Sydney MSIC was judged by its evaluators to have caused no increase in crime and not to have caused a âhoney-pot effectâ of drawing users and drug dealers to the Kings Cross area.
226:
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During the 1990s legal facilities emerged in cities in Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. In the first decade of 2000, facilities opened in Spain, Luxembourg, and Norway.
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Academies, Committee on the Prevention of HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users in High-Risk Countries, Board on Global Health, Institute of Medicine of the National (2007).
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Christos stated that the initial auditors did not have the means to investigate the agency's finances, and that all spending had been accounted for during the criminal probe.
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consumption site, the Tenderloin Center reportedly prevented more than 300 deaths. But now that the facility has closed, Seymourâand a lot of other peopleâfeel betrayed.
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in Denmark in 2012, up to 10,000 syringes were found on its streets each week. Within a year of the supervised injection site opening this number fell to below 1,000.
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Local governments in Seattle, Boston, Vermont, Delaware, and Portland, Oregon have considered opening safe injection sites as well. Plans to open an injection site in
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did not dispute the results of the investigation, but declined to reinstate funding, claiming that the site's management had lost the confidence of his government.
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William McSwain sued to stop the Safehouse project, losing in district court in October 2019, but winning an injunction in January 2021 from a 3-judge panel of the
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Belgium has one facility, Denmark five, France two, Germany 25, Greece one, Luxembourg two, Netherlands 25, Norway two, Portugal two, Spain 13, and Switzerland 14.
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is granted inside the facilities, but drug possession remains illegal outside the facility and there is no buffer zone around the facility. Canada's first SCS,
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2007:
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Though sanctioned by the city, the sites arguably remain illegal under federal law, and rely on non-enforcement by federal officials to keep operating. The
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A longitudinal study – Urban Social Issues Study (USIS) – from January 2018 and February 2019 – undertaken by
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The governors of California and Vermont both vetoed supervised consumption site bills in 2022, and Pennsylvania's Senate voted for a ban on them in 2023.
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In response to the mounting death toll of drug overdose in Lethbridge, the city opened its first SCS in February, 2018. The controversial SCS, known as
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2216:
986:"Vancouver's INSITE service and other Supervised injection sites: What has been learned from research? - Final report of the Expert Advisory Committee"
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730:, however in response to the statistics at the permanent site at the Sheldon M. Chumir Centre, community leaders have withdrawn their support.
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volunteers reported attending to nine overdose events, seven opioid overdoses, and two involving powder cocaine; but there were no fatalities.
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naloxone administered in 59% of cases. The facilities in Sydney and Frankfurt indicate 2.2-8.4% of emergencies resulting in hospitalization.
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Some posit that safe injection sites help reduce improperly discarded needles in public. This was found to be the case in a report by the
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neighbourhood in 2018 on a trial basis. In 2020 the trial was extended for a further three years, and the site remains open as of 2024.
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460:. Safehouse said its proposed operation was "a legitimate medical intervention, not illicit drug dens" and claimed protection under the
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673:"reduce overdose deaths, improve access to medical and social supports, and are not found to increase drug use and criminal activity."
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because "religious beliefs compel them to save lives at the heart of one of the most devastating overdose crises in the country".
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2354:"Supervised injection site supporters countersue feds, saying their Philly mission comes from religious and medical imperatives"
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Haemmig, Robert; Ingrid van Beek (2005). "13 Supervised Injecting Room". In Richard Pates; Andrew McBride; Karin Arnold (eds.).
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Harocopos, Alex; Gibson, Brent E.; Saha, Nilova; McRae, Michael T.; See, Kailin; Rivera, Sam; Chokshi, Dave A. (2022-07-15).
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Kerr, Thomas; Kimber, Jo; Rhodes, Tim (January 2007). "Drug use settings: an emerging focus for research and intervention".
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center providing basic health care, food and a laundering service. One of the centers was also a pioneer in providing
2708:"Virtual overdose monitoring services: A novel adjunctive harm reduction approach for addressing the overdose crisis"
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Public criticism of the New York City OPC's has so far been limited. One problem brought up by the leadership of the
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668:, Indigenous Relations, Justice and Solicitor General including the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, and the
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for opioid-related issues; indeed, three weeks after its closure, the city noted a 36% decline in opioid-related
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There has been some attempt to standardise evaluation reporting across supervised injection sites in a type of
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3428:"Further Evaluation of the Medically Supervised Injecting Centre during its extended Trial period (2007-2011)"
3404:"Further Evaluation of the Medically Supervised Injecting Centre during its extended Trial period (2007-2011)"
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Urban social issues study: Impacts of the Lethbridge supervised consumption site on the local neighbourhood
32:
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3319:"MLA Shannon Phillips and others react to ARCHES losing provincial funding after government-ordered audit"
1433:"Infographic. Location and number of drug consumption facilities throughout Europe | www.emcdda.europa.eu"
1392:"Drug consumption facilities in Europe and the establishment of supervised injection centres in Australia"
945:
807:
432:
322:
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2949:"Supervised injection site needed for drug users in Manitoba: Canadian Mental Health Association report"
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Shorter, Gillian W; Harris, Magdalena; McAuley, Andrew; Trayner, Kirsten MA; Stevens, Alex (June 2022).
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Preventing HIV infection among injecting drug users in high-risk countries an assessment of the evidence
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available; however, the intermediary process of how this consensus set was generated is unpublished.
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2653:"Advocates, SF supervisors push back on Tenderloin safe injection site closure - CBS San Francisco"
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1617:"The United Kingdom's first unsanctioned overdose prevention site; A proof-of-concept evaluation"
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1543:"The United Kingdom's first unsanctioned overdose prevention site; A proof-of-concept evaluation"
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3349:"Government pulls grant funding from Lethbridge safe consumption site citing fund mismanagement"
2058:"Protestors gather outside Lethbridge city hall frustrated over pop-up overdose prevention site"
1890:"3 weeks after province ends funding for injection site, unsanctioned space opens in Lethbridge"
1390:
Dolan, Kate; Kimber, Jo; Fry, Craig; Fitzgerald, John; Mcdonald, David; Trautman, Franz (2000).
2318:"Safehouse's plan to open overdose prevention site in South Philly sparks contentious reaction"
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1694:"Opinion: Supervised drug injecting in Ireland â 10 years of advocacy, legislation and delays"
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matters 29% overall increase relative to the three-year average statistics. In May 2019, the
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2429:"First 2 Months of Operation at First Publicly Recognized Overdose Prevention Centers in US"
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3456:"The impact of a supervised injecting facility on ambulance call-outs in Sydney, Australia"
2898:"Discarded needles prompt calls for safe injection sites, more addictions supports in N.B."
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A peer-reviewed study of the first two months of the OPC's operation has been published in
144:
This "You Talk, We Die" mural was painted to advocate for a safe injecting facility in the
3581:
2181:"A legal site in Portland to inject heroin? Elected officials, advocates explore the idea"
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3298:"Opioid overdoses spike amid COVID-19 pandemic, with more than 3 Albertans dying per day"
427:
city council approved a pilot program for a safe injection site with a 12-to-1 vote. The
2131:"Deputy Attorney General Jeffrey A. Rosen Delivers Remarks at Wake Forest School of Law"
152:, known for the heroin trade. The campaign was successful and a facility opened in 2018.
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2756:"When naloxone isn't enough: How technology can save lives when people use drugs alone"
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Canada and Never Use Alone in the US, as well as the smartphone apps Canary and Brave.
195:
who cited disagreements over location, preferring to set up a new community health and
68:
2605:"New York City allows the nation's 1st supervised consumption sites for illegal drugs"
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in 2001, which was made permanent in 2010. After several years of community activism,
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2267:"Safehouse drops South Philly plans, looks to Kensington after judge suspends launch"
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17:
3838:"Final Report of the Evaluation of the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre"
3805:"Final Report of the Evaluation of the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre"
3723:"Final Report of the Evaluation of the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre"
3690:"Final Report of the Evaluation of the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre"
3223:"Forest Lawn withdraws support for mobile safe consumption vehicle | Calgary Herald"
3202:"Breakenridge: Fix crime issues around Safeworks or risk losing it | Calgary Herald"
2683:"'Tenderloin Linkage Center' Morphs into Safe Consumption Site, Despite Legal Risks"
2404:"New York City's first safe injection sites avert 633 drug overdoses on anniversary"
2081:
Kral, Alex H.; Lambdin, Barrot H.; Wenger, Lynn D.; Davidson, Pete J. (2020-08-06).
2872:"Secret supervised drug injection facility has been operating at US site for years"
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reported they're dealing with an average of one overdose reversal every other day.
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2923:"Why this children's mentoring program is supporting supervised consumption sites"
2217:"Effectiveness of safe injection sites to be evaluated in government-backed study"
2156:"Cities Planning Supervised Drug Injection Sites Fear Justice Department Reaction"
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The first government-authorized supervised injection sites in the US (operated by
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In Philadelphia, Judges Rule Against Opening 'Supervised' Site To Inject Opioids
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Somerville Delays Plan To Open First Supervised Drug Use Clinic In Massachusetts
1983:"Lethbridge group sets up unsanctioned overdose prevention site in Galt Gardens"
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3643:"Drug-related overdoses within a medically supervised safer injection facility"
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An organization called Safehouse was hoping to open a safe consumption site in
3497:
Beletsky, Leo; Davis, Corey S; Anderson, Evan; Burris, Scott (February 2008).
3451:
2519:"A Look Inside NYC's Supervised Drug-Injection Sites, The First In The Nation"
2293:"Plans are on hold for a Philadelphia safe-injection site to combat overdoses"
2008:"Lethbridge drug-consumption site seeks Health Canada's permission to operate"
1848:
1834:
877:
867:
594:
365:
345:
3514:
2555:
2452:
2108:
1959:"Pop-up overdose prevention site operators fined $ 300 by City of Lethbridge"
810:
medication adherence and survival are cited as two improved health outcomes.
3084:
Alberta Health Services (AHS), Office of the Chief Medical Officer of Health
2243:"DEA responds to proposed safe injection site in Colorado for illegal drugs"
1764:
1035:"New York to open supervised injection sites in bid to curb overdose deaths"
708:
article, the 250 meter radius around the safe consumption site Safeworks in
649:
334:
169:
149:
3789:
3771:
3567:
3532:
3479:
2741:
2707:
2470:
2116:
1865:"Government review says Lethbridge SCS has 'most problems in the province'"
1568:
1363:"Second Melbourne injecting room in limbo as Andrews walks back commitment"
156:
The legality of supervised injection is handled on a state-by state basis.
3919:
3499:"The law (and politics) of safe injection facilities in the United States"
2083:"Evaluation of an Unsanctioned Safe Consumption Site in the United States"
1780:"ARCHES audit findings turned over to Lethbridge police for investigation"
393:
state or local government have been contemplated, but are rare due to the
2099:
2082:
1517:"'It's a lifesaver': Glasgow drug users and MP hail safe-injecting space"
1464:. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Archived from
1271:
1060:"New report presents latest overview on drug consumption rooms in Europe"
188:
3016:"Opioid Crisis: Action News investigates safe injection sites in Canada"
2723:
1747:
In the eye of the needle: Diary of medically supervised injecting centre
1171:"Boris Johnson pledges to discuss safe drug consumption rooms for users"
210:
36:
Cubicles for drug injection at a supervised injection site in Strasbourg
2823:
709:
619:
614:
598:
369:
349:
314:
306:
305:
There are 39 government authorized SCS in Canada as of July 2019: 7 in
3042:"Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre Evaluation Report No. 4"
2846:"Safe injection rooms are key to halting rise in drug deaths â expert"
2706:
Matskiv, G.; Marshall, T.; Krieg, O.; Viste, D.; Ghosh, S. M. (2022).
1410:
1197:"Safe injection rooms are key to halting rise in drug deaths â expert"
1087:"What's The Evidence That Supervised Drug Injection Sites Save Lives?"
562:
in 2018. Prior to the establishment of a supervised injection site in
397:
and the explicit opposition of federal law enforcement to any form of
3105:
McGarrigle, Colin; Breakenridge, Dave; Mah, Bill (January 24, 2020).
1019:
424:
326:
318:
298:
161:
3244:"Spike in overdose treatments overwhelms staff at Calgary shelters"
3176:"Crime near Calgary's only safe consumption site remains a concern"
1246:"How 'fixing rooms' are saving the lives of drug addicts in Europe"
1131:
660:
In response to the opioid epidemic in the province of Alberta, the
214:
Naloxone, a drug on hand at clinics used to administer in cases of
1722:"Debate over supervised consumption sites ramps up across Alberta"
293:
209:
139:
31:
2544:"Nation's First Supervised Drug-Injection Sites Open in New York"
625:
WPVI-TV's Chad Pradelli narrated the news team's observation as:
3896:"Final Report of the Vancouver Insite Expert Advisory Committee"
3874:"Final Report of the Vancouver Insite Expert Advisory Committee"
2991:"Final Report of the Vancouver Insite Expert Advisory Committee"
2579:"When Safe Injection Sites Close, Subway Becomes Next Best Stop"
1909:"Galt Gardens pop-up injection site moves location on 2nd night"
1064:
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)
490:. News media have been allowed access to the OPC sites as well.
487:
251:
3450:
Salmon, Allison; Van Beek, Ingrid; Amin, Janaki; Kaldor, John;
2379:"State Senate approves ban of supervised injection sites in Pa"
2629:"Justice Department Signals it May Allow Safe Injection Sites"
2160:
1937:
The Lethbridge Herald â News and Sports from around Lethbridge
1239:
1237:
1226:
1091:
1012:"Chapter 11: Drug consumption facilities in Europe and beyond"
3270:"ARCHES ceases supervised consumption services in Lethbridge"
505:
called for the centers to be funded to operate continuously.
191:. However, as of 2024, the site has been rejected by Premier
3071:
3069:
250:
The first modern supervised consumption site was opened in
1592:"Inside the UK's first unsanctioned drug consumption room"
2518:
529:
Virtual overdose monitoring services / non physical site
3377:"Missing ARCHES funds accounted for: Lethbridge police"
2494:"The Radical Experiment Saving the Lives of Drug Users"
227:
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
2291:
Lauren del Valle and Dakin Andone (28 February 2020).
1668:"UK's first drugs consumption room to open in October"
386:
Clandestine injection sites have existed for years. A
3156:, Safeworks Monthly Report, p. 4, April 11, 2019
1933:"Unsanctioned injection site sets up in Galt Gardens"
483:) began operating in New York City in November 2021.
1222:"Denmark's 'Fix Rooms' Give Drug Users a Safe Haven"
458:
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
1297:"Medically supervised injecting centres save lives"
270:âScotland's chief legal officerâannounced that the
183:was approved and was to be placed in a building on
2803:"Harm Reduction: Evidence, Impacts and Challenges"
2377:Whelan, Aubrey; McGoldrick, Gillian (2023-05-01).
573:with researchers from the United States funded by
321:. An exemption to controlled substances law under
3640:Kerr T, Tyndall MW, Lai C, Montaner JSG, Wood E.
1692:McCann, Eugene; Duffin, Tony (January 20, 2022).
648:Observations before and after the opening of the
3582:"Police to crack down on Kings Cross drug trade"
3347:Bourne, Kirby; Therien, Eloise (July 16, 2020).
2033:"Organizer of pop-up injection site issued fine"
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1643:"No prosecution plan for drug consumption rooms"
1621:International Journal of Drug Policy, Volume 104
1312:"Sydney's Medically Supervised Injecting Centre"
1016:Harm reduction: evidence, impacts and challenges
593:'s professor Em M. Pijl and commissioned by the
501:stations when the OPC's are closed. In response
692:Safeworks Supervised Consumption Services (SCS)
497:is how use migrates from the centers to nearby
3867:
3865:
3086:. Public progress report: 9. November 30, 2016
2984:
2982:
2980:
2573:
2571:
1126:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
826:Financial impropriety by SCS service providers
822:data. The European experience has been mixed.
168:agreed to open a supervised injection site in
121:medically supervised injecting centres (MSICs)
3144:"March 2019: Supervised Consumption Services"
3107:"Balanced view of consumption sites required"
2542:Mays, Jeffery C.; Newman, Andy (2021-11-30).
670:College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta
79:Supervised injection sites are also known as
8:
3370:
3368:
1778:Roulston, Tom; Nixon, Liam (July 23, 2020).
1361:Eddie, Rachel; Waters, Cara (7 March 2023).
1154:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
984:Alan Ogborne; et al. (March 31, 2008).
808:Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
125:medically supervised injecting rooms (MSIRs)
2771:"European report on drug consumption rooms"
2603:Mann, Brian; Lewis, Caroline (2021-11-30).
1459:"European report on drug consumption rooms"
1299:. Alcohol and Drug Foundation. 14 Aug 2023.
751:was once the busiest SCS in North America.
1494:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 160â169.
1010:Dagmar Hedrich; et al. (April 2010).
272:Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service
3779:
3760:Journal of the International AIDS Society
3522:
2731:
2460:
2098:
1558:
3754:McNeil, R; et al. (13 March 2014).
3610:"A Report on European Consumption Rooms"
3548:The International Journal on Drug Policy
2316:Tanenbaum, Michael (February 26, 2020).
1385:
1383:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
979:
977:
59:Australia, Canada, Mexico and the USA.
3296:Fletcher, Robson (September 23, 2020).
3077:"Responding to Alberta's Opioid Crisis"
1272:"Are UK drug consumption rooms likely?"
973:
160:trialed a supervised injection site in
1169:Learmonth, Andrew (17 December 2020).
1147:
767:Impact on community levels of overdose
555:Insite against its stated objectives.
3342:
3340:
3338:
3313:
3311:
3291:
3289:
3009:
3007:
2031:Goulet, Justin (September 29, 2020).
1957:Ferris, Danica (September 29, 2020).
1858:
1856:
1716:
1714:
1515:Livingston, Eve (19 September 2020).
1337:"Medically supervised injecting room"
495:Metropolitan Transportation Authority
7:
3893:see Sections A7 to A9 of Appendix B
3242:Villani, Mark (September 12, 2019).
2712:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1547:International Journal of Drug Policy
1107:"Overdose Prevention Centers (OPCs)"
1033:Oladipo, Gloria (30 November 2021).
3587:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2179:Hayes, Elizabeth (March 15, 2018).
1888:Labby, Bryan (September 26, 2020).
1085:Gordon, Elana (September 7, 2018).
581:detoxification rooms above Insite.
510:United States Department of Justice
225:To date in July 2022, according to
2947:MacLean, Cameron (18 April 2018).
2776:. 2004. p. 27. Archived from
2492:Moraff, Christopher (2022-02-18).
2445:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.22149
1244:Busby, Mattha (21 November 2018).
560:Canadian Mental Health Association
81:overdose prevention centers (OPCs)
25:
3503:American Journal of Public Health
3375:Vogt, Terry (December 22, 2020).
2870:Holpuch, Amanda (8 August 2017).
2844:Townsend, Mark (17 August 2019).
1749:. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin.
1457:Hedrich, Dagmar (February 2004).
1195:Townsend, Mark (17 August 2019).
113:drug consumption facilities (DCF)
3918:
3472:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02837.x
3200:Breakenridge, Rob (2019-02-05).
3014:Pradelli, Chad (July 18, 2018).
2681:Sjostedt, David (May 11, 2022).
2352:Whelan, Aubrey (April 3, 2019).
2168:from the original on 2023-05-13.
1822:Pijl, Em M. (January 13, 2020).
1590:Davies, Natalie (26 July 2022).
1316:Australian Parliamentary Library
1270:Easton, Mark (12 October 2017).
921:Infection prevention and control
884:
870:
471:expressed support for the bill.
337:, commenced operation in 2003.
109:safer injection facilities (SIF)
71:approach towards drug problems.
4015:Types of health care facilities
3835:2003 MSIC Evaluation Committee
3802:2003 MSIC Evaluation Committee
3720:2003 MSIC Evaluation Committee
3687:2003 MSIC Evaluation Committee
3054:from the original on 2018-04-17
2896:Smith, Callum (9 August 2019).
2087:New England Journal of Medicine
2006:Korol, Todd (October 5, 2020).
698:Sheldon M. Chumir Health Centre
454:United States District Attorney
431:'s Denver field office and the
429:Drug Enforcement Administration
389:New England Journal of Medicine
85:supervised injection facilities
2517:Lewis, Caroline (2021-12-17).
364:In September 2020, a group in
179:A second site for Melbourne's
1:
3174:Hudes, Sammy (May 21, 2019).
2921:Dubinski, Kate (2 May 2018).
926:Needle and syringe programmes
728:Forest Lawn, Calgary, Alberta
696:Safeworks was located at the
618:Action News team traveled to
585:SIS sites and social disorder
117:drug consumption rooms (DCRs)
3560:10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.12.016
2056:Barrow, Tyler (2020-09-28).
1560:10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103670
855:Predicted cost effectiveness
408:in 2020 were delayed by the
187:which had previously housed
3221:Logan, Shawn (2019-02-05).
1847:Report commissioned by the
801:People living with HIV/AIDS
783:Site experience of overdose
743:ARCHES (Closed August 2020)
395:federal regulation of drugs
4031:
2687:The San Francisco Standard
2402:Kim, Phenix (2022-12-03).
1863:Vogt, Terry (2020-03-05).
676:According to January 2020
354:emergency medical services
41:Supervised injection sites
3871:see Executive Summary of
2241:KKTV (December 4, 2018).
2185:Portland Business Journal
1745:Van Beek, Ingrid (2004).
520:San Francisco, California
406:Somerville, Massachusetts
375:Lethbridge Police Service
3515:10.2105/AJPH.2006.103747
1831:University of Lethbridge
761:University of Lethbridge
714:Sheldon M. Chumir Centre
591:University of Lethbridge
3152:Alberta Health Services
2358:The Inquirer Daily News
1492:Injecting Illicit Drugs
1399:Drug and Alcohol Review
1109:. Drug Policy Alliance.
662:Alberta Health Services
514:Presidency of Joe Biden
4005:Prevention of HIV/AIDS
3772:10.7448/IAS.17.1.18855
946:Prevention of HIV/AIDS
779:year after it opened.
632:
433:United States Attorney
323:Canadian Criminal Code
302:
218:
153:
89:safe consumption rooms
49:drug consumption rooms
37:
3927:at Wikimedia Commons
2609:All Things Considered
2383:Philadelphia Inquirer
951:Preventive healthcare
759:The report's author,
627:
564:Vesterbro, Copenhagen
297:
213:
143:
35:
18:Safe consumption room
4010:Substance dependence
3925:Safe injection sites
2617:– via NPR.org.
2100:10.1056/NEJMc2015435
1437:www.emcdda.europa.eu
956:Responsible drug use
846:Community perception
575:Drug Policy Alliance
499:New York City Subway
475:New York City (2021)
462:Free Exercise Clause
437:District of Colorado
97:safe injection rooms
93:safe injection sites
4000:Medicine in society
3975:Medical emergencies
3970:Infectious diseases
3274:Lethbridge News Now
3020:WPVI-TV Action News
2805:. 2010. p. 308
2724:10.1503/cmaj.220579
2718:(46): E1568âE1572.
2322:www.phillyvoice.com
2037:Lethbridge News Now
1913:Lethbridge News Now
911:Drug liberalization
712:located within the
423:In November, 2018,
3990:Medical prevention
2824:"MSIC Evaluations"
2548:The New York Times
2012:The Globe and Mail
1849:City of Lethbridge
1835:City of Lethbridge
1066:. 19 December 2023
941:Needlestick injury
916:Drug policy reform
595:City of Lethbridge
435:'s office for the
303:
219:
154:
38:
3923:Media related to
3668:"User Statistics"
3631:EMCDDA 2004 p. 46
3454:(February 2010).
2433:JAMA Network Open
1756:978-1-74114-381-2
1501:978-1-4051-1360-1
1471:on March 26, 2020
1411:10.1080/713659379
1310:Thomas, Matthew.
1141:978-0-309-10280-3
644:Vancouver, Canada
635:Sydney, Australia
630:security arrived.
410:COVID-19 pandemic
399:decriminalization
342:ARCHES Lethbridge
331:Downtown Eastside
199:centre instead.
16:(Redirected from
4022:
3922:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3869:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3849:
3843:. Archived from
3842:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3810:. Archived from
3809:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3728:. Archived from
3727:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3695:. Archived from
3694:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3621:
3615:. Archived from
3614:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3482:. Archived from
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3381:CTV News Calgary
3372:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3344:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3268:Goulet, Justin.
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3248:CTV News Calgary
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3148:
3140:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3112:Edmonton Journal
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3081:
3073:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
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2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2464:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2102:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1860:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1828:
1819:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1562:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1413:. Archived from
1396:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
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1166:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1007:
994:
993:
981:
901:Biomedical waste
894:
889:
888:
887:
880:
875:
874:
792:suggested that,
679:Edmonton Journal
571:Core outcome set
503:Mayor Eric Adams
340:In August 2020,
311:British Columbia
27:Medical facility
21:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:
3985:Medical hygiene
3930:
3929:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3901:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
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3807:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3673:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3545:
3544:
3540:
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3495:
3491:
3449:
3448:
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3435:
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3430:
3426:
3425:
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3409:
3406:
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3386:
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3374:
3373:
3366:
3357:
3355:
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892:Medicine portal
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646:
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531:
522:
477:
446:
421:
384:
292:
286:
281:
260:
248:
240:needle-exchange
235:
216:opioid overdose
205:
197:pharmacotherapy
185:Flinders Street
158:New South Wales
138:
133:
77:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4028:
4026:
4018:
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3992:
3987:
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3980:Medical ethics
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Harm reduction
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
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3932:
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3915:
3914:External links
3912:
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3795:
3746:
3713:
3680:
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3633:
3600:
3573:
3538:
3489:
3486:on 2013-01-05.
3466:(4): 676â683.
3442:
3419:
3394:
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3307:
3285:
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3213:
3192:
3180:Calgary Herald
3166:
3126:
3097:
3065:
3063:2007 pp. 7, 39
3032:
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2976:
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2758:. 8 June 2023.
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2273:. 26 June 2020
2258:
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2147:
2122:
2093:(6): 589â590.
2073:
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1998:
1974:
1949:
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1907:Gunn, Connor.
1899:
1880:
1852:
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1482:
1449:
1423:
1420:on 2004-09-24.
1405:(3): 337â346.
1379:
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719:Calgary Herald
706:Calgary Herald
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666:Alberta Health
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174:North Richmond
146:North Richmond
137:
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76:
73:
69:harm reduction
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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3995:Medical waste
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3945:Drug overdose
3943:
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3928:
3926:
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3897:
3890:
3887:
3875:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3850:on 2009-10-29
3846:
3839:
3832:
3829:
3817:on 2009-10-29
3813:
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3799:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3782:
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3773:
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3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3735:on 2009-10-29
3731:
3724:
3717:
3714:
3702:on 2009-10-29
3698:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3669:
3662:
3659:
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3637:
3634:
3622:on 2020-03-26
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2783:on 2020-03-26
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1837:. p. 102
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906:Drug disposal
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511:
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419:Denver (2018)
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382:United States
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268:Lord Advocate
266:In 2023, the
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193:Jacinta Allan
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3960:Epidemiology
3940:Drug culture
3917:
3900:. Retrieved
3898:. 2008-04-03
3889:
3878:. Retrieved
3876:. 2008-04-03
3852:. Retrieved
3845:the original
3831:
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3812:the original
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3730:the original
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3697:the original
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3661:
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3509:(2): 231â7.
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3422:
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3397:
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3352:
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3195:
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3117:. Retrieved
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3083:
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3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:
2995:. Retrieved
2993:. 2008-04-03
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2952:
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2926:
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2900:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2876:The Guardian
2875:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2850:The Guardian
2849:
2839:
2828:. Retrieved
2818:
2807:. Retrieved
2796:
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2778:the original
2764:
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