50:
137:
791:(GATT) (Article XIX). However, they were infrequently used, and some governments preferred to protect their industries by "grey area" measures ("voluntary" export restraint arrangements on products such as cars, steel and semiconductors). As part of the WTO deal, members gave up the "grey area" measures and adopted a specific WTO Safeguards Agreement
812:
In the context of world trade, they are supposed to be used only in very specific circumstances, with compensation, and on a universal basis. For example, a member restricting imports for safeguard purposes would have to restrict imports from all other countries. However, exceptions to the
779:(WTO), a member may take a safeguard action, such as restricting imports of a product temporarily to protect a domestic industry from an increase in imports causing or threatening to cause injury to domestic production.
79:
851:
589:
940:
Five Years of China’s WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives about China’s
Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism
916:
Fabio Spadi (2002), "Discriminatory
Safeguards in the Light of the Admission of the People's Republic of China to the World Trade Organization",
830:
788:
750:
562:
200:
836:
Regional trading arrangements have their own rules relating to safeguards. One example of a safeguard being used successfully was when
619:
537:
602:
403:
195:
101:
971:
584:
333:
930:
921:
818:
305:
702:
574:
569:
255:
62:
461:
383:
285:
72:
66:
58:
624:
456:
398:
388:
320:
38:
672:
743:
629:
421:
295:
83:
879:
802:
776:
639:
634:
393:
315:
913:
Edwin
Vermulst and Folkert Graafsma (2002), WTO Disputes Anti-Dumping, Subsidies and Safeguards, Cameron May
772:
764:
717:
170:
692:
644:
494:
848:
to limit immigration from the EU until a more permanent agreement was put in place to limit immigration.
667:
662:
549:
479:
310:
31:
821:
accepted that discriminatory safeguards may be imposed on its exports to other WTO members until 2013.
797:
Safeguards are usually seen as responses to economic development and trade processes that align with
736:
687:
365:
360:
697:
128:
935:
813:
nondiscriminatory rule are provided for in the
Agreement on Safeguards itself as well as in some
682:
524:
300:
210:
908:
956:
925:
Francesco
Bestagno (1998), "Le clausole di salvaguardia economica nel diritto internazionale",
926:
798:
707:
519:
265:
238:
148:
855:
712:
677:
275:
165:
829:
Some safeguard measures can be resorted to in the area of services, as provided for in the
885:
792:
579:
489:
426:
190:
175:
863:
859:
845:
722:
614:
446:
431:
280:
270:
220:
185:
119:
965:
841:
837:
609:
514:
504:
441:
436:
350:
345:
245:
205:
136:
532:
451:
340:
260:
499:
215:
30:
This article is about the international trade concept. Not to be confused with
509:
355:
180:
806:
542:
484:
17:
27:
Restraint to protect home or national industries from foreign competition
854:
is a more wide ranging safeguard measure affecting the relationship of
290:
867:
814:
250:
160:
155:
939:
888:(Supporting the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons)
817:
agreements. In the last respect, it is worthwhile to note that the
771:
is a restraint to protect home or national industries from foreign
946:, Kluwer Law International, Volume 33, Number 3, pp. 263–304.
225:
43:
787:
Within the WTO, safeguard measures were available under the
135:
905:
Safeguard
Measures in World Trade: The Legal Analysis
71:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
794:to discipline the use of safeguard measures.
744:
8:
801:, as opposed to negative practices, such as
957:Technical Information on Safeguard Measures
852:Article 16 of the Northern Ireland Protocol
751:
737:
113:
102:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:
831:General Agreement on Trade in Services
789:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
918:Journal of International Economic Law
7:
944:Legal Issues of Economic Integration
25:
404:International Chamber of Commerce
840:used a safeguard measure in the
48:
1:
480:Intellectual property rights
462:Economic and monetary union
384:International Monetary Fund
321:Voluntary export restraints
988:
819:People's Republic of China
457:Customs and monetary union
399:World Customs Organization
389:International Trade Centre
39:Safeguard (disambiguation)
36:
29:
422:Preferential trading area
880:World Trade Organization
777:World Trade Organization
703:Balassa–Samuelson effect
698:Ricardian trade theories
585:Largest consumer markets
394:World Trade Organization
57:This article includes a
972:International trade law
765:international trade law
718:Lerner symmetry theorem
86:more precise citations.
903:Yong-Shik Lee (2014),
693:Gravity model of trade
590:Leading trade partners
495:Government procurement
296:Exchange rate controls
140:
673:Heckscher–Ohlin model
668:Competitive advantage
663:Comparative advantage
550:Trade and development
311:Countervailing duties
139:
32:Development safeguard
920:2002 5(2), 421-443.
688:Intra-industry trade
416:Economic integration
366:Economic integration
361:Economic nationalism
37:For other uses, see
316:Anti-dumping duties
256:Non-tariff barriers
201:Import substitution
683:Economic geography
490:Competition policy
286:Technical barriers
266:Tariff-rate quotas
211:Trade facilitation
196:Export orientation
141:
59:list of references
799:international law
761:
760:
708:Linder hypothesis
520:Emissions trading
112:
111:
104:
16:(Redirected from
979:
856:Northern Ireland
753:
746:
739:
713:Leontief paradox
678:New trade theory
281:Export subsidies
166:Balance of trade
114:
107:
100:
96:
93:
87:
82:this article by
73:inline citations
52:
51:
44:
21:
987:
986:
982:
981:
980:
978:
977:
976:
962:
961:
953:
900:
898:Further reading
895:
886:IAEA safeguards
876:
827:
785:
757:
728:
727:
658:
650:
649:
605:
595:
594:
565:
555:
554:
525:Trade sanctions
475:
467:
466:
427:Free-trade area
417:
409:
408:
379:
371:
370:
336:
326:
325:
271:Import licenses
241:
231:
230:
191:Trade diversion
151:
108:
97:
91:
88:
77:
63:related reading
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
985:
983:
975:
974:
964:
963:
960:
959:
952:
951:External links
949:
948:
947:
933:
923:
914:
911:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
883:
875:
872:
864:European Union
860:United Kingdom
846:European Union
826:
823:
784:
781:
759:
758:
756:
755:
748:
741:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
723:Terms of trade
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
615:Trading nation
612:
606:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
566:
561:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
547:
546:
545:
540:
535:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
447:Economic union
444:
439:
434:
432:Currency union
429:
424:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
337:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
276:Customs duties
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
246:Trade barriers
242:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
221:Domestic trade
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
186:Trade creation
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
147:
146:
143:
142:
132:
131:
125:
124:
110:
109:
67:external links
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
984:
973:
970:
969:
967:
958:
955:
954:
950:
945:
941:
937:
934:
932:
928:
924:
922:
919:
915:
912:
910:
906:
902:
901:
897:
892:
887:
884:
881:
878:
877:
873:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:
843:
842:EEA Agreement
839:
838:Liechtenstein
834:
832:
824:
822:
820:
816:
810:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
790:
782:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
754:
749:
747:
742:
740:
735:
734:
732:
731:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
654:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
620:United States
618:
616:
613:
611:
610:Trade mission
608:
607:
604:
599:
598:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
564:
559:
558:
551:
548:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:Trade justice
513:
511:
508:
506:
505:Globalization
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
471:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
442:Single market
440:
438:
437:Customs union
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
413:
412:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
378:Organizations
375:
374:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
351:Laissez-faire
349:
347:
346:Protectionism
344:
342:
339:
338:
335:
330:
329:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
261:Import quotas
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
240:
235:
234:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
206:Trade finance
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
145:
144:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
123:
121:
116:
115:
106:
103:
95:
85:
81:
75:
74:
68:
64:
60:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
943:
917:
909:Edward Elgar
904:
850:
835:
828:
811:
796:
786:
768:
762:
533:Currency war
452:Fiscal union
341:Mercantilism
239:Restrictions
117:
98:
89:
78:Please help
70:
936:Paolo Farah
773:competition
538:Trade costs
500:Outsourcing
216:Trade route
129:World trade
84:introducing
931:881407173X
893:References
783:Background
603:By country
510:Fair trade
356:Free trade
306:Safeguards
181:Trade bloc
176:Trade pact
18:Safeguards
844:with the
807:subsidies
775:. In the
769:safeguard
625:Argentina
543:Trade war
485:Smuggling
171:Trade law
966:Category
874:See also
862:and the
833:(GATS).
825:Examples
630:Pakistan
120:a series
118:Part of
92:May 2023
938:(2006)
803:dumping
640:Vietnam
635:Romania
580:Tariffs
575:Exports
570:Imports
334:History
301:Embargo
291:Bribery
251:Tariffs
80:improve
929:
868:Brexit
866:after
858:, the
815:ad hoc
657:Theory
474:Issues
161:Export
156:Import
149:Policy
882:(WTO)
645:India
563:Lists
65:, or
927:ISBN
767:, a
529:War
805:or
763:In
226:Tax
968::
942:,
907:,
870:.
809:.
122:on
69:,
61:,
752:e
745:t
738:v
105:)
99:(
94:)
90:(
76:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
