474:
to be a
Category 3 storm. Likewise, an intensity of 135 kn (~155 mph, and thus Category 4) is 250.02 km/h, which, according to the definition used before the change would be Category 5. To resolve these issues, the NHC had been obliged to incorrectly report storms with wind speeds of 115 kn as 135 mph, and 135 kn as 245 km/h. The change in definition allows storms of 115 kn to be correctly rounded down to 130 mph, and storms of 135 kn to be correctly reported as 250 km/h, and still qualify as Category 4. Since the NHC had previously rounded incorrectly to keep storms in Category 4 in each unit of measure, the change does not affect the classification of storms from previous years. The new scale became operational on May 15, 2012.
1585:
1291:
those with no interior supports, is common. Very heavy and irreparable damage to many wood-frame structures and total destruction to mobile/manufactured homes is prevalent. Only a few types of structures are capable of surviving intact, and only if located at least 3 to 5 miles (5 to 8 km) inland. They include office, condominium and apartment buildings and hotels that are of solid concrete or steel frame construction, multi-story concrete parking garages, and residences that are made of either reinforced brick or
757:
971:-end roofs are peeled off. Manufactured homes usually sustain severe and irreparable damage. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures, while larger structures are struck by floating debris. A large number of trees are uprooted or snapped, isolating many areas. Additionally, terrain may be flooded well inland. Near-total to total power loss is likely for up to several weeks and water will likely also be lost or contaminated.
1089:
921:
586:
1257:
1557:, and suggested that Category 6 would begin at 195 mph (85 m/s; 170 kn; 315 km/h), with a further hypothetical Category 7 beginning at 230 mph (105 m/s; 200 kn; 370 km/h). In 2024 another proposal to add "Category 6" was made, with a minimum wind speed of 192 mph (309 km/h), with risk factors such as the
1455:, a few newspaper columnists and scientists brought up the suggestion of introducing Category 6, and they have suggested pegging Category 6 to storms with winds greater than 174 or 180 mph (78 or 80 m/s; 151 or 156 kn; 280 or 290 km/h). Fresh calls were made for consideration of the issue after
386:, and other important factors, but SSHWS defenders say that part of the goal of SSHWS is to be straightforward and simple to understand. There have also been proposals for the addition of higher categories to the scale (which would then set a maximum cutoff for Category 5), but none have been adopted as of July 2024.
1459:
in 2017, which was the subject of a number of seemingly credible false news reports as a "Category 6" storm, partly in consequence of so many local politicians using the term. Only a few storms of this intensity have been recorded. Of the 41 hurricanes currently considered to have attained
473:
assign tropical cyclone intensities in 5 knot increments, and then convert to mph and km/h with a similar rounding for other reports. So an intensity of 115 kn is rated
Category 4, but the conversion to miles per hour (132.3 mph) would round down to 130 mph, making it appear
1290:
Category 5 is the highest category of the Saffir–Simpson scale. These storms cause complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings, and some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. The collapse of many wide-span roofs and walls, especially
1126:
on small residences. Heavy, irreparable damage and near-complete destruction of gas station canopies and other wide span overhang type structures are common. Mobile and manufactured homes are often flattened. Most trees, except for the hardiest, are uprooted or snapped, isolating many areas. These
790:
Storms of
Category 2 intensity often damage roofing material (sometimes exposing the roof) and inflict damage upon poorly constructed doors and windows. Poorly constructed signs and piers can receive considerable damage and many trees are uprooted or snapped. Mobile homes, whether anchored or
1564:
According to Robert
Simpson, co-creator of the scale, there are no reasons for a Category 6 on the Saffir–Simpson scale because it is designed to measure the potential damage of a hurricane to human-made structures. Simpson explained that "... when you get up into winds in excess of
327:
assign tropical cyclone intensities in 5-knot (kn) increments (e.g., 100, 105, 110, 115 kn, etc.) because of the inherent uncertainty in estimating the strength of tropical cyclones. Wind speeds in knots are then converted to other units and rounded to the nearest 5 mph or 5 km/h.
444:
estimations, rainfall, and location, which means a
Category 2 hurricane that hits a major city will likely do far more cumulative damage than a Category 5 hurricane that hits a rural area. The agency cited examples of hurricanes as reasons for removing "scientifically inaccurate"
468:
In 2012, the NHC expanded the windspeed range for
Category 4 by 1 mph in both directions, to 130–156 mph, with corresponding changes in the other units (113–136 kn, 209–251 km/h), instead of 131–155 mph (114–135 kn, 210–249 km/h). The NHC and the
1303:
with slopes of no less than 35 degrees from horizontal and no overhangs of any kind, and if the windows are either made of hurricane-resistant safety glass or covered with shutters. Unless most of these requirements are met, the catastrophic destruction of a structure may occur.
370:
averaged winds to determine the maximum sustained wind speed, creating an important difference which frustrates direct comparison between maximum wind speeds of storms measured using the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (usually 14% more intense) and those measured using a
634:
damage are often associated with
Category 1 storms. Power outages are typically widespread to extensive, sometimes lasting several days. Even though it is the least intense type of hurricane, they can still produce widespread damage and can be life-threatening storms.
439:
In 2009, the NHC eliminated pressure and storm surge ranges from the categories, transforming it into a pure wind scale, called the Saffir–Simpson
Hurricane Wind Scale (Experimental) . The updated scale became operational on May 15, 2010. The scale excludes flood ranges,
1565:
155 mph (249 km/h) you have enough damage if that extreme wind sustains itself for as much as six seconds on a building it's going to cause rupturing damages that are serious no matter how well it's engineered." Nonetheless, the counties of
1138:, the deadliest natural disaster to hit the United States, peaked at an intensity that corresponds to a modern-day Category 4 storm. Other examples of storms that peaked at Category 4 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include:
1548:
in 2013, 2016, 2020 and 2021 respectively, each with sustained winds of 195 mph (315 km/h). Occasionally, suggestions of using even higher wind speeds as the cutoff have been made. In a newspaper article published in
November 2018,
2419:
1460:
Category 5 status in the
Atlantic, 18 had wind speeds at 175 mph (78 m/s; 152 kn; 282 km/h) or greater and only 8 had wind speeds at 180 mph (80.5 m/s; 156 kn; 290 km/h) or greater (the
1307:
The storm's flooding causes major damage to the lower floors of all structures near the shoreline, and many coastal structures can be completely flattened or washed away by the storm surge. Virtually all trees are
1756:
1492:). Of the 20 hurricanes currently considered to have attained Category 5 status in the eastern Pacific, only 5 had wind speeds at 175 mph (78 m/s; 152 kn; 282 km/h) or greater (
457:(2004), which had weaker than estimated storm surge. Since being removed from the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, storm surge prediction and modeling is handled by computer numerical models such as
424:
to study low-cost housing in hurricane-prone areas. While conducting the study, Saffir realized there was no simple scale for describing the likely effects of a hurricane. Mirroring the utility of the
1316:
of residential areas may be required if the hurricane threatens populated areas. Total and extremely long-lived power outages and water losses are to be expected, possibly for up to several months.
1714:
For US Navy interests, the factor 0.88 is used in going from a 1-minute system to a 10-minute system such that TEN-MINUTE MEAN = 0.88 * ONE-MINUTE MEAN or ONE-MINUTE MEAN = 1.14 * TEN-MINUTE MEAN.
2429:
1607: – For tornado intensity with damage correlated to wind speeds. The system was also intended for applicability in hurricanes, and is utilized by engineers in hurricane damage assessment.
545:
The five categories are described in the following subsections, in order of increasing intensity. Intensity of example hurricanes is from both the time of landfall and the maximum intensity.
1512:), and only 3 had wind speeds at 180 mph (80.5 m/s; 156 kn; 290 km/h) or greater (Linda, Rick, and Patricia). Most storms which would be eligible for this category were
1561:
and warming ocean temperatures part of that research. In the NHC area of responsibility, only Patricia had winds greater than 190 mph (85 m/s; 165 kn; 305 km/h).
1760:
304:, consists of storms with sustained winds of at least 157 mph (137 kn, 252 km/h). The classifications can provide some indication of the potential damage and
1819:
542:
define sustained winds as average winds over a period of one minute, measured at the same 33 ft (10.1 m) height, and that is the definition used for this scale.
1411:
and Lakshmi Kantha, have criticized the scale as being too simplistic, namely that the scale takes into account neither the physical size of a storm nor the amount of
518:
The scale separates hurricanes into five different categories based on wind. The U.S. National Hurricane Center classifies hurricanes of Category 3 and above as
2182:
1966:
1885:
1550:
963:. These storms can cause some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings, particularly those of wood frame or manufactured materials with minor
462:
2264:"Category 6 Hurricanes? They've Happened: Global Warming Winds Up Hurricane Scientists as NOAA Issues Its Atlantic Hurricane Predictions for Summer 2006"
530:(WMO), which specifies measuring winds at a height of 33 ft (10.1 m) for 10 minutes, and then taking the average. By contrast, the U.S.
522:, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center classifies typhoons of 150 mph (240 km/h) or greater (strong Category 4 and Category 5) as
2228:
1877:
2358:
1274:
1106:
939:
774:
602:
300:
at 10 m above the surface of at least 74 mph (64 kn, 119 km/h; Category 1). The highest classification in the scale,
2527:
1278:
1110:
943:
778:
606:
1332:
1131:, while terrain may be flooded far inland. Total and long-lived electrical and water losses are to be expected, possibly for many weeks.
319:
averaged over a one-minute interval 10 m above the surface. Although the scale shows wind speeds in continuous speed ranges, the US
2005:
1439:
velocity. Both of these scales are continuous, akin to the Richter scale; however, neither of these scales have been used by officials.
2290:
1427:
into a small number of categories. Proposed replacement classifications include the Hurricane Intensity Index, which is based on the
527:
2308:
2009:
1931:
1424:
535:
470:
324:
1573:
in Florida have building codes which require that critical infrastructure buildings be able to withstand Category 5 winds.
2552:
1697:
1448:
402:
2463:
1786:
2487:
2040:
1493:
991:
2537:
1626:
539:
359:
2547:
2542:
964:
803:
799:. Extensive to near-total power outages and scattered loss of potable water are likely, possibly lasting many days.
1570:
1532:
in 1979, 2019, 2023 and 2023 respectively, each with sustained winds of 190 mph (305 km/h), and typhoons
815:
2236:
1558:
1324:
1171:
883:
859:
761:
655:
406:
320:
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1590:
1461:
1336:
1135:
531:
432:
that showed expected damage to structures. Saffir gave the scale to the NHC, and Simpson added the effects of
2240:
1566:
1007:
960:
715:
683:
671:
425:
344:
340:
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1823:
2522:
2199:
1529:
1501:
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839:
719:
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297:
37:
2180:
Kantha, Lakshmi (February 2008). "Tropical Cyclone Destructive Potential by Integrated Kinetic Energy".
1616:
1604:
1553:
research scientist Jim Kossin said that the potential for more intense hurricanes was increasing as the
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1505:
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1035:
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975:
875:
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847:
835:
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807:
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639:
2065:
1874:
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caused by a storm's winds, and the Hurricane Hazard Index, which is based on surface wind speeds, the
2191:
2152:
1904:
1610:
1313:
796:
792:
2204:
2424:
1320:
1122:
Category 4 hurricanes tend to produce more extensive curtainwall failures, with some complete
967:
failures. Buildings that lack a solid foundation, such as mobile homes, are usually destroyed, and
270:
62:
1692:
1509:
1452:
1175:
1123:
999:
974:
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 3 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include:
802:
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 2 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include:
699:
638:
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 1 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include:
332:
262:
2386:"The growing inadequacy of an open-ended Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale in a warming world"
2263:
1415:
it produces. Additionally, they and others point out that the Saffir–Simpson scale, unlike the
1469:
1388:
1364:
1348:
1187:
1027:
1019:
851:
481:
454:
446:
395:
336:
17:
626:, as well as uproot or snap weak trees. Poorly attached roof shingles or tiles can blow off.
2393:
2209:
2160:
2027:
1980:
1489:
1428:
1392:
1368:
1199:
1191:
1167:
1143:
1031:
1011:
1003:
987:
879:
863:
703:
691:
663:
643:
627:
570:
409:(NHC). The scale was introduced to the general public in 1973, and saw widespread use after
293:
266:
47:
756:
1881:
1545:
1537:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1384:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1340:
1203:
1183:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1128:
1051:
1015:
979:
867:
855:
819:
811:
765:
619:
2110:
1728:
1669:"Minor Modification to Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale For the 2012 Hurricane Season"
2385:
2309:"Hurricane Irma: Will Irma become world's first CATEGORY 6 hurricane with 200mph winds?"
2195:
2156:
2143:
1938:
1598:
1554:
1533:
1485:
1477:
1456:
1396:
1380:
1372:
1344:
1260:
1211:
1179:
1088:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1023:
920:
843:
823:
675:
651:
585:
421:
398:
274:
57:
2013:
1962:
1256:
2532:
2516:
2313:
1525:
1412:
1408:
1215:
1207:
1195:
795:
also suffer structural damage. Small craft in unprotected anchorages may break their
450:
1319:
Historical examples of storms that made landfall at Category 5 status include:
1791:
1541:
1399:(2023) (the only Pacific hurricane to make landfall at Category 5 intensity).
622:
to most well-constructed permanent structures; however, they can topple unanchored
1701:
526:. Most weather agencies use the definition for sustained winds recommended by the
2471:
1796:
1668:
2495:
1909:
1601: – Relates wind speed to observable conditions at sea and on land
1517:
1420:
623:
575:
441:
433:
383:
52:
1580:
429:
410:
316:
258:
2397:
1733:
1621:
1309:
331:
The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale is used officially only to describe
2291:"Climate scientists mull Category 6 storm classification, report says"
2329:
2213:
2066:"Famous Hurricanes of the 20th and 21st Century in the United States"
1787:"The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale: An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson"
1646:
277:—into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained
2455:
2165:
2138:
2041:"Name That Hurricane: Famous Examples of the 5 Hurricane Categories"
1859:
1300:
1292:
1264:
929:
309:
305:
1513:
1312:
and some may be debarked, isolating most affected communities. Massive
1096:
593:
353:
1296:
458:
2359:"Category 6? Scientists warn hurricanes could keep getting stronger"
968:
955:
Tropical cyclones of Category 3 and higher are described as
453:(2008), which both had stronger than estimated storm surges, and
631:
315:
The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale is based on the highest
278:
618:
Category 1 storms usually cause no significant structural
2109:
John L. Beven II; Robbie Berg; Andrew Hagen (April 19, 2019).
2420:"Irma could test strength of Florida's strict building codes"
791:
not, are typically damaged and sometimes destroyed, and many
496:
493:
508:
505:
428:
for describing earthquakes, he devised a 1–5 scale based on
502:
1979:
Tropical Cyclone Weather Services Program (June 1, 2006).
499:
1613:
for measuring the magnitude (intensity) of any emergency
1905:"Wilma's Rage Suggests New Hurricane Categories Needed"
1698:"Section 2. Intensity Observations and Forecast Errors"
1729:"Hurricane scale invented to communicate storm danger"
959:
in the Atlantic, Eastern Pacific, and Central Pacific
511:
2139:"Time to Replace the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale?"
785:
Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage
2090:(Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center
1780:
1778:
1932:"Experimental Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale"
1447:After the series of powerful storm systems of the
281:. This measuring system was formerly known as the
2339:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1937:. National Hurricane Center. 2009. Archived from
413:replaced Simpson at the helm of the NHC in 1974.
2183:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
358:depending on the area. These areas (except the
1898:
1896:
1894:
1516:in the western Pacific, most notably typhoons
2384:Wehner, Michael F.; Kossin, James P. (2024).
2118:(Technical report). National Hurricane Center
613:Very dangerous winds will produce some damage
8:
2464:"An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson"
416:The scale was created by Herbert Saffir, a
405:, who at the time was director of the U.S.
221:
2330:"Supertyphoon Tip: Shattering all records"
2112:Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michael
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1820:"Hurricanes shaped life of scale inventor"
1255:
1087:
382:of the SSHWS for not accounting for rain,
333:hurricanes that form in the Atlantic Ocean
31:
2203:
2164:
484:
2227:Benfield Hazard Research Centre (2006).
1860:The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
1229:
1061:
893:
729:
552:
347:to label these storms, which are called
2328:Debi Iacovelli and Tim Vasquez (1998).
2088:Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update
1638:
1275:List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
1107:List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
940:List of Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes
775:List of Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes
603:List of Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes
420:, who in 1969 was commissioned by the
194:
2456:"Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale"
2233:Hazard & Risk Science Review 2006
1795:. Fort Lauderdale, FL. Archived from
1647:"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale"
1279:List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
1111:List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
944:List of Category 3 Pacific hurricanes
779:List of Category 2 Pacific hurricanes
607:List of Category 1 Pacific hurricanes
375:interval (usually 12% less intense).
7:
2006:Federal Emergency Management Agency
394:The scale was developed in 1971 by
292:To be classified as a hurricane, a
251:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
2086:Blake, Eric (September 20, 2017).
1875:National Hurricane Operations Plan
1759:. Associated Press. Archived from
25:
2458:. U.S. National Hurricane Center.
1674:. National Hurricane Center. 2012
1649:. National Hurricane Center. 2018
528:World Meteorological Organization
2428:. Washington, DC. Archived from
1818:Press Writer (August 23, 2001).
1583:
1263:in 2023 nearing its landfall in
919:
755:
584:
536:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
471:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
325:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
2418:Jennifer Kay (September 2017).
2262:Bill Blakemore (May 21, 2006).
1727:Williams, Jack (May 17, 2005).
301:
269:that exceed the intensities of
2492:The South Florida Sun-Sentinel
1981:"Tropical cyclone definitions"
1757:"'73, Hurricanes to be Graded"
1449:2005 Atlantic hurricane season
1285:Catastrophic damage will occur
1117:Catastrophic damage will occur
379:
283:Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale
18:Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale
1:
2488:"Q&A with Herbert Saffir"
2392:. Vol. 121, no. 7.
2010:"Hurricane Glossary of Terms"
1903:Ker Than (October 20, 2005).
950:Devastating damage will occur
296:must have one-minute-average
2528:Tropical cyclone meteorology
2470:. April 1999. Archived from
1963:Public Information Statement
1785:Debi Iacovelli (July 2001).
1755:Staff writer (May 9, 1973).
1627:Outline of tropical cyclones
1423:, is not continuous, and is
540:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
308:a hurricane will cause upon
2494:. June 2001. Archived from
2137:Kantha, L. (January 2006).
1407:Some scientists, including
2569:
1986:. National Weather Service
1272:
1104:
1095:in 2023 just prior to its
937:
928:in 2021 just prior to its
772:
600:
2237:University College London
1969:. Accessed March 9, 2012.
1862:National Hurricane Center
1559:effects of climate change
1232:
1064:
896:
764:in 2024 at landfall near
732:
555:
407:National Hurricane Center
321:National Hurricane Center
220:
193:
168:
143:
118:
93:
68:
61:
56:
51:
46:
43:
27:Hurricane intensity scale
2468:The Mariners Weather Log
1888:. Accessed July 3, 2010.
1717:Retrieved on 2018-10-07.
1591:Tropical cyclones portal
1462:1935 Labor Day hurricane
1136:1900 Galveston hurricane
532:National Weather Service
2398:10.1073/pnas.2308901121
1433:radius of maximum winds
1127:storms cause extensive
592:in 2024 at landfall in
445:information, including
426:Richter magnitude scale
341:International Date Line
298:maximum sustained winds
38:maximum sustained winds
1864:. Accessed 2009-05-15.
1435:of the storm, and its
1417:moment magnitude scale
766:Morgan City, Louisiana
337:northern Pacific Ocean
2553:Scales in meteorology
2432:on September 17, 2017
2229:"Atmospheric Hazards"
2214:10.1175/BAMS-89-2-219
2026:Accessed through the
1880:July 8, 2011, at the
1704:on September 16, 2007
1617:Hurricane engineering
1605:Enhanced Fujita scale
1241:Most recent landfall
1238:Sustained winds
1073:Most recent landfall
1070:Sustained winds
905:Most recent landfall
902:Sustained winds
741:Most recent landfall
738:Sustained winds
564:Most recent landfall
561:Sustained winds
2498:on February 28, 2010
2317:. September 5, 2017.
2297:. February 22, 2018.
2166:10.1029/2006eo010003
2073:www.weather.gov/crh/
2016:on December 14, 2005
1611:Rohn emergency scale
487:Saffir–Simpson scale
271:tropical depressions
34:Saffir–Simpson scale
2538:Atlantic hurricanes
2474:on October 23, 2009
2425:The Washington Post
2365:. November 30, 2018
2337:Monthly Weather Log
2196:2008BAMS...89..219K
2157:2006EOSTr..87....3K
1799:on October 23, 2009
1451:, as well as after
1443:Proposed extensions
1310:uprooted or snapped
418:structural engineer
40:
2548:1973 introductions
2543:Pacific hurricanes
1693:United States Navy
1453:Hurricane Patricia
1333:"Cuba–Brownsville"
1124:structural failure
793:manufactured homes
401:and meteorologist
343:. Other areas use
263:Western Hemisphere
32:
1944:on August 6, 2009
1826:on April 17, 2016
1271:
1270:
1103:
1102:
1084:130–156 mph
1082:209–251 km/h
936:
935:
916:111–129 mph
914:178–208 km/h
771:
770:
750:154–177 km/h
599:
598:
579:119–153 km/h
516:
515:
489:
455:Hurricane Charley
447:Hurricane Katrina
267:tropical cyclones
247:
246:
16:(Redirected from
2560:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2459:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2243:on 7 August 2008
2239:. Archived from
2224:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2012:. Archived from
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1900:
1889:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1822:. Archived from
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1782:
1773:
1772:
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422:United Nations
403:Robert Simpson
399:Herbert Saffir
396:civil engineer
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2510:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:the original
2491:
2476:. Retrieved
2472:the original
2467:
2434:. Retrieved
2430:the original
2423:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2389:
2379:
2369:November 30,
2367:. Retrieved
2362:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2336:
2323:
2312:
2303:
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2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2267:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2241:the original
2232:
2222:
2187:
2181:
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2148:
2142:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2111:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2081:
2072:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2045:Live Science
2044:
2035:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:the original
2000:
1990:November 30,
1988:. Retrieved
1974:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1939:the original
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1908:
1870:
1861:
1828:. Retrieved
1824:the original
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1792:Sun-Sentinel
1790:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1750:
1740:February 25,
1738:. Retrieved
1732:
1722:
1713:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1688:
1678:November 14,
1676:. Retrieved
1663:
1653:November 14,
1651:. Retrieved
1641:
1563:
1446:
1406:
1395:(2019), and
1325:"Okeechobee"
1318:
1306:
1301:hipped roofs
1289:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1218:(2021), and
1133:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1050:(2020), and
973:
965:curtain wall
956:
954:
949:
948:
947:
882:(2022), and
801:
789:
784:
783:
782:
718:(2022), and
637:
624:mobile homes
617:
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611:
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544:
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393:
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364:three-minute
363:
352:
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339:east of the
330:
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286:
282:
254:
250:
248:
33:
29:
2403:February 5,
2151:(1): 3, 6.
1916:October 20,
1910:LiveScience
1767:December 8,
1421:earthquakes
1337:"Labor Day"
449:(2005) and
442:storm surge
434:storm surge
384:storm surge
36:, 1-minute
2517:Categories
2502:October 1,
2478:October 1,
2247:8 December
1948:August 17,
1633:References
1571:Miami-Dade
1314:evacuation
1273:See also:
1226:Category 5
1105:See also:
1080:113–136 kn
1058:Category 4
938:See also:
890:Category 3
773:See also:
726:Category 2
601:See also:
549:Category 1
478:Categories
430:wind speed
411:Neil Frank
373:ten-minute
368:ten-minute
317:wind speed
259:hurricanes
2200:CiteSeerX
2122:April 19,
2020:March 24,
1830:March 20,
1734:USA Today
1622:Hypercane
1425:quantized
1403:Criticism
1329:"Bahamas"
1267:, Mexico
1099:landfall
932:landfall
912:96–112 kn
380:criticism
44:Category
2295:ABC News
2269:ABC News
2008:(2004).
1878:Archived
1577:See also
1514:typhoons
1510:Patricia
1391:(2018),
1387:(2017),
1383:(2017),
1379:(2007),
1375:(2007),
1371:(1992),
1367:(1988),
1363:(1979),
1359:(1977),
1355:(1971),
1351:(1969),
1347:(1966),
1343:(1955),
1339:(1935),
1335:(1933),
1331:(1932),
1327:(1928),
1323:(1924),
1293:concrete
1265:Acapulco
1222:(2023).
1214:(2020),
1210:(2020),
1206:(2020),
1202:(2017),
1198:(2008),
1194:(2005),
1190:(2004),
1186:(1992),
1182:(1988),
1178:(1979),
1176:Frederic
1174:(1976),
1172:Madeline
1162:(1965),
1158:(1963),
1154:(1961),
1150:(1960),
1146:(1959),
1142:(1954),
1054:(2021).
1046:(2016),
1042:(2010),
1038:(2006),
1034:(2004),
1030:(2002),
1026:(1996),
1022:(1995),
1018:(1985),
1014:(1983),
1010:(1975),
1006:(1975),
1002:(1975),
1000:Caroline
998:(1970),
994:(1967),
990:(1957),
986:(1955),
982:(1954),
978:(1950),
930:Veracruz
886:(2024).
884:Francine
878:(2021),
874:(2021),
870:(2020),
866:(2014),
862:(2012),
860:Carlotta
858:(2010),
854:(2010),
850:(2010),
846:(2003),
842:(2003),
838:(1996),
834:(1995),
830:(1994),
826:(1993),
822:(1990),
818:(1974),
814:(1963),
810:(1958),
806:(1954),
797:moorings
762:Francine
748:83–95 kn
722:(2024).
714:(2022),
710:(2022),
706:(2021),
702:(2021),
700:Nicholas
698:(2020),
694:(2020),
690:(2020),
686:(2019),
682:(2019),
678:(2017),
674:(2016),
670:(2016),
666:(2013),
662:(2012),
658:(2007),
656:Humberto
654:(2005),
650:(1997),
646:(1995),
642:(1985),
538:and the
354:typhoons
349:cyclones
323:and the
310:landfall
306:flooding
2192:Bibcode
2153:Bibcode
1708:July 4,
1567:Broward
1546:Surigae
1538:Meranti
1530:Bolaven
1470:Gilbert
1389:Michael
1365:Gilbert
1349:Camille
1188:Charley
1170:(1974)
1166:(1970),
1097:Jalisco
1028:Isidore
1020:Roxanne
852:Richard
594:Florida
390:History
188:119–153
163:154–177
138:178–208
133:111–129
113:209–251
108:130–156
103:113–136
2202:
1544:, and
1534:Haiyan
1528:, and
1522:Halong
1508:, and
1490:Dorian
1488:, and
1393:Dorian
1369:Andrew
1321:"Cuba"
1297:cement
1200:Harvey
1192:Dennis
1168:Carmen
1144:Gracie
1032:Jeanne
1012:Alicia
1008:Olivia
1004:Eloise
992:Olivia
988:Audrey
961:basins
880:Agatha
864:Arthur
716:Nicole
704:Pamela
692:Isaias
684:Lorena
672:Newton
664:Manuel
644:Ismael
620:damage
574:64–82
569:33–42
459:ADCIRC
362:) use
215:63–118
158:96–110
128:96–112
2333:(PDF)
2116:(PDF)
2069:(PDF)
1984:(PDF)
1942:(PDF)
1935:(PDF)
1672:(PDF)
1526:Mawar
1502:Linda
1494:Patsy
1482:Wilma
1474:Mitch
1466:Allen
1385:Maria
1377:Felix
1361:David
1357:Anita
1353:Edith
1341:Janet
1220:Lidia
1204:Laura
1184:Iniki
1164:Celia
1160:Betsy
1156:Flora
1152:Carla
1148:Donna
1140:Hazel
1093:Lidia
1052:Grace
1016:Elena
984:Hilda
980:Carol
969:gable
926:Grace
868:Sally
856:Tomas
840:Marty
820:Diana
812:Ginny
804:Alice
720:Debby
708:Julia
696:Gamma
688:Hanna
680:Barry
660:Isaac
648:Danny
590:Debby
463:SLOSH
285:, or
279:winds
255:SSHWS
210:39–73
205:34–63
200:18–32
183:74–95
178:64–82
173:33–42
153:83–95
148:43–49
123:50–58
98:58–70
88:≥ 252
83:≥ 157
78:≥ 137
73:≥ 70
53:knots
2533:Wind
2504:2005
2480:2005
2438:2017
2405:2024
2390:PNAS
2371:2018
2345:2010
2277:2006
2249:2007
2124:2019
2096:2017
2052:2017
2022:2006
1992:2006
1967:NOAA
1950:2009
1918:2005
1886:NOAA
1832:2016
1805:2006
1769:2007
1742:2007
1710:2008
1680:2020
1655:2020
1569:and
1551:NOAA
1542:Goni
1506:Rick
1498:John
1486:Irma
1478:Rita
1397:Otis
1381:Irma
1373:Dean
1345:Inez
1277:and
1261:Otis
1212:Iota
1180:Joan
1134:The
1109:and
1048:Zeta
1044:Otto
1040:Karl
1036:Lane
1024:Fran
996:Ella
976:Easy
942:and
876:Rick
872:Olaf
848:Alex
844:Juan
836:Alma
832:Erin
828:Rosa
824:Gert
816:Fifi
808:Ella
777:and
712:Lisa
676:Nate
668:Earl
652:Stan
640:Juan
632:pier
630:and
605:and
461:and
360:JTWC
335:and
287:SSHS
273:and
265:are
249:The
242:≤ 62
237:≤ 38
232:≤ 33
227:≤ 17
63:km/h
2394:doi
2210:doi
2161:doi
2144:Eos
1518:Tip
1216:Ida
1208:Eta
1196:Ike
571:m/s
512:C5
509:C4
506:C3
503:C2
500:C1
497:TS
494:TD
366:or
351:or
58:mph
48:m/s
2519::
2490:.
2466:.
2422:.
2388:.
2361:.
2335:.
2311:.
2293:.
2266:.
2235:.
2231:.
2208:.
2198:.
2188:89
2186:.
2159:.
2149:87
2147:.
2141:.
2071:.
2043:.
1965:,
1907:.
1893:^
1884:,
1840:^
1789:.
1777:^
1731:.
1712:.
1695::
1540:,
1536:,
1524:,
1520:,
1504:,
1500:,
1496:,
1484:,
1480:,
1476:,
1472:,
1468:,
1464:,
576:kn
534:,
465:.
312:.
289:.
222:TD
195:TS
169:1
144:2
119:3
94:4
69:5
2506:.
2482:.
2440:.
2407:.
2396::
2373:.
2347:.
2279:.
2251:.
2216:.
2212::
2194::
2169:.
2163::
2155::
2126:.
2098:.
2075:.
2054:.
2030:.
2024:.
1994:.
1952:.
1920:.
1834:.
1807:.
1771:.
1744:.
1682:.
1657:.
1295:/
356:,
253:(
20:)
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