2496:
633:
485:
236:
497:
397:
624:, and after a heavy battle outside the city, Aparviz and his men surrendered. When Aparviz went to Rabi to discuss about the conditions of a treaty, he saw that he was using the bodies of two dead soldiers as a chair. This horrified Aparviz, who in order to spare the inhabitants of Sakastan from the Arabs, made peace with them in return for heavy tribute, which included a tribute of 1,000 slave boys bearing 1,000 golden vessels. Sakastan was thus under the control of the Rashidun Caliphate.
811:
285:
2184:
81:
67:
1215:
849:
The border was defined more precisely with the Second Sistan
Boundary Commission (1903-1905) headed by Arthur Mac Mahon, who had a difficult task due to lack of natural boundaries. The part assigned Persia was included in the province of Balochistan (which took the name of Sistan and Baluchistan in
655:
However, only two years later, the people of Zarang rebelled and defeated Rabi ibn Ziyad
Harithi's lieutenant and Muslim garrison of the city. Abd-Allah ibn Amir then sent 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura to Sistan, where he managed to suppress the rebellion. Furthermore, he also defeated the
235:
711:
in 900. After the
Samanids took the province from the Saffarids, it briefly returned to Abbasid control, but in 917 the governor Abu Yazid Khalid made himself independent. He was followed by a series of emirs with brief reigns until 923, when
2495:
632:
484:
1796:
562:
as its governor. The reason behind the appointment was to avoid further family conflict in the province, and in order to gain more direct control of the province.
1419:
763:
in 1212. Mongols sacked Sistan in 1222 and Nasrid dynasty was ended by
Khwarezmians in 1225. During Ghaznavid times, elaborate Saffarid palaces were built at
2674:
727:
A year later in 1003, Sistan revolted. In response, Mahmud brought an army to suppress the revolt. Mahmud's Hindu troops sacked the mosques and churches of
539:. During the revolt, the people of Sakastan was one of his supporters. Nevertheless, Bahram II managed to suppress the revolt in 283, and appointed his son
582:(who was more or less independent), helped him. However, Yazdegerd III quickly ended this support when he demanded tax money that he had failed to pay.
846:, who agreed to most of Sistan to be in Persia but the Persians won the withdrawal of the right bank of the Helmand. The countries were not satisfied.
1732:
2713:
2606:
2708:
1669:
1639:
1597:
1312:
1291:
1095:
1070:
951:
2718:
308:
and George Dales. The site of Nad-i Ali in Afghan Sistan has also been claimed to date from the Bronze Age (Benseval and
Francfort 1994).
2723:
2150:
683:
sources as the "Persian Area
Command". However, in 663, he was forced to leave the region after suffering a defeat to newly established
2703:
1249:
780:
2220:
1616:
1573:
1534:
1508:
1482:
1452:
1431:
1394:
1344:
1270:
978:
304:, a massive third millennium BC city. Other smaller sites have been identified in the region in surveys by American archaeologists
1543:
Benseval, R. and H.-P. Francfort (1994), “The Nad-i Ali ‘Surkh Dagh’: A Bronze Age
Monumental Platform in Central Asia.” In From
713:
2650:
2518:
968:
2654:
1681:
874:'s seed and just before the final renovation of the world, three maidens will enter the lake, each then giving birth to the
2634:
2171:
2698:
2166:
2113:
1725:
501:
479:
46:
1522:
2728:
2103:
854:
that was abolished in the administrative reorganization of 1964 to form the province of Nimruz, with capital Zaranj.
340:
1607:
Marshak, B.I.; Negmatov, N.N. (1996). "Sogdiana". In B.A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guang-da and R. Shabani
Samghabadi (ed.).
870:
was one of two pilgrimage sites for followers of that religion. In
Zoroastrian tradition, the lake is the keeper of
2145:
1565:
675:(656–661), the people of Zarang rebelled and defeated the Muslim garrison of the city. In 658, Yazdegerd III's son
2613:
842:. The border dispute between Persia and Afghanistan was solved by Sistan Boundary Mission, led by British General
531:
was the first to appointed as the governor of province, which he would govern until 271, when the
Sasanian prince
2108:
637:
571:
409:
213:
1795:
1492:
851:
604:
to Sakastan. After some time, he reached Zaliq, a border town between Kirman and Sakastan, where he forced the
597:
desert, Mujashi ibn Mas'ud arrived to Sakastan. However, he suffered a heavy defeat and was forced to retreat.
496:
1336:
The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500
803:
was ended in 1507 due to Uzbek invasion in 1507. Uzbeks were driven in 1510 and Mihrabanids became vassals of
300:(possibly as early as the 3rd millennium BC). It is best known from excavations of the archaeological site of
2589:
2188:
2118:
2067:
1718:
740:
648:
344:
2584:
2571:
2423:
2135:
601:
2530:
2213:
2077:
1589:
1283:
Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
396:
375:
39:
1609:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
2072:
153:
439:
expanded in the mid 1st century AD, the Indo-Parthian lost their Indian dominions and recentered on
2336:
2082:
1886:
1374:
760:
579:
532:
336:
293:
267:. In Ferdowsi's epic, Zabulistan is in turn described to be the homeland of the mythological hero
2535:
1970:
1904:
1463:
843:
822:
Safavid rule lasted until 1717 except during Uzbek rule between 1524-1528 and 1578-1598 when the
707:
emerged in Sistan and proceeded to conquer most of the Islamic East, until it was checked by the
586:
467:
466:
in the mid 5th century. Sassanid armies reconquered Sakastan in by 565, but lost the area to the
1386:
385:
After the mid 2nd century BC, much of the Indo-Greek Kingdom was overrun by tribes known as the
2540:
1665:
1635:
1612:
1593:
1569:
1530:
1504:
1478:
1448:
1427:
1390:
1340:
1308:
1287:
1266:
1245:
1091:
974:
947:
768:
700:
684:
558:(r. 459–484), during his early reign, put an end to dynastic rule in province by appointing a
519:, whose ruler Ardashir Sakanshah became a Sasanian vassal during the reign of Shapur's father
512:, in his effort to centralise the empire; before that, the province was under the rule of the
324:
305:
133:
1627:
1545:
Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of South and West Asia in Memory of George
1442:
1334:
1085:
2670:
2659:
2639:
2594:
2525:
2206:
2140:
2087:
1891:
1881:
941:
721:
717:
704:
551:
328:
109:
97:
354:
Alexander's empire fragmented after his death, and Arachosia came under the control of the
2693:
2629:
2450:
1555:
889:
815:
810:
617:
590:
455:
417:
413:
401:
359:
355:
332:
312:
301:
297:
229:
189:
125:
1664:]. Centro Studi e Scavi Archeologici in Asia Roma: Reports and memoirs (in Italian).
1355:
830:
reconquered it in 1727. After assassination of Nadir Shah, Sistan went under the rule of
795:
during Mongol rule. Sistan declared independence in 1335 after demise of Ilkhanate. 1383
535:
was appointed as the new governor. Later in ca. 281, Hormizd revolted against his cousin
196:
between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century, where they carved a kingdom known as the
1444:
The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the Margins of Historiography
284:
2325:
1985:
1980:
1929:
1871:
1741:
1561:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
1518:
1379:
1235:
863:
831:
823:
764:
645:
559:
432:
424:
386:
363:
209:
197:
850:
1986) being the capital Zahedan. In Afghanistan it was part of the Sistan province of
716:
restored Saffarid rule in Sistan. After his death in 963, Sistan was ruled by his son
2687:
2556:
2455:
2123:
1899:
1810:
575:
516:
436:
428:
161:
31:
2513:
2438:
2305:
1990:
1975:
1944:
1934:
1866:
1861:
1830:
1265:. New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis).
905:
893:
680:
463:
193:
1408:
994:
412:(r. c. 124–91 BCE) and the region of Sakastan was incorporated into the
1559:
1496:
1302:
1281:
1260:
1239:
2475:
2341:
2062:
1876:
1755:
1323:
1301:
Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath".
926:
839:
784:
672:
665:
613:
612:
authority. He then did the same at the fortress of Karkuya, which had a famous
594:
371:
264:
217:
205:
141:
1632:
The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods (2)
620:. He then continued to seize more land in the province. He thereafter besieged
327:
in 550 BC, and the rest Arachosia was soon annexed. The archaeological site of
2391:
2361:
2332:
2320:
2283:
2263:
2000:
1965:
1856:
1770:
1527:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1501:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1304:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
970:
The Helmand Baluch A Native Ethnography of the People of Southwest Afghanistan
867:
827:
748:
661:
593:, sent an army under Mujashi ibn Mas'ud to Sakastan. After having crossed the
540:
520:
459:
367:
348:
260:
201:
165:
1696:
1683:
1554:
Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". In
362:
of India in 305 BC. After the fall of the Mauryans, the region fell to their
2644:
2428:
2408:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2315:
2300:
2248:
2057:
2052:
1780:
1760:
876:
871:
796:
788:
744:
676:
547:
536:
316:
256:
244:
185:
149:
807:
until 1537 Safavids deposed the dynasty and gained full control of Sistan.
799:
conquered Sistan and forced Mihrabanids to become vassals. Overlordship of
152:
and extending southwards of the Helmand River not far off from the city of
880:
who will be the saviours of mankind at the final renovation of the world.
2601:
2566:
2376:
2278:
2268:
1995:
1919:
1914:
804:
800:
708:
641:
609:
509:
444:
379:
157:
145:
404:, Parthian governor of Sakastan (ruled circa 80-40 BCE), with Rangodeme.
80:
66:
45:"Sakastan" redirects here. For the province in the Sasanian Empire, see
17:
2460:
2418:
2401:
2386:
2258:
2229:
2026:
1960:
1939:
1785:
756:
752:
696:
657:
555:
513:
451:
2576:
2465:
2396:
2381:
2273:
2253:
2243:
2128:
2005:
1851:
1846:
1815:
1262:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)
835:
792:
728:
621:
605:
528:
524:
489:
374:
was the leader of Sakastan around c. 20–10 BCE as it was part of the
268:
225:
35:
1628:"Geographical and Administrative divisions: Settlements and Economy"
2485:
2470:
2443:
2433:
2351:
2346:
2293:
2288:
2047:
2021:
1924:
1909:
1825:
1820:
809:
495:
483:
440:
395:
393:, from which Sistan (from Sakastan) eventually derived its name.
320:
234:
1710:
243:
ruler Tanlesmos (Sakastan, circa 80-40 BC). A Parthian drachm of
2480:
2413:
2310:
2031:
1775:
1765:
527:
rebuilt, which became the capital of the province. Shapur's son
390:
366:
allies in 180 BC, before breaking away and becoming part of the
247:
with the addition of a contermark with portraiture and the name
240:
181:
137:
117:
2202:
1714:
1550:
Ed. J.M. Kenoyer. (Madison: Wisconsin Archaeological Reports 4)
38:. For the administrative subdivision of Isfahan Province, see
1109:
1107:
1020:
1018:
896:, a hill rising up as an island in the middle of Lake Hamun.
216:, the province became known as Sijistan/Sistan. The previous
1462:
Bosworth, C. E. (2011). "SISTĀN ii. In the Islamic period".
1138:
1136:
1134:
168:
that forms part of the border between Iran and Afghanistan.
1634:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 747–778.
1529:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–633.
679:
reclaimed Sistan and established a kingdom there, known in
224:("waterland"). The older form is also the root of the name
164:, the largest river in Afghanistan, which empties into the
2198:
1503:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–135.
1424:
The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX: San–Sze
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1307:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–57.
1184:
1182:
508:
The province was formed in ca. 240, during the reign of
458:
in the mid-3rd century, first becoming part of a vassal
423:
The Parthian Empire then briefly lost the region to its
148:. Mostly corresponding to the then Achaemenid region of
834:
in 1747. Between 1747 and 1872 Sistan was contested by
818:
in ca. 1720, with Sistan as one of its major provinces.
1322:
Morony, M. (1986). "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran".
943:
Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms – Methods – Trends
787:, another branch of Saffarids, as melik of Sistan for
600:
One year later, Abd-Allah ibn Amir sent an army under
263:, after the region in the eastern part of present-day
1475:
The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B
1084:
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2010-03-24).
578:
fled to Sakastan in the mid-640s, where its governor
2622:
2549:
2506:
2236:
2159:
2096:
2040:
2014:
1953:
1839:
1803:
1748:
888:The most famous archaeological sites in Sistan are
739:In 1029, Tadj al-Din I Abu l-Fadl Nasr founded the
408:Around 100 BC, the Indo-Scythians were defeated by
1378:
144:and extending across the borders of south-western
1426:. Leiden, and New York: BRILL. pp. 681–685.
427:vassals around 20 CE. The regions of Sistan, and
220:name of the region, prior to Saka dominance, was
160:). Largely desert, the region is bisected by the
1586:The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran
1477:. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 452–453.
1259:Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002).
1241:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
1217:Evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab
1173:
212:, the province is called "Seyansih". After the
86:Map of Sistan (labelled Sakastan) in c. 100 BC.
731:massacring the Muslims and Christians inside.
351:, was also developed as a Hellenistic centre.
2214:
1726:
724:invaded Sistan, ending the Saffarid dynasty.
319:was formed, parts of which were ruled by the
8:
2675:Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia
1125:
1069:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRezakhani2017 (
523:(r. 224–242), who also had the ancient city
323:by 600 BC. The Medes were overthrown by the
1339:. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 1–351.
1113:
2221:
2207:
2199:
1794:
1733:
1719:
1711:
1000:. Originally Published: December 15, 1995.
751:. The dynasty then became vassals of the
651:(647–705 CE). Dated AH 65-86 / 685-705 CE.
1662:Historical research on the ancient Sīstān
1473:Barthold, W. (1986). "ʿAmr b. al-Layth".
1204:, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 89.
1161:
1064:
1052:
862:Sistan has a very strong connection with
34:. For the village in Gilan Province, see
2494:
1024:
631:
283:
1410:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5
1325:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2
1188:
1036:
917:
589:, after having secured his position in
2607:Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea
1523:"The rise of the new Persian language"
1142:
331:was a major Achaemenid centre. n the
30:For the village in Fars Province, see
1360:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
1048:
775:Mihrabanid dynasty and its successors
7:
1286:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
1009:
550:(r. 309–379) appointed his brother
1658:Ricerche storiche sul Sīstān antico
687:, who had succeeded the Rashiduns.
492:(Narsē). AD 293–303. Sakastan mint.
129:
113:
101:
1418:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1997).
1220:. Punjabi University. p. 147.
967:Ghulam Rahman Amiri (2020-11-01).
543:as the governor of the province.
462:state before being overrun by the
25:
1407:Schmitt, R. (1995). "DRANGIANA".
311:Earlier the area was occupied by
72:Asbad (windmills) in Sistan, Iran
2499:Scythian and related populations
2183:
2182:
946:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 6.
940:Classen, Albrecht (2010-11-29).
695:Sistan became a province of the
668:and a few cities in Zabulistan.
370:Kingdom. The Indo-Parthian king
347:. The city of Bost, now part of
259:, Sistan is also referred to as
79:
65:
1280:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
288:The gates of Haozdar, in Sistan
2714:Geography of Kandahar Province
1244:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240.
339:annexed the region during his
315:Eventually a kingdom known as
1:
2649:Iranian origin hypotheses of
2635:History of the western steppe
1626:Brunner, Christopher (1983).
973:. Berghahn Books. p. 7.
858:Significance for Zoroastrians
747:. They became vassals of the
554:as the governor of Sakastan.
416:. Parthian governors such as
176:Sistan derives its name from
136:in present-day south-eastern
2709:Geography of Nimruz Province
1497:"The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids"
1401:The history of ancient iran.
1354:Shapur Shahbazi, A. (2005).
791:. Mihrabanid contested with
781:Shams al-Din 'Ali ibn Mas'ud
616:, which is mentioned in the
480:Sakastan (Sasanian Province)
296:covered parts of Sistan and
188:tribe which migrated to the
47:Sakastan (Sasanian province)
2719:Geography of Zabul Province
1381:The History of Ancient Iran
1333:Christensen, Peter (1993).
1174:Marshak & Negmatov 1996
743:, who were a branch of the
644:, at the time of the fifth
608:of the town to acknowledge
431:were ruled together by the
2745:
2724:Historical regions of Iran
1588:, New Haven & London:
1566:Cambridge University Press
866:and during Sassanid times
477:
343:and founded the colony of
292:In prehistoric times, the
44:
29:
2704:History of Zoroastrianism
2668:
2492:
2180:
1792:
1447:. BRILL. pp. 1–250.
1090:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
927:Asbads (windmill) of Iran
638:Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra
574:, the last Sasanian king
572:Muslim conquest of Persia
410:Mithridates II of Parthia
358:, which traded it to the
1882:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
1656:Gnoli, Gherardo (1967).
1584:Katouzian, Homa (2009),
1525:. In Frye, R. N. (ed.).
1441:Gazerani, Saghi (2015).
1214:Prakash, Buddha (1971).
1087:The Age of the Parthians
546:During his early reign,
382:, its Hellenistic name.
228:, capital of the Afghan
2068:Three Persian religions
1499:. In Frye, R.N. (ed.).
1202:The Ghaznavids 994-1040
649:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
345:Alexandria in Arachosia
154:Alexandria in Arachosia
2572:Parama Kamboja Kingdom
2500:
819:
652:
602:Rabi ibn Ziyad Harithi
505:
493:
405:
378:which was also called
341:conquest of the Empire
289:
252:
2614:Pontic–Caspian steppe
2498:
2172:Fire temples in India
1840:Scripture and worship
1590:Yale University Press
1465:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1385:. C.H.Beck. pp.
998:Encyclopaedia Iranica
813:
635:
499:
487:
454:were defeated by the
399:
376:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
287:
238:
214:Arab conquest of Iran
208:scripture written in
198:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
184:"). The Sakas were a
40:Sistan Rural District
2167:Fire temples in Iran
1954:Accounts and legends
1375:Frye, Richard Nelson
993:N. Rüdiger Schmitt.
504:under the Sasanians.
470:after the mid 640s.
2699:Places in Shahnameh
2041:History and culture
1887:Udvada Atash Behram
1697:31.0000°N 62.0000°E
1693: /
1413:. pp. 534–537.
1328:. pp. 203–210.
1145:, pp. 203–210.
1027:, pp. 681–685.
703:. In the 860s, the
337:Alexander the Great
294:Jiroft Civilization
2729:Historical regions
2501:
1971:Book of Arda Viraf
1905:Cypress of Kashmar
1568:. pp. 21–99.
1356:"SASANIAN DYNASTY"
1051:, pp. 40–41,
844:Frederick Goldsmid
820:
785:Mihrabanid dynasty
714:Ahmad ibn Muhammad
701:Abbasid Caliphates
653:
587:Abd-Allah ibn Amir
506:
494:
468:Rashidun Caliphate
406:
290:
253:
180:("the land of the
2681:
2680:
2196:
2195:
1671:978-88-6323-123-6
1641:978-0-521-24693-4
1599:978-0-300-12118-6
1314:978-0-521-20093-6
1293:978-1-84511-645-3
1126:Pourshariati 2008
1097:978-0-85773-308-5
953:978-3-11-021558-8
769:Shahr-i Gholghola
759:in 1162, and the
720:until 1002, when
685:Umayyad Caliphate
325:Achaemenid Empire
306:Walter Fairservis
134:historical region
116:"the land of the
104:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
2736:
2671:Category:Scythia
2660:Scythian archers
2640:Bosporan Kingdom
2595:Bosporan Kingdom
2223:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2186:
2185:
2151:in United States
1892:Adur Burzen-Mihr
1798:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:31.0000; 62.0000
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1675:
1645:
1622:
1602:
1579:
1556:Yarshater, Ehsan
1540:
1514:
1488:
1469:
1458:
1437:
1414:
1403:
1384:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1350:
1329:
1318:
1297:
1276:
1255:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1146:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1114:Christensen 1993
1111:
1102:
1101:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1062:
1056:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1007:
1001:
991:
985:
984:
964:
958:
957:
937:
931:
922:
892:and the site on
722:Mahmud of Ghazni
718:Khalaf ibn Ahmad
705:Saffarid dynasty
691:Saffarid dynasty
566:Islamic conquest
552:Shapur Sakanshah
420:ruled the land.
329:Dahan-e Gholaman
140:, south-western
131:
115:
103:
83:
69:
21:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2664:
2630:Iranian peoples
2618:
2545:
2502:
2490:
2451:Pazyryk culture
2232:
2227:
2197:
2192:
2176:
2155:
2092:
2036:
2010:
1981:Story of Sanjan
1949:
1835:
1804:Divine entities
1799:
1790:
1744:
1739:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1655:
1652:
1650:Further reading
1642:
1625:
1619:
1606:
1600:
1583:
1576:
1553:
1537:
1519:Bosworth, C. E.
1517:
1511:
1491:
1485:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1440:
1434:
1417:
1406:
1397:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1332:
1321:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1279:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1236:Daryaee, Touraj
1234:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1200:C.E. Bosworth,
1199:
1195:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1149:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1004:
992:
988:
981:
966:
965:
961:
954:
939:
938:
934:
923:
919:
914:
902:
890:Shahr-e Sukhteh
886:
860:
852:Farah-Chakansur
816:Safavid dynasty
777:
737:
693:
636:Coin issued by
630:
618:Tarikh-i Sistan
568:
482:
476:
456:Sasanian Empire
414:Parthian Empire
360:Mauryan dynasty
356:Seleucid Empire
333:4th century BCE
313:Iranian peoples
298:Kerman Province
282:
277:
239:Coinage of the
230:Nimruz Province
190:Iranian Plateau
174:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
84:
75:
74:
73:
70:
61:
60:
58:
56:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:Scythia Minor
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2326:Indo-Scythians
2323:
2318:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Chinvat Bridge
1983:
1978:
1976:Book of Jamasp
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:Khordeh Avesta
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1872:Airyaman ishya
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1811:Amesha Spentas
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1749:Primary topics
1746:
1745:
1742:Zoroastrianism
1740:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1623:
1617:
1604:
1598:
1581:
1574:
1551:
1541:
1535:
1515:
1509:
1493:Bosworth, C.E.
1489:
1483:
1470:
1459:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1415:
1404:
1395:
1371:
1351:
1345:
1330:
1319:
1313:
1298:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1256:
1251:978-0857716668
1250:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1206:
1193:
1178:
1176:, p. 449.
1166:
1162:Zarrinkub 1975
1147:
1130:
1128:, p. 222.
1118:
1116:, p. 229.
1103:
1096:
1076:
1065:Rezakhani 2017
1057:
1053:Katouzian 2009
1041:
1039:, p. 750.
1029:
1014:
1012:, p. 193.
1002:
986:
979:
959:
952:
932:
916:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
901:
898:
885:
882:
864:Zoroastrianism
859:
856:
832:Durrani Empire
826:conquered it.
824:Hotaki dynasty
776:
773:
765:Lashkari Bazar
741:Nasrid dynasty
736:
735:Nasrid dynasty
733:
692:
689:
646:Umayyad caliph
640:, governor of
629:
628:Caliphate rule
626:
567:
564:
478:Main article:
475:
472:
433:Indo-Parthians
418:Tanlismaidates
402:Tanlismaidates
387:Indo-Scythians
364:Greco-Bactrian
302:Shahr-i Sokhta
281:
278:
276:
273:
173:
170:
85:
78:
77:
76:
71:
64:
63:
62:
54:
53:
52:
51:
27:Region in Asia
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2741:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Kazakh Steppe
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Tagar culture
2454:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:in Azerbaijan
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Adur Gushnasp
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1618:92-3-103211-9
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:0-521-20092-X
1571:
1567:
1564:. Cambridge:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1548:F. Dales, Jr.
1546:
1542:
1538:
1536:0-521-20093-8
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1510:9780521200936
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1484:90-04-08114-3
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1454:9789004282964
1450:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1433:9789004082656
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1396:9783406093975
1392:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1346:9788772892597
1342:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1272:0-415-14687-9
1268:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1191:, p. 37.
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1164:, p. 24.
1163:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1067:, p. 32.
1066:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:Bosworth 1997
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
987:
982:
980:9781800730427
976:
972:
971:
963:
960:
955:
949:
945:
944:
936:
933:
929:
928:
921:
918:
911:
907:
904:
903:
899:
897:
895:
891:
883:
881:
879:
878:
873:
869:
865:
857:
855:
853:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
817:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
734:
732:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
690:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
650:
647:
643:
639:
634:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
576:Yazdegerd III
573:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Suren Kingdom
515:
511:
503:
498:
491:
486:
481:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
437:Kushan Empire
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
403:
398:
394:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
286:
280:Early history
279:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
246:
242:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
169:
167:
163:
162:Helmand River
159:
156:(present day
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
127:
123:
119:
111:
107:
99:
95:
82:
68:
48:
41:
37:
33:
32:Sistan-e Olya
19:
2590:Lower Danube
2561:
2337:Sauromatians
2306:Melanchlaeni
2187:
1991:Frashokereti
1945:Atash Behram
1935:The Revayats
1896:Adur Farnbag
1877:Fire Temples
1867:Yenghe hatam
1862:Ahuna Vairya
1831:Angra Mainyu
1678:
1661:
1657:
1631:
1608:
1585:
1560:
1547:
1544:
1526:
1500:
1474:
1464:
1443:
1423:
1409:
1400:
1380:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:
1335:
1324:
1303:
1282:
1261:
1240:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1189:Daryaee 2009
1169:
1121:
1086:
1079:
1060:
1055:, p. 42
1044:
1037:Brunner 1983
1032:
1005:
997:
989:
969:
962:
942:
935:
925:
920:
906:Sistan Basin
894:Mount Khajeh
887:
875:
861:
848:
821:
778:
761:Khwarezmians
738:
726:
694:
670:
654:
599:
584:
569:
545:
507:
474:Sasanian era
464:Hephthalites
449:
422:
407:
384:
353:
310:
291:
254:
248:
221:
194:Indus valley
177:
175:
121:
105:
93:
92:
2476:Thyssagetae
2342:Agaragantes
2146:in Pakistan
2104:Persecution
2063:Khurramites
1776:Persia/Iran
1761:Zarathustra
1756:Ahura Mazda
1700: /
1143:Morony 1986
884:Archaeology
840:Afghanistan
814:Map of the
673:First Fitna
671:During the
614:fire temple
595:Dasht-i Lut
570:During the
488:Coinage of
372:Gondophares
265:Afghanistan
218:Old Persian
206:Zoroastrian
142:Afghanistan
2688:Categories
2392:Spondolici
2362:Limigantes
2333:Sarmatians
2321:Massagetae
2284:Cimmerians
2264:Androphagi
2109:in Armenia
2001:Hamistagan
1857:Ashem Vohu
1771:Vohu Manah
1688:62°00′00″E
1685:31°00′00″N
1611:. UNESCO.
1049:Bivar 1983
912:References
868:Lake Hamun
828:Nadir Shah
749:Ghaznavids
664:, seizing
662:Zabulistan
541:Bahram III
521:Ardashir I
460:Kushanshah
368:Indo-Greek
349:Lashkargah
261:Zabulistan
241:Sakaurakae
202:Bundahishn
166:Hamun Lake
2645:Sarmatism
2536:Languages
2519:Jewellery
2429:Hamaxobii
2409:Scythians
2372:Rimphaces
2367:Phoristae
2357:Cissianti
2316:Amyrgians
2301:Gelonians
2249:Agathyrsi
2097:Adherents
2078:Festivals
2058:Mazdakism
2053:Zurvanism
1966:Bundahišn
1781:Faravahar
1010:Frye 1984
877:saoshyans
872:Zoroaster
797:Tamerlane
789:Ilkhanate
779:In 1236,
755:in 1048,
745:Saffarids
677:Peroz III
548:Shapur II
537:Bahram II
435:. As the
317:Arachosia
257:Shahnameh
245:Orodes II
200:. In the
172:Etymology
150:Drangiana
2602:Sarmatia
2567:Sakasene
2541:Religion
2377:Roxolani
2279:Cercetae
2269:Arimaspi
2189:Category
2119:in India
2083:Marriage
2073:Calendar
1996:Xrafstar
1920:Visperad
1915:Vendidad
1521:(1975).
1495:(1975).
1420:"Sīstān"
1377:(1984).
1238:(2009).
924:UNESCO.
900:See also
805:Safavids
801:Timurids
783:founded
709:Samanids
642:Sijistan
610:Rashidun
585:In 650,
514:Parthian
510:Shapur I
502:Sakastan
445:Sakastan
400:Coin of
380:Gedrosia
186:Scythian
178:Sakastan
158:Kandahar
146:Pakistan
132:), is a
130:سِجِستان
122:Sijistan
114:سَكاستان
106:Sakastān
57:Sijistan
55:Sakastan
18:Sakastan
2623:Related
2550:Regions
2531:Horizon
2526:Culture
2507:Culture
2461:Tapurei
2419:Cadusii
2402:Iazyges
2387:Siraces
2259:Amazons
2237:Peoples
2230:Scythia
2141:in Iraq
2136:in Iran
2027:Kashmar
1961:Dēnkard
1940:Ab-Zohr
1816:Yazatas
1786:Avestan
1558:(ed.).
1365:3 April
1229:Sources
793:Kartids
757:Ghurids
753:Seljuks
697:Umayyad
681:Chinese
658:Zunbils
580:Aparviz
560:Karenid
556:Peroz I
533:Hormizd
500:Map of
452:Kushans
275:History
255:In the
251:around.
222:zaranka
210:Pahlavi
120:") and
110:Persian
98:Persian
2694:Sistan
2651:Croats
2585:Crimea
2577:Alania
2562:Sistan
2466:Tapuri
2397:Yancai
2382:Serboi
2274:Budini
2254:Amardi
2244:Achaei
2129:Parsis
2088:Burial
2048:Parsis
2015:Cities
2006:Duzakh
1925:Yashts
1852:Gathas
1847:Avesta
1826:Daevas
1821:Ahuras
1668:
1638:
1615:
1596:
1572:
1533:
1507:
1481:
1451:
1430:
1393:
1389:–411.
1343:
1311:
1290:
1269:
1248:
1094:
977:
950:
836:Persia
729:Zarang
606:dehqan
591:Kerman
529:Narseh
490:Narseh
429:Punjab
269:Rostam
249:TANLHC
226:Zaranj
126:Arabic
102:سیستان
94:Sistān
59:Sistan
36:Sustan
2655:Serbs
2486:Zygii
2471:Tauri
2444:Spali
2439:Sindi
2434:Legae
2424:Gelae
2352:Aorsi
2347:Alans
2294:Parni
2289:Dahae
2160:Lists
2124:Irani
2022:Balkh
1910:Yasna
1660:[
622:Zrang
525:Zrang
441:Turan
425:Suren
321:Medes
2653:and
2481:Uxii
2414:Abii
2311:Saka
2032:Yazd
1766:Asha
1666:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1367:2014
1341:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1071:help
975:ISBN
948:ISBN
838:and
767:and
699:and
666:Bust
450:The
443:and
391:Saka
204:, a
192:and
182:Saka
138:Iran
118:Saka
2514:Art
660:of
389:or
2690::
2673:,
1630:.
1592:,
1422:.
1399:.
1358:.
1181:^
1150:^
1133:^
1106:^
1017:^
996:.
771:.
447:.
335:,
271:.
232:.
128::
112::
100::
2335:/
2222:e
2215:t
2208:v
1734:e
1727:t
1720:v
1674:.
1644:.
1621:.
1603:.
1580:.
1578:.
1539:.
1513:.
1487:.
1468:.
1457:.
1436:.
1387:1
1369:.
1349:.
1317:.
1296:.
1275:.
1254:.
1100:.
1073:)
983:.
956:.
930:.
124:(
108:(
96:(
49:.
42:.
20:)
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