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working-class organization and leadership as a solution to capitalist societal problems, nor did he adhere to the
Marxist definition of the working class as excluded by fundamental private property law from control over the means of production. Unlike Marx, Saint-Simon did not regard class relations, with respect to the means of production, to be an engine of socio-economic dynamics but rather the form of management. Furthermore, Saint-Simon was not critical of capitalists as exclusive owners, collaborators, controllers, and decision-makers. Rather, he regarded capitalists as an important component of the "industrial class." Ryan further suggests that by the 1950s it was clear that Saint-Simon had presaged the "modern" understanding of industrial society.
3433:: the tier of society that included able-bodied persons who, instead of using their labor to benefit the social and economic orders, preferred a parasitic life of work avoidance. Saint-Simon stressed a three-pronged recognition of the merits of the individual, social hierarchy, and the wider economy, such as hierarchical, merit-based organizations of managers and scientists; those at the top of the hierarchies would be decision-makers in government. Saint-Simon strongly criticized any expansion of government intervention into the economy beyond ensuring productive working conditions and reducing idleness in society; he regarded intervention beyond these as too intrusive.
42:
3543:. In the early years of the revolution, Saint-Simon devoted himself to organizing a large industrial structure in order to found a scientific school of improvement. He needed to raise some funds to achieve his objectives, which he did by land speculation. This was only possible in the first few years of the revolution because of the growing instability of the political situation in France, which prevented him from continuing his financial activities and indeed put his life at risk. Saint-Simon and
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into the economy to prevent disruption of productive work. He emphasized more emphatically than Smith that state administration of the economy was generally parasitic and hostile to the needs of production. Like Adam Smith, Saint-Simon's model of society emulated the scientific methods of astronomy, and said "The astronomers only accepted those facts which were verified by observation; they chose the system which linked them best, and since that time, they have never led science astray.".
3723:("Industry"). The Declaration was about the principles of an ideology called industrialism that called for the creation of an industrial society led by people within what he defined as the industrial class. The industrial class, also referred to as the working class, was defined as including all people engaged in productive work that contributed to society, emphasizing scientists and industrialists, but including engineers, businesspeople, managers, bankers, manual workers, and others.
3555:, stripping its roof of metal, and selling the metal for scrap. Saint-Simon was imprisoned on suspicion of engaging in counter-revolutionary activities. He was released in 1794 at the end of the Terror. After he recovered his freedom, Saint-Simon found himself immensely rich due to currency depreciation, but his fortune was subsequently stolen by his business partner. Thenceforth he decided to devote himself to political studies and research. After the establishment of the
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In the
Declaration, Saint-Simon strongly criticized any expansion of government intervention into the economy beyond these two principal economic roles, saying that when the government goes beyond these roles, it becomes a "tyrannical enemy of industry" and that the industrial economy will decline as
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Saint-Simon said the primary threat to the needs of the industrial class was another class he referred to as the idling class, which included able people who preferred to be parasitic and benefit from the work of others while seeking to avoid doing work. He saw the origins of this parasitic activity
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whom Saint-Simon deeply admired, and referred to him in praise as "the immortal Adam Smith". He shared with Smith the belief that taxes needed to be much reduced from what they were then in order to have a more just industrial system. Saint-Simon desired the minimization of government intervention
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forms of
Christianity. Saint-Simon posited a comprehensive formula for a "new Christianity": "The whole of society ought to strive towards the amelioration of the moral and physical existence of the poorest class; society ought to organize itself in the way best adapted for attaining this end."
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regards certain followers of Saint-Simon, rather than Saint-Simon himself, as being responsible for the rise of utopian socialism that based itself upon Saint-Simon's ideas. Ryan also distinguishes between Saint-Simon's conceptions and
Marxism's, as Saint-Simon did not promote independent
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A few years into his writing career, Saint-Simon found himself ruined and was forced to work for a living. After a few attempts to recover his money from his former partner, he received financial support from Diard, a former employee, and was able to publish in 1807 his second book,
3621:. Diard died in 1810 and Saint-Simon found himself poor again, and this time also in poor health. He was sent to a sanatorium in 1813, but with financial help from relatives, he had time to recover his health and gain some intellectual recognition in Europe. In February 1821
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Hasan, Samiul; Crocker, Ruth; Rousseliere, Damien; Dumont, Georgette; Hale, Sharilyn; Srinivas, Hari; Hamilton, Mark; Kumar, Sunil; Maclean, Charles (2010), "Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de
Rouvroy (Comte de)", in Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (eds.),
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Hasan, Samiul; Crocker, Ruth; Rousseliere, Damien; Dumont, Georgette; Hale, Sharilyn; Srinivas, Hari; Hamilton, Mark; Kumar, Sunil; Maclean, Charles (2010), "Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de
Rouvroy (Comte de)", in Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (eds.),
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alone, Saint-Simon's late-18th-century conception of this class included all people engaged in productive work that contributed to society, such as businesspeople, managers, scientists, bankers, and manual labourers, amongst others.
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by idlers in what he regarded as the natural laziness of humanity. He believed the principal economic roles of government were to ensure that productive activity in the economy is unhindered and to reduce idleness in society.
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who also introduced
Monsignor Benson to the writings of Saint-Simon. According to Fr. Martindale, as Benson read Saint-Simon's writings, "A vision of a dechristianised civilisation, sprung from the wrecking of the french
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of merit in society and in the economy, such as society having hierarchical merit-based organizations of managers and scientists to be the decision-makers in government. His views were radical for his time. He built on
3918:, which was established by the Pereire brothers who had been members of the Saint-Simonian movement. It has also been noted that Saint-Simonian ideas exerted a significant influence on new religious movements such as
3500:
From his youth, Saint-Simon was highly ambitious. He ordered his valet to wake him every morning with, "Remember, monsieur le comte, that you have great things to do." Among his early schemes was one to connect the
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was a sympathiser of the Saint-Simonian movement who developed Saint-Simonian notions practically and involved himself in the development of the French economy, founding a number of leading concerns including the
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When he was nearly 40 he went through a varied course of study and experiment to enlarge and clarify his view of things. One of these experiments was an unhappy marriage in 1801 to
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identified Saint-Simon as an inspiration for their ideas and classified him among the utopian socialists. Saint-Simon's views also influenced 20th-century sociologist and economist
3528:. Saint-Simon was captured and imprisoned by British forces during the end of his service, and upon his release, returned to France to study engineering and hydraulics at the
3887:, declared himself "chosen by God", and began predicting that a "female Messiah" would soon save humanity. Enfantin would go on to organize an expedition of the disciples to
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3421:, needed to be recognized and fulfilled to have an effective society and an efficient economy. Unlike conceptions within industrializing societies of a working class being
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3758:, becoming convinced that science was the key to progress and that it would be possible to develop a society based on objective scientific principles. He claimed that
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in 1794, a school established to train young men in the arts of sciences and industry and funded by the state, Saint-Simon became involved with the new school.
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3586:. After a year, the marriage was dissolved by mutual consent. The result of his experiments was that he found himself completely impoverished, and lived in
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3850:. Following Saint-Simon's death in 1825, his followers began to differ as to how to promulgate his ideas. The most acclaimed disciple of Saint-Simon was
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On March 9, 1823, disappointed by the lack of results of his writing (he had hoped they would guide society towards social improvement), he attempted
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Political
Economy from Below: Economic Thought in Communitarian Anarchism 1840–1914: Economic Thought in Communitarian Anarchism, 1840–1914
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3879:. However, Bazard left the group as it became increasingly ritualistic and religiously minded with Enfantin founding a community at
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An edition of the works of Saint-Simon and
Enfantin was published by the survivors of the sect (47 vols., Paris, 1865–1878).
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Saint-Simon's thought exerted significant influence upon French and
European technocratic thought, the development of
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Saint-Simon created a political and economic ideology known as Saint-Simonianism that claimed that the needs of an
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Introduction aux travaux scientifiques du XIXe siècle (Introduction to scientific discoveries of the 19th century
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ideas which challenged church doctrine and the older regime with the idea of progress from industry and science
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in despair. Remarkably, he shot himself in the head six times without succeeding, losing his sight in one eye.
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a consequence of such excessive government intervention. Saint-Simon stressed the need for recognition of the
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he saw in the early United States, Saint-Simon renounced his aristocratic title and came to favor a form of
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Busky, Donald F.: "Communism in History and Theory: From Utopian Socialism to the Fall of the Soviet Union"
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3996:, arose before him and he listened to Mr. Rolfe's suggestion that he should write a book on Antichrist."
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Saint-Simon reviewed the French Revolution and regarded it as an upheaval driven by economic change and
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for the remainder of his life. The first of his numerous writings, mostly scientific and political, was
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Henri de Saint-Simon was born in Paris as a French aristocrat. His grandfather's cousin had been the
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Koslowski, Stefan (2017). "Lorenz von Stein as a disciple of Saint-Simon and the French Utopians".
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Revolution and the Republic: A History of Political Thought in France Since the Eighteenth Century.
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Around 1814 he wrote the essay "On Reconstruction of the European Community" and sent it to the
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Henri de Saint Simon, 1760–1825: Selected writings on science, industry and social organization
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to its simple and essential elements. He does this by clearing it of what he thought to be the
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Saint-Simon's conceptual recognition of the merits of broad socioeconomic contribution and
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theorist and businessman whose thought had a substantial influence on politics, economics,
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3647:, (then only a teenager), Saint-Simon projected a society bypassing the changes of the
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Saint-Simon believed the primary threat to the needs of the industrial class was the
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3659:(1825), Saint-Simon reverted to more traditional ideas of renewing society through
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Revista europea de historia de las ideas políticas y de las instituciones públicas
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Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences: The Nineteenth Century, 1800–1914
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4713:"A 'priesthood of knowledge': The international thought of Henri de Saint-Simon"
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Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism: A Chapter in the History of Socialism in France
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3636:. He proposed a European kingdom, building on France and the United Kingdom.
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Henri de Saint-Simon, portrait from the first quarter of the 19th century by
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oceans by a canal, and another to construct a canal from Madrid to the sea.
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136:
4969:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–47.
4889:, first published 1840. Page 276, Broché edition (2003) from La Découverte.
4998:
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2020:
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5126:
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5021:
4863:
Saint-Simonians in Nineteenth-Century France: From Free Love to Algeria
4153:
Saint-Simonians in Nineteenth-Century France: From Free Love to Algeria
3762:
in France and elsewhere needed to be dissolved and transformed into an
3687:
3461:
2367:
1973:
1907:
1207:
686:
666:
4712:
3875:. Initially both men were supposed to be co-leaders naming themselves
3613:), demonstrate his faith in science as a means to regenerate society.
5627:
5428:
5216:
5191:
5181:
5151:
5136:
3748:
3587:
2037:
1212:
4280:. New York, US: Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc, 1975. pp. 158–161.
3930:
considered the Saint-Simonians to be the "patriarchs of socialism."
3834:, as well as major industrial and financial projects including the
5657:
5146:
5081:
4945:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
4194:
4192:
3892:
3810:
3673:
3566:
3539:
in 1789, Saint-Simon quickly endorsed the revolutionary ideals of
1024:
74:
4686:. Toronto, Canada: Canadian Scholars Press, Inc, 1998. pp. 80–81.
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4178:
Jean-René Suratteau, "Restif (de la Bretonne) Nicolas Edme", in:
3766:. As such, he invented the conception of the industrial society.
5652:
5076:
4359:
Manuel, Frank E.: "The Prophets of Paris", Harper & Row 1962
457:
5025:
5221:
5116:
4673:. Toronto, Canada: Canadian Scholars Press, Inc, 1998. p. 80.
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
3607:
Mémoire sur la science de l'homme (Notes on the study of man)
3440:
valorization of scientific knowledge inspired and influenced
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
7030:
French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
3639:
For his last decade, Saint-Simon concentrated on themes of
4684:
Early Modern Social Theory: Selected Interpretive Readings
4671:
Early Modern Social Theory: Selected Interpretive Readings
3953:
identified Saint-Simon as being among whom he called the "
3769:
Saint-Simon's economic views and ideas were influenced by
3719:
called the "Declaration of Principles" in his work titled
4210:
4208:
3871:
as the official organ for their revolutionary fraternity
4306:
4186:, Paris, PUF, 1989, 2nd ed. Quadrige, 2005, pp. 897–898.
3406:. He was a younger relative of the famous memoirist the
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
3480:
that has included prominent economists as adherents.
3619:
Introduction aux travaux scientifiques du XIX siècle
6749:
6518:
6166:
5899:
5779:
5698:
5610:
5601:
5467:
5301:
5230:
5059:
4009:
Lettres d'un habitant de Genève à ses contemporains
3947:, anticipated Saint-Simon's ideas by a generation.
3848:
Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée
2666:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
158:
146:
128:
118:
108:
85:
56:
32:
4814:Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal
4778:
4776:
4752:Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal
4591:Auguste Comte: Volume 1: An Intellectual Biography
4490:Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal
4375:Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal
4184:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française
4004:Saint-Simon wrote various accounts of his views:
3601:Saint-Simon's earliest publications, such as his
3381:(17 October 1760 – 19 May 1825), better known as
4524:(in French). Presses Universitaires de France.
3910:Company, founded by Saint-Simonian sympathiser
3883:where he decried marriage as tyranny, promoted
3657:Le Nouveau Christianisme (The New Christianity)
4957:Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de
4165:John Powell, Derek W. Blakeley, Tessa Powell.
3813:and other defects that had come to define the
5037:
4665:
4663:
4661:
3793:, Saint-Simon had not concerned himself with
3379:Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon
3359:
2691:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
2661:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
1677:
164:The industrial class/idling class distinction
61:Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon
8:
5543:
4920:. page 65. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
4202:Cambridge University Press, 2004. pp. 77–80.
3609:(1813), (the latter of which is a eulogy to
3520:between 1779 and 1783, and took part in the
5479:
4902:. Routledge, 1930 (original), 2010. p. 113.
4594:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
4452:International Encyclopedia of Civil Society
4406:International Encyclopedia of Civil Society
4169:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. p. 267.
4134:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Thought.
27:French early socialist theorist (1760–1825)
5607:
5044:
5030:
5022:
5007:Henri de Saint-Simon: The Great Synthesist
4618:Fifty Thinkers Who Shaped the Modern World
4521:Œuvres complètes de Saint-Simon: 4 volumes
4439:, Princeton University Press, 2002, p. 109
3895:, where he influenced the creation of the
3805:; his object in the treatise is to reduce
3366:
3352:
1695:
1684:
1670:
173:
40:
29:
4914:The Life of Monsignor Robert Hugh Benson,
4482:
4480:
4478:
4367:
4365:
4146:
4144:
4142:
3698:He died on 19 May 1825 and was buried in
3666:. He died shortly after its publication.
2696:International Federation of Liberal Youth
4698:Nouveau christianisme (New Christianity)
3394:), was a French political, economic and
6627:Reflections on the Revolution in France
4900:An Economic History of Europe 1760–1930
4248:Veblen's Century: A Collective Portrait
4098:
2676:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
1707:
185:
4999:The French Faust: Henri de Saint-Simon
4786:Faust: My Soul be Damned for the World
4325:The Political Economy of Communication
4116:Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 347.
3987:, from his friend and literary mentor
3580:Alexandrine-Sophie Goury de Champgrand
3933:French feminist and socialist writer
3747:Heavily influenced by the absence of
3582:, undertaken so that he might have a
3389:
1453:International socialist organizations
401:To each according to his contribution
7:
4866:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 1.
4860:Pamela M. Pilbeam (2 January 2014).
4646:Socialism: A Very Short Introduction
3944:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
6737:The End of History and the Last Man
6647:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
4454:, Springer US, pp. 1341–1342,
4408:, Springer US, pp. 1341–1342,
3417:, which he also referred to as the
2716:Liberal South East European Network
5002:, 1955 biography by Mathurin Dondo
4136:Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2005. p. 136.
25:
6995:French philosophers of technology
6980:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
4518:Saint-Simon, Henri (2012-11-14).
3476:, including Veblen's creation of
2706:Liberal Network for Latin America
2139:(contributions to liberal theory)
7020:19th-century French philosophers
6707:The Open Society and Its Enemies
4981:"Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism"
4938:
4615:Trombley, Stephen (2012-11-01).
3789:Prior to the publication of the
3715:In 1817 Saint-Simon published a
3541:liberty, equality and fraternity
3333:
3321:
1715:
1651:
1639:
1622:
193:
6945:People of the French Revolution
5514:Family as a model for the state
4717:International Studies Quarterly
4083:Society of the Friends of Truth
3592:Lettres d'un habitant de Genève
157:
7000:French philosophers of science
6950:European democratic socialists
6864:Separation of church and state
6762:Collectivism and individualism
6717:The Origins of Totalitarianism
4588:Pickering, Mary (2006-04-20).
4549:. Århus: Systime. p. 11.
4200:John Stuart Mill: A Biography.
3973:got the idea of his dystopian
2080:Separation of church and state
1:
6990:French political philosophers
6904:Category:Political philosophy
6777:Critique of political economy
4460:10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_811
4414:10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_811
4314:. Book II. 2012. pp. 647–651.
3832:technocratic internationalism
3655:. In his last work however,
3524:under the command of General
286:Critique of political economy
6802:Institutional discrimination
6797:History of political thought
5529:Negative and positive rights
5017:, 1825, Henri de Saint-Simon
4817:. Alfred A. Knopf. pp.
4789:. AuthorHouse. p. 625.
3801:, Saint-Simon presupposes a
3547:planned to profiteer during
1556:Socialist calculation debate
1526:List of socialist economists
1501:Economic calculation problem
386:Socialist mode of production
243:Socialist calculation debate
7010:19th-century French writers
6960:French Christian socialists
6812:Justification for the state
6597:Two Treatises of Government
4755:. Alfred A. Knopf. p.
4648:, Oxford University Press,
4493:. Alfred A. Knopf. p.
4378:. Alfred A. Knopf. p.
4151:Pilbeam, Pamela M. (2014).
3859:Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin
3625:appeared, and in 1823–1824
46:Posthumous portrait (1848);
7051:
5482:Bellum omnium contra omnes
4811:Karabell, Zachary (2003).
4783:E. A. Bucchianeri (2008).
4749:Karabell, Zachary (2003).
4487:Karabell, Zachary (2003).
4372:Karabell, Zachary (2003).
4218:. Routledge, 2013. p. 342.
4041:Catéchisme des industriels
3627:Catéchisme des industriels
716:
7015:19th-century male writers
6899:
4911:Martindale, C.C. (1916).
4545:Dosenrode, Søren (1998).
3937:(1803–1844) claimed that
3700:Le Père Lachaise Cemetery
3303:Sexually liberal feminism
3210:Bias in American academia
2681:European Democratic Party
2137:List of liberal theorists
1551:Socialism and LGBT rights
495:Socialist-oriented market
443:Socialist planned economy
346:Material balance planning
168:
104:
39:
7005:Philosophers of religion
6687:The Revolt of the Masses
4437:Freedom and Its Betrayal
4276:Keith Taylor (ed, tr.).
4246:Horowitz, Irving Louis,
3865:purchased the newspaper
3535:At the beginning of the
3391:[ɑ̃ʁidəsɛ̃simɔ̃]
1962:Labor theory of property
490:Socialist market economy
415:Workers' self-management
381:Socialism in one country
228:Age of the Enlightenment
6667:The Communist Manifesto
5593:Tyranny of the majority
5504:Consent of the governed
4966:Encyclopædia Britannica
4887:Promenades dans Londres
3981:, published in 1908 as
3733:merit of the individual
3678:Saint-Simon's grave in
3563:Life as a working adult
3553:Cathedral of Notre-Dame
3478:institutional economics
2671:Arab Liberal Federation
1861:Consent of the governed
1491:Criticism of capitalism
502:Participatory economics
336:Labour-time calculation
113:19th-century philosophy
50:Adélaïde Labille-Guiard
5544:
5494:Clash of civilizations
5480:
4155:. Springer. p. 5.
3683:
3680:Père Lachaise Cemetery
3575:
3458:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
3456:(through its founder,
2686:European Liberal Youth
2656:Africa Liberal Network
1881:Economic globalization
1496:Criticism of socialism
448:Decentralized planning
351:Peer‑to‑peer economics
5509:Divine right of kings
4984:Catholic Encyclopedia
4711:Eijking, Jan (2022).
4547:Danske EUropavisioner
4047:Nouveau Christianisme
4035:Du système industriel
3799:Nouveau Christianisme
3791:Nouveau Christianisme
3677:
3623:Du système industriel
3570:
3404:philosophy of science
3328:Liberalism portal
3200:Anti-authoritarianism
2701:Liberal International
7035:Socialist economists
6657:Democracy in America
6036:political philosophy
6019:political philosophy
5834:political philosophy
5663:political philosophy
5573:Separation of powers
5534:Night-watchman state
5519:Monopoly on violence
5053:Political philosophy
4993:by Arthur John Booth
4696:Saint-Simon (1825).
4682:Murray E. G. Smith.
4669:Murray E. G. Smith.
4327:. SAGE, 2009. p. 53.
3967:Fr. Cyril Martindale
3957:", though historian
3912:Ferdinand de Lesseps
3873:Friends of the Truth
3518:Marquis de Lafayette
3383:Henri de Saint-Simon
2132:Age of Enlightenment
2085:Separation of powers
1646:Communism portal
1629:Socialism portal
321:Industrial democracy
271:Collective ownership
153:Political philosophy
34:Henri de Saint-Simon
6970:French male writers
6955:Free love advocates
6847:Right-wing politics
6727:A Theory of Justice
6697:The Road to Serfdom
6617:The Social Contract
5324:Christian democracy
4729:10.1093/isq/sqab089
3939:Mary Wollstonecraft
3557:Ecole Polytechnique
3514:American Revolution
3495:Duke of Saint-Simon
3448:political theorist
3340:Politics portal
2043:Civil and political
2016:Popular sovereignty
1876:Economic liberalism
1531:Market abolitionism
1516:Left-libertarianism
453:Inclusive Democracy
420:Workplace democracy
266:Calculation in kind
248:Socialist economics
238:Revolutions of 1848
6975:Writers from Paris
6965:Utopian socialists
6859:Political violence
6854:Political theology
6837:Left-wing politics
6832:Political spectrum
4927:General references
4621:. Atlantic Books.
4198:Nicholas Capaldi.
3971:Robert Hugh Benson
3955:utopian socialists
3903:Gustave d'Eichthal
3764:industrial society
3702:in Paris, France.
3684:
3634:Congress of Vienna
3576:
3573:Godefroy Engelmann
3408:Duc de Saint-Simon
2011:Permissive society
1991:Limited government
1536:Marxist philosophy
356:Production for use
326:Input–output model
291:Economic democracy
123:Western philosophy
6912:
6911:
6822:Philosophy of law
6767:Conflict theories
6607:The Spirit of Law
6514:
6513:
5563:Original position
4873:978-1-137-31396-6
4796:978-1-4343-9061-5
4628:978-1-78239-038-1
4601:978-0-521-02574-4
4531:978-2-13-062090-7
4112:Jeremy Jennings.
4088:Utopian socialism
4063:French Revolution
3984:Lord of the World
3926:since the 1850s.
3735:and the need for
3649:French Revolution
3641:political economy
3537:French Revolution
3530:Ecole de Mézières
3526:George Washington
3522:siege of Yorktown
3442:utopian socialism
3438:Enlightenment-era
3376:
3375:
3215:Bias in the media
2731:Regional variants
2048:Natural and legal
1694:
1693:
1486:Communist society
1458:Socialist parties
717:Saint-Simonianism
306:Equal opportunity
296:Economic planning
233:French Revolution
172:
171:
141:Utopian socialism
134:Saint-Simonianism
16:(Redirected from
7042:
6827:Political ethics
6817:Machiavellianism
6757:Authoritarianism
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5475:Balance of power
5449:Social democracy
5444:Social Darwinism
5419:Multiculturalism
5364:Environmentalism
5339:Communitarianism
5046:
5039:
5032:
5023:
5015:New Christianity
5009:by Caspar Hewett
4970:
4951:Kirkup, Thomas;
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4700:. Paris, France.
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4132:Gregory Claeys.
4130:
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3977:novel about the
3643:. Together with
3474:Thorstein Veblen
3470:Friedrich Engels
3450:John Stuart Mill
3415:industrial class
3393:
3388:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3338:
3337:
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3244:Economic freedom
3237:Radical centrism
2075:Secular humanism
2001:Natural monopoly
1952:Internationalism
1769:Internationalist
1719:
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1658:Organized Labour
1656:
1655:
1644:
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1571:Workers' council
1208:Gracchi Brothers
732:Social democracy
475:Market socialism
463:Project Cybersyn
391:Soviet democracy
376:Social ownership
331:Internationalism
311:Free association
281:Common ownership
197:
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7041:
7040:
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6925:Saint-Simonists
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6884:Totalitarianism
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6557:Treatise on Law
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5781:
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5694:
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5583:State of nature
5578:Social contract
5558:Ordered liberty
5546:Noblesse oblige
5463:
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4953:Shotwell, James
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4898:Arthur Bernie.
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3989:Frederick Rolfe
3975:science fiction
3916:Crédit Mobilier
3914:, and the bank
3877:Supreme Fathers
3844:Crédit Mobilier
3828:
3787:
3785:Religious views
3713:
3708:
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3670:Suicide attempt
3605:(1803) and his
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2711:Liberal parties
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2100:Social services
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2053:To own property
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1561:Socialist Party
1506:Economic system
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6907:
6906:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6874:Social justice
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6782:Egalitarianism
6779:
6774:
6772:Contractualism
6769:
6764:
6759:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6733:
6723:
6713:
6703:
6693:
6683:
6673:
6663:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6603:
6593:
6583:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6543:
6533:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
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6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
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6253:
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6233:
6228:
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6208:
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6198:
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6178:
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6120:
6115:
6110:
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6011:
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5897:
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5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5776:
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5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5693:
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5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
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5645:
5640:
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5614:
5612:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5568:Overton window
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5477:
5471:
5469:
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5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5399:Libertarianism
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5305:
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5299:
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5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
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5234:
5232:
5228:
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5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
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5189:
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5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
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5149:
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5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
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5089:
5084:
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5069:
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5061:
5057:
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5049:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5011:
5003:
4995:
4987:
4976:
4975:External links
4973:
4972:
4971:
4961:Chisholm, Hugh
4934:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4904:
4891:
4879:
4872:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4827:
4802:
4795:
4772:
4765:
4741:
4703:
4688:
4675:
4657:
4634:
4627:
4607:
4600:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4555:
4537:
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4510:
4503:
4474:
4468:
4441:
4428:
4422:
4395:
4388:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4340:. 15 May 2023.
4329:
4316:
4282:
4252:
4250:(2002), p. 142
4239:
4220:
4204:
4188:
4171:
4158:
4138:
4118:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
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4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4028:L'Organisateur
4024:
4018:
4012:
4001:
3998:
3891:, and then to
3889:Constantinople
3840:Channel Tunnel
3827:
3824:
3786:
3783:
3779:class conflict
3760:feudal society
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3695:
3692:
3671:
3668:
3664:brotherly love
3584:literary salon
3564:
3561:
3551:by buying the
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3330:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:Utilitarianism
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3281:Libertarianism
3278:
3276:Land value tax
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Egalitarianism
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:Anti-communism
3202:
3196:
3194:Related topics
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3148:Arizona School
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3116:United Kingdom
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
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3028:
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3016:
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3001:
2996:
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2986:
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2678:
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2652:
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2647:
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2639:
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2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
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2508:
2503:
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2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Wollstonecraft
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2095:Social justice
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Market economy
1993:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1957:Invisible hand
1954:
1949:
1947:Harm principle
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1878:
1873:
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1863:
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1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Libertarianism
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:Related topics
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
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1365:
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1210:
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1187:
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1127:
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1107:
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1097:
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1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
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764:
759:
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749:
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739:
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729:
724:
719:
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709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
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674:
669:
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659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
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594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
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524:
518:
513:
512:
509:
508:
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504:
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487:
482:
472:
471:
470:
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460:
455:
450:
440:
434:
431:
430:
427:
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423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
341:Labour voucher
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
262:
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258:
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224:
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220:
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216:
214:
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208:
202:
199:
198:
190:
189:
183:
182:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
148:Main interests
147:
144:
143:
132:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
95:
93:(aged 64)
87:
83:
82:
73:
60:
58:
54:
53:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7047:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
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6958:
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6920:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:Jurisprudence
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6748:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6718:
6714:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6639:
6638:
6637:Rights of Man
6634:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6604:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6589:
6588:
6584:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6549:
6548:
6547:De re publica
6544:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:20th and 21st
6165:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5900:18th and 19th
5898:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:Nizam al-Mulk
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
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5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
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5537:
5535:
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5525:
5522:
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5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5439:Republicanism
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
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5370:
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5360:
5357:
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5337:
5335:
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5320:
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5310:
5307:
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5300:
5294:
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5281:
5279:
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5274:
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5266:
5264:
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5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
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5135:
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5118:
5115:
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5110:
5108:
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5098:
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5093:
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5083:
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5065:
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5058:
5054:
5047:
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5035:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4947:public domain
4936:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4856:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4841:Leopold, 1998
4838:
4835:
4830:
4828:0-375-40883-5
4824:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4806:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4766:0-375-40883-5
4762:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4745:
4742:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4654:0-19-280431-6
4651:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4584:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4556:87-7783-959-5
4552:
4548:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4504:0-375-40883-5
4500:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4469:9780387939940
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4423:9780387939940
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4389:0-375-40883-5
4385:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:Rob Knowles.
4211:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4180:Albert Soboul
4175:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3994:Ancien régime
3990:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3965:According to
3963:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3935:Flora Tristan
3931:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3852:Auguste Comte
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3803:belief in God
3800:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3742:Enlightenment
3738:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3711:Industrialism
3710:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3645:Auguste Comte
3642:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3598:as a saint.
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3419:working class
3416:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:Individualism
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:United States
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Latin America
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2648:Organizations
2645:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
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2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
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2437:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
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2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
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2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
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2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2105:Welfare state
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1968:Laissez-faire
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Related lists
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:Progressivism
1544:
1542:
1541:Nanosocialism
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:Organizations
1442:
1441:
1434:
1433:Ocasio-Cortez
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
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890:Chernyshevsky
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774:Intellectuals
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707:Revolutionary
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642:Laissez-faire
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547:Authoritarian
545:
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396:Strike action
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301:Equal liberty
299:
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160:Notable ideas
154:
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107:
103:
99:
88:
84:
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76:
59:
55:
51:
43:
38:
31:
19:
6985:Utilitarians
6888:
6787:Elite theory
6735:
6725:
6715:
6705:
6695:
6685:
6675:
6665:
6655:
6645:
6635:
6625:
6615:
6605:
6595:
6585:
6575:
6565:
6555:
6545:
6535:
6525:
6112:
5824:Guicciardini
5780:Early modern
5603:Philosophers
5553:Open society
5489:Body politic
5359:Distributism
5349:Conservatism
5344:Confucianism
5263:Gerontocracy
5253:Dictatorship
5207:Sovereignty
5197:Ruling class
5087:Emancipation
5072:Citizenship
5014:
5006:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4964:
4913:
4907:
4899:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4862:
4855:
4850:Strube, 2016
4846:
4837:
4813:
4805:
4785:
4751:
4744:
4732:. Retrieved
4720:
4716:
4706:
4697:
4691:
4683:
4678:
4670:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4617:
4610:
4590:
4583:
4578:Hewett, 2008
4574:
4569:Goyau (1912)
4565:
4546:
4540:
4520:
4513:
4489:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4431:
4405:
4398:
4374:
4355:
4346:
4338:"Britannica"
4332:
4324:
4319:
4311:
4277:
4247:
4242:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4215:
4199:
4183:
4174:
4166:
4161:
4152:
4133:
4113:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4026:
4021:Le Politique
4020:
4014:
4008:
4003:
3982:
3964:
3949:
3942:
3941:, author of
3932:
3920:Spiritualism
3901:
3881:Ménilmontant
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:Amand Bazard
3856:
3829:
3807:Christianity
3798:
3790:
3788:
3776:
3768:
3746:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3697:
3685:
3656:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3596:Isaac Newton
3591:
3577:
3534:
3511:
3499:
3492:
3435:
3431:idling class
3430:
3428:
3414:
3412:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3298:Pirate Party
3158:Jeffersonian
3066:South Africa
2556:Lloyd George
2151:Philosophers
2058:To bear arms
2006:Open society
1966:
1737:Conservative
794:
602:Evolutionary
522:21st-century
316:Freed market
91:(1825-05-19)
6935:1825 deaths
6930:1760 births
6661:(1835–1840)
6541:(c. 350 BC)
6531:(c. 375 BC)
6148:Tocqueville
6113:Saint-Simon
6078:Montesquieu
5929:Bolingbroke
5861:Machiavelli
5741:Ibn Khaldun
5706:Alpharabius
5699:Middle Ages
5524:Natural law
5499:Common good
5424:Nationalism
5384:Imperialism
5354:Corporatism
5329:Colonialism
5309:Agrarianism
5288:Technocracy
5268:Meritocracy
5248:Bureaucracy
5238:Aristocracy
4932:Attribution
4312:On Politics
4310:Alan Ryan.
4068:Meritocracy
4043:(1823–1824)
4031:(1819–1820)
4017:(1816–1817)
4015:L'Industrie
3756:meritocracy
3721:L'Industrie
3512:During the
3489:Early years
3126:Gladstonian
3086:Switzerland
3071:South Korea
3014:Philippines
2974:New Zealand
2969:Netherlands
2626:Verhofstadt
2621:Balcerowicz
2430:Politicians
2358:Collingwood
2298:Tocqueville
2173:Montesquieu
2065:Rule of law
1866:Due process
1633:WikiProject
1511:French Left
1303:Spiridonova
1202:Politicians
1115:Castoriadis
795:Saint-Simon
747:Third World
742:Syndicalism
677:Nationalist
652:Libertarian
617:Free-market
480:Lange model
468:Soviet-type
438:Communalism
410:Vanguardism
366:Spontaneism
276:Cooperative
222:Development
89:19 May 1825
6919:Categories
6869:Separatism
6677:On Liberty
6577:The Prince
6306:Huntington
5809:Campanella
5736:al-Ghazali
5685:Thucydides
5643:Lactantius
5588:Statolatry
5414:Monarchism
5394:Liberalism
5319:Capitalism
5302:Ideologies
5283:Plutocracy
5231:Government
5187:Revolution
5172:Propaganda
5122:Legitimacy
5097:Government
4073:Positivism
3979:Antichrist
3908:Suez Canal
3897:Suez Canal
3846:, and the
3836:Suez Canal
3819:Protestant
3771:Adam Smith
3549:the Terror
3545:Talleyrand
3254:Empiricism
3225:Democratic
3220:Capitalism
3131:Manchester
2964:Montenegro
2949:Luxembourg
2885:Venizelism
2815:Costa Rica
2070:Secularism
1903:Federalism
1855:Principles
1747:Democratic
1709:Liberalism
1604:Socialists
1599:By country
1481:Capitalism
1363:Mitterrand
1328:Gerhardsen
1273:Liebknecht
1258:Markievicz
1185:Varoufakis
1135:Fotopoulos
805:Saint-Just
800:Buonarroti
785:Campanella
722:Scientific
657:Marhaenism
612:Fourierism
597:Ecological
577:Democratic
67:1760-10-17
6587:Leviathan
6567:Monarchia
6561:(c. 1274)
6396:Oakeshott
6341:Mansfield
6336:Luxemburg
6321:Kropotkin
6216:Bernstein
6169:centuries
6083:Nietzsche
6026:Jefferson
5954:Condorcet
5902:centuries
5881:Pufendorf
5746:Marsilius
5633:Confucius
5618:Aristotle
5611:Antiquity
5539:Noble lie
5459:Third Way
5454:Socialism
5379:Feudalism
5334:Communism
5314:Anarchism
5293:Theocracy
5278:Oligarchy
5258:Democracy
5243:Autocracy
5157:Pluralism
5142:Obedience
5107:Hierarchy
5067:Authority
4955:(1911). "
4819:28, 31–37
4644:. (2005)
4094:Citations
4078:Scientism
3959:Alan Ryan
3951:Karl Marx
3928:Karl Marx
3924:Occultism
3885:free love
3826:Influence
3752:privilege
3737:hierarchy
3717:manifesto
3661:Christian
3653:theocracy
3484:Biography
3466:Karl Marx
3454:anarchism
3400:sociology
3396:socialist
3269:Anarchist
3177:Venezuela
3153:Classical
3121:Cobdenism
3024:Cracovian
2979:Nicaragua
2944:Lithuania
2803:Hong Kong
2758:Australia
2596:Roosevelt
2566:Ståhlberg
2561:Venizelos
2516:Sarmiento
2506:Gladstone
2466:Lamartine
2436:Jefferson
2288:Martineau
2238:De Gouges
2223:Condorcet
2208:Priestley
1871:Democracy
1843:Third Way
1804:Christian
1799:Religious
1732:Classical
1476:Anarchism
1398:Gorbachev
1248:Malatesta
1243:Bernstein
1020:Pankhurst
1000:Pannekoek
990:Luxemburg
945:Plekhanov
920:Carpenter
915:Kropotkin
712:Ricardian
702:Religious
697:Reformism
682:Nkrumaism
672:Municipal
572:Communism
567:Christian
552:Blanquism
542:Anarchism
485:Mutualism
187:Socialism
137:Socialism
6940:Jacobins
6842:Centrism
6537:Politics
6527:Republic
6496:Voegelin
6476:Spengler
6461:Shariati
6436:Rothbard
6391:Nussbaum
6291:Habermas
6266:Fukuyama
6256:Foucault
6181:Ambedkar
6158:Voltaire
6128:de Staël
6103:Rousseau
5984:Franklin
5959:Constant
5919:Beccaria
5751:Muhammad
5731:Gelasius
5716:Averroes
5690:Xenophon
5670:Polybius
5623:Chanakya
5468:Concepts
5434:Populism
5404:Localism
5389:Islamism
5374:Feminism
5273:Monarchy
5177:Property
5167:Progress
5132:Monopoly
5102:Hegemony
4057:See also
3868:Le Globe
3857:In 1831
3815:Catholic
3795:theology
3611:Napoleon
3505:and the
3503:Atlantic
3402:and the
3259:Humanism
3232:Centrism
3182:Zimbabwe
3136:Whiggism
3096:Thailand
3061:Slovenia
3056:Slovakia
3031:Portugal
3004:Paraguay
2927:Liberism
2892:Honduras
2810:Colombia
2783:Bulgaria
2576:Rathenau
2551:Milyukov
2471:Macaulay
2441:Kołłątaj
2413:Kymlicka
2393:Friedman
2338:Cassirer
2328:Hobhouse
2263:Constant
2258:Humboldt
2218:Beccaria
2183:Rousseau
2178:Voltaire
2021:Property
1984:Positive
1979:Negative
1935:Religion
1913:Economic
1886:Equality
1809:Catholic
1779:National
1774:Muscular
1752:Feminist
1742:Cultural
1701:a series
1699:Part of
1594:Category
1333:Erlander
1293:Kerensky
1263:Connolly
1120:Thompson
1105:Bookchin
1095:Montseny
1045:Vanzetti
1010:Einstein
980:Landauer
885:Saltykov
880:Lassalle
840:Proudhon
622:Gandhian
607:Feminist
557:Buddhist
537:Agrarian
515:Variants
179:a series
177:Part of
6879:Statism
6792:Elitism
6750:Related
6551:(51 BC)
6481:Strauss
6456:Scruton
6451:Schmitt
6441:Russell
6361:Michels
6356:Maurras
6351:Marcuse
6311:Kautsky
6281:Gramsci
6276:Gentile
6246:Dworkin
6236:Du Bois
6231:Dmowski
6226:Chomsky
6221:Burnham
6206:Benoist
6176:Agamben
6143:Thoreau
6133:Stirner
6123:Spencer
6068:Mazzini
6058:Maistre
6053:Madison
6048:Le Play
5979:Fourier
5944:Carlyle
5924:Bentham
5914:Bastiat
5909:Bakunin
5886:Spinoza
5876:Müntzer
5846:Leibniz
5819:Grotius
5799:Bossuet
5766:Plethon
5711:Aquinas
5680:Sun Tzu
5648:Mencius
5638:Han Fei
5409:Marxism
5369:Fascism
5202:Society
5127:Liberty
5112:Justice
5092:Freedom
4986:article
4963:(ed.).
4949::
4734:10 June
4182:(ed.),
3688:suicide
3682:, Paris
3507:Pacific
3462:Marxism
3460:), and
3446:liberal
3387:French:
3172:Uruguay
3111:Ukraine
3101:Tunisia
3046:Senegal
3036:Romania
2984:Nigeria
2959:Moldova
2902:Iceland
2897:Hungary
2875:Germany
2870:Georgia
2860:Finland
2855:Estonia
2845:Ecuador
2840:Denmark
2835:Czechia
2820:Croatia
2773:Bolivia
2768:Belgium
2763:Austria
2753:Armenia
2748:Albania
2616:Jenkins
2611:Kennedy
2601:Pearson
2586:Einaudi
2571:Gokhale
2531:Itagaki
2526:Naoroji
2521:Mommsen
2501:Lincoln
2491:Mazzini
2476:Kossuth
2461:Broglie
2456:Bolívar
2451:Artigas
2446:Madison
2308:Spencer
2293:Emerson
2283:Bastiat
2268:Ricardo
2228:Bentham
2168:Spinoza
2125:History
2026:Private
1974:Liberty
1908:Freedom
1828:Secular
1816:Islamic
1794:Radical
1726:Schools
1428:Sánchez
1413:Sankara
1373:Mandela
1358:Kreisky
1348:Allende
1343:Senghor
1338:Douglas
1323:Durruti
1288:Trotsky
1180:Graeber
1160:Hampton
1130:Chomsky
1075:Marcuse
1060:Gramsci
1050:Bordiga
1040:Polanyi
995:Russell
985:Berkman
975:Goldman
965:Du Bois
935:Kautsky
930:Bellamy
895:Tolstoy
870:Wallace
855:Bakunin
845:Greeley
835:Blanqui
815:Fourier
762:Zionist
752:Utopian
692:Popular
687:Owenism
667:Marxism
647:Liberal
632:Islamic
592:Ethical
587:Digital
562:Chinese
527:African
211:Outline
206:History
96:Paris,
6741:(1992)
6731:(1971)
6721:(1951)
6711:(1945)
6701:(1944)
6691:(1929)
6681:(1859)
6671:(1848)
6651:(1820)
6641:(1791)
6631:(1790)
6621:(1762)
6611:(1748)
6601:(1689)
6591:(1651)
6581:(1532)
6571:(1313)
6501:Walzer
6491:Taylor
6446:Sartre
6411:Popper
6406:Pareto
6401:Ortega
6386:Nozick
6376:Mouffe
6326:Laclau
6286:Guénon
6271:Gandhi
6211:Berlin
6201:Bauman
6196:Badiou
6186:Arendt
6153:Tucker
6043:Le Bon
6004:Herder
5994:Haller
5989:Godwin
5974:Fichte
5969:Engels
5964:Cortés
5934:Bonald
5891:Suárez
5866:Milton
5856:Luther
5829:Hobbes
5814:Filmer
5804:Calvin
5789:Boétie
5782:period
5761:Ockham
5628:Cicero
5429:Nazism
5217:Utopia
5192:Rights
5182:Regime
5152:People
5137:Nation
4959:". In
4943:
4918:Vol. 2
4870:
4825:
4793:
4763:
4652:
4625:
4598:
4553:
4528:
4501:
4466:
4420:
4386:
4049:(1825)
4037:(1822)
4023:(1819)
4011:(1803)
3842:, the
3838:, the
3811:dogmas
3749:social
3588:penury
3165:Modern
3106:Turkey
3091:Taiwan
3081:Sweden
3051:Serbia
3041:Russia
3019:Poland
2999:Panama
2994:Norway
2954:Mexico
2939:Latvia
2917:Israel
2880:Greece
2865:France
2830:Cyprus
2788:Canada
2778:Brazil
2738:Europe
2636:Macron
2581:Madero
2546:Deakin
2536:Levski
2511:Cavour
2496:Juárez
2486:Cobden
2418:Badawi
2408:Nozick
2388:Berlin
2378:Popper
2353:Keynes
2348:Ortega
2313:Arnold
2273:Guizot
2233:Korais
2198:Turgot
2158:Milton
2038:Rights
2031:Public
1940:Speech
1918:Market
1891:Gender
1838:Techno
1833:Social
1821:Jewish
1757:Equity
1423:Marcos
1418:Chávez
1408:Corbyn
1383:Manley
1378:Dubček
1368:Nasser
1308:Makhno
1298:Attlee
1283:Martov
1268:Gandhi
1223:Babeuf
1213:Mazdak
1175:Hedges
1155:Öcalan
1140:Newton
1100:Sartre
1090:Guérin
1085:Orwell
1035:Korsch
1030:Lukács
1015:Keller
1005:Rocker
950:Ferrer
905:Morris
900:Michel
875:Lavrov
865:Engels
850:Herzen
825:Leroux
757:Yellow
662:Market
637:Jewish
432:Models
130:School
119:Region
98:France
79:France
48:after
6890:Index
6519:Works
6506:Weber
6471:Spann
6466:Sorel
6431:Röpke
6426:Rawls
6381:Negri
6371:Mosca
6366:Mises
6331:Lenin
6301:Hoppe
6296:Hayek
6261:Fromm
6251:Evola
6241:Dugin
6138:Taine
6118:Smith
6098:Renan
6093:Paine
6014:Iqbal
5999:Hegel
5949:Comte
5939:Burke
5851:Locke
5841:James
5794:Bodin
5726:Dante
5721:Bruni
5675:Shang
5658:Plato
5212:State
5162:Power
5147:Peace
5082:Elite
5060:Terms
4723:(1).
4000:Works
3893:Egypt
3797:. In
3706:Ideas
3694:Death
3291:Right
3076:Spain
2934:Japan
2922:Italy
2907:India
2850:Egypt
2798:China
2793:Chile
2631:Obama
2606:Ohlin
2541:Kemal
2398:Rawls
2373:Hayek
2363:Čapek
2343:Mises
2333:Croce
2323:Weber
2318:Acton
2248:Staël
2213:Paine
2203:Burke
2188:Smith
2163:Locke
1930:Press
1923:Trade
1896:Legal
1764:Green
1609:Songs
1583:Lists
1388:Palme
1238:Bebel
1228:Blanc
1190:Saito
1165:Žižek
1145:Wolff
1080:James
1065:Sacco
1055:Serge
1025:Volin
970:Gorky
960:Wells
955:Dewey
940:Wilde
925:Sorel
910:Jones
820:Cabet
790:Paine
737:State
727:Sewer
627:Guild
405:needs
260:Ideas
75:Paris
6421:Rand
6416:Qutb
6316:Kirk
6191:Aron
6108:Sade
6088:Owen
6073:Mill
6063:Marx
6031:Kant
6009:Hume
5871:More
5771:Wang
5653:Mozi
5077:Duty
4868:ISBN
4823:ISBN
4791:ISBN
4761:ISBN
4736:2023
4650:ISBN
4623:ISBN
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4551:ISBN
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4499:ISBN
4464:ISBN
4418:ISBN
4384:ISBN
3922:and
3861:and
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2303:Mill
2278:List
2193:Kant
1789:Ordo
1403:Lula
1318:Nagy
1313:Tito
1278:Blum
1253:Debs
1233:Hong
1218:Roux
1170:West
1125:Ward
1110:Zinn
860:Marx
810:Owen
780:More
532:Arab
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86:Died
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6346:Mao
5222:War
5117:Law
4725:doi
4456:doi
4410:doi
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2253:Say
1784:Neo
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1150:Ali
1070:Day
830:Sue
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