Sigfrid of Sweden - Knowledge

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Hamburg-Bremen archbishopric considered its province, pointing out once to Archbishop Adalbert that they had a distinct advantage over clergy from Bremen, in coming from a cultural background which gave them an affinity and a shared language with their prospective converts. Anglo-Scandinavians would have been among the people he had in mind, along with Christians actually of Danish, Norwegian or Swedish nationality. The general impression Adam had gained, most likely from Svein Estrithsen, was that 'among the Norwegians and Swedes, because the planting of Christianity is something new, no dioceses with fixed boundaries have so far been designated, but all of the bishops chosen by a king or the populace combine to build a church and, traveling around a region, draw as many people as they can to Christianity and govern them without rancour as long as they live'. Adam thus stresses the mobility and adaptability of the missionaries, whose leader Saint Sigfrid seems to have been, and the collaborative nature of their enterprises. He mentions no particular names of places in Sweden where bishops were installed in churches by common consent. But that is not to say that Sigfrid might not have initiated the building of churches at Uppsala and Strängnäs, which were from the beginning envisaged as at least potential cathedrals of those cities and the countryside surrounding them—or that he may not have, from the outset, envisaged the newly acquired Church properties at Husaby and in the district of Värend as headquarters for two distinct missions aimed at the two main sectors into which Götaland was divided. The question of whether the reports of bishopric-foundation in Vita Sigfridi II had a factual basis is ripe for re-examination.

410:, master of the schools of Bremen in the third and fourth quarter of the 11th century, wrote about missionary activity in Scandinavia in the context of a history of the archbishopric of Hamburg-Bremen, the Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum. Unsurprisingly, he foregrounds the missions dispatched by the archbishops of that province, who regarded themselves as the rightful heirs of St. Anskar, claiming to have been given sole responsibility for the evangelization of the Far North in papal documents of varying degrees of authenticity. According to Adam's account, the only diocese founded in the Swedish Kingdom in the first half of the 11th century was that of Skara, in Götaland, endowed by Olof Skötkonung in his later years, with Thurgot, a nominee of Archbishop Unwan of Hamburg-Bremen, as its first bishop. Not until the 1060s was there to be another attempt by an archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen to found a bishopric in Sweden, this time at Sigtuna in Svealand, and the attempt failed. The reason for this failure was, according to Adam, pagan opposition, and we need not doubt that this was one factor. But another reason could have been the favour with which 'English' missionaries, as distinct from those dispatched from Bremen, had come to be regarded by those in the population of Svealand who had by that date embraced Christianity. The evidence of runic memorial stones datable to the relevant period suggests that such people were already quite numerous. 374:, 'the southernmost district in Götaland', for his retirement, where, as a very old man, he died at Växjö. This tradition is also touched upon in the late-medieval bishop-lists of Skara, and in an Icelandic tale, also late-medieval, about a composite saga-character called Bishop 'Sigurð'. 'Sigurð' appears to be an amalgam between Sigewéard, also known as Johannes, the first of three bishops from England reported by Adam of Bremen to have been based in Trondheim, and the third such bishop, identifiable as our Saint Sigfrid. The Icelandic text adds details about Bishop 'Sigurd's demise in Värend, which might suggest access by its author to richer authentic information about Saint Sigfrid than we possess, but unfortunately, not only is 'Värend' mistaken here for the name of a town, but other narratives by the same author about Bishop 'Sigurd' - his expedition to Jerusalem, and his courageous confrontation with the pagans of Sigtuna - are too novelistic in approach to inspire the trust of cautious scholars. 414:

Götar, was, for some unexplained reason, recalled to Bremen, where he took sick and died in c. 1030. The man appointed to succeed him, Gottskalk, Abbot of Ramelsloh, declined ever to leave his north-German monastery for Sweden, and the result was a virtual vacancy-in-see at Skara. This seems to have lasted more than a quarter-century, coming to an end only with Gottskalk's death in c. 1055 and the eventual accession to the see of Bishop Adalward I in c. 1058. As bishop-elect, Adalward, formerly Dean of Bremen, first had to oust Osmund, court-bishop to Emund, king of Sweden, who was discovered behaving as if he were that country's archbishop. At first, furthermore, Osmund was successful in asserting that he had a better claim to ecclesiastical primacy in Sweden than Adalward, who had only Hamburg-Bremen's authorization for his mission, not that of Rome.

490:). The journey from one mission-field to the other, though arduous if undertaken overland, would have been tolerably easy by ship. So, possibly, Sigfrid was still based in Norway at the time of Olaf Haraldsson's defeat by Cnut of Denmark and Anund Jakob of Sweden at the battle of the Holy River (1027). But after that, Cnut's takeover of power in Norway was followed by a radical change in church leadership which would have made Sigfrid's previous position in Trondheim untenable. By c. 1030, he could look back on great successes specifically in his Swedish mission-field, which he was able to report to Archbishop Libentius when—in company with two fellow-bishops, Odinkar the Younger from Denmark and Rodolf from Norway—he made a courteous visit to Bremen at the time of Bishop Thurgot's funeral. 502:(Östra) Gerum and Agnestad. This incident is unlikely to have happened before Christianization in the vicinity of Skara had reached an advanced stage, probably in the 1020s or early 1030s. By that time, rune-specialists believe that in Västergötland, though not yet further north in the Swedish Kingdom, the older custom of erecting wayside runic memorials to the dead had largely been abandoned in favour of churchyard burials. This episode about the three village churchyards sounds like a piece of short-term deputization for an absent bishop. Following this incident, so tradition says, Sigfrid went on his way to Värend. Maybe it was remembered at Skara because it was his last action in Västergötland. 418:

this Bishop Sigfrid, though from England, was disposed to cultivate a good diplomatic relationship with the Hamburg-Bremen archbishopric. Another testimony of his courtesy in relation to the authorities in Bremen is the fact that he was on a visit there, reporting on his successes in Sweden, at the time of Thurgot's death and funeral. But plainly he was not an appointee of an archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. Nor was his protégé and apparent successor, Osmund, who, by claiming papal authorization for his assuming of an archiepiscopal role in Sweden in the mid-1050s, incurred charges of insubordination and ingratitude towards the archdiocese which had provided him with his education.

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authorization and the standing of a missionary archbishop) might have followed the example of Saints Augustine, Willibrord and Boniface in ordaining bishops for rural regions and population centres within his northern European mission-field, these reports of bishopric-foundation are not usually taken seriously. This is not only because the hagiographical context in which they are presented is easy to dismiss as a tissue of lying tales: the reports themselves appear to conflict with the account of Swedish church-history supplied by Adam of Bremen, a much earlier and seemingly more reliable authority. However, these considerations do not necessarily amount to conclusive disproof.

366:(in Västergötland, not far from Skara), and also two more estates, called Hoff and Tiurby, in the vicinity of the future city of Växjö, this time in judicial compensation for the murder of three of his nephews, who had been assisting him in his mission. These are named in the Vitae as Unaman (a priest), Sunaman (a deacon) and Vinaman (a subdeacon). It is reported that their severed heads, deliberately plunged into a lake by the murderers, were miraculously discovered, minus their bodies, by their uncle. Already, before the triple murder, Sigfrid had been instructed by an angel, in a dream, to build a church at the place called Östrabo, later to known as Växjö. 342:

pioneering missionary's correspondence has survived and, to our knowledge, none of his colleagues in the Scandinavian mission-field wrote a memoir relating his achievements. While it is well-nigh inconceivable that any important pre-Reformation mission-leader originating from England would have set about his work without papal accreditation, in the case of St. Sigfrid, there are no known records of his dealings with Rome, or with the kings, or archbishops of England. The destruction by fire in 1069 of York Minster's archives has left it impossible to reconstruct in any detail the history of the Scandinavian missions dispatched from England before that date.

474:, Sigfrid was the name of one of the four bishops transported across the North Sea from England to Norway by this nautical war-lord, probably in the autumn of 1014, following an episode when he had helped restore Æthelred II to the throne of England. It is hence likely that, in Snorri Sturluson's saga-narratives, the activities credited to the bishop 'Sigurd' in the reign of Olaf Haraldsson (Saint Olaf), reflect actual events in the Norwegian ministry of Saint Sigfrid, whereas those attributed to an identically named bishop in the saga of Olaf Tryggvason reflect the achievements of an earlier English bishop, Sigewéard, otherwise known as Johannes. 1731: 486:

that Sigfrid's appointment as the third bishop to be based in Trondheim tied him exclusively to Norway: it is credible that all along he was at liberty to make visits to his colleagues working on the other side of the Norwegian-Swedish border—given that Olaf Haraldsson is said to have encouraged the bishops whom he ferried across the North Sea to travel on to 'Svealand, Götaland, and all the islands beyond Norway.' Adam of Bremen specifically states that Bishop Sigfrid preached to both the Swedes and the Norwegians 'side by side' (

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figure of some importance or a fictional doublet of a tenth-century Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, who died in Sweden. Osmund is said to have succeeded him. In the Växjö bishop-list, Osmund is named as Sigfrid's immediate successor, but the list suffers from an evident lacuna, skipping as it does from the 'first' to the 'third' of Sigfrid's successors. It could be that, here too, the name of 'Unni'/'Unno' once appeared before that of Osmund, but was deleted by someone who thought him fictional.

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call to evangelize Sweden, resigned before enthronement, whereupon Wulfstan, Bishop of London, took his place at York. One seeks in vain for an Archbishop of York signing English royal charters in the summer of 1002. But the possibility that one had been appointed, only to disappear abroad, is certainly not capable of proof. Alternative hypotheses regarding the alleged archiepiscopal rank of Saint Sigfrid can reasonably be mooted, as they have been in the past.

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prominent among the missionaries of English origin who carried on Sigfrid's work in Svealand in the period which followed the expulsion of Bishop Osmund (most probably in 1057) and the subsequent failure in c. 1060 of Archbishop Adalbert's attempt to set up a new diocesan see at Sigtuna. As for Götaland: several of the eleventh-century bishops in the succession-list of bishops of Skara are stated to have been from England, though others were definitely not.

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an episode in which envoys are sent by a king of the Svear (or Götar) called Olavus to a King of England named 'Mildred', entreating him to send Christian missionaries to his country—a request to which Sigfrid, 'Archbishop of York', responds positively. Rather less challenging to modern sceptical attitudes are traditions that, soon after his first arrival in Sweden, Saint Sigfrid was granted land for the church by the newly baptized King Olavus at

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day's sea-journey from Trondheim), while 'Siwardus' seems identifiable with the Danish Bishop 'Sigurð', who, according to Snorri, was appointed by Cnut as court-bishop to the jarl who became his first regent in Norway, but became so unpopular for his disparagement of Olaf Haraldsson that he left Norway, whereupon Grimkel, Sigfrid's predecessor in Trondheim, was recalled from a mission in the mountains to replace him.

280:, as Anskar's successors, and on the basis of papal documents which are now considered of varying degrees of authenticity, regarded themselves as likewise charged with the evangelization of the Far North. Attempts to bring Christianity to Sweden continued sporadically through the ninth and tenth centuries with a considerable measure of success, as is attested particularly by the archaeology of Västergötland. 2410: 454:), "Anglia" being a geographical term which, for Adam of Bremen, meant the whole of the large island known to the Romans as Britannia, distinct from Ireland (Hibernia) 'to the left of it'. No information is given in any extant pre-modern text as to Sigfrid's exact place of birth within England, or about any attachment he may have had to a monastic community, English or continental. 2422: 482:

to Bremen that he looked for a bishop, rather than to England. But the death of Olof Skötkonung, soon enough followed by the recall of Thurgot, Bishop of Skara, to Bremen, altered the church-political situation in Sweden in ways which could have encouraged Sigfrid, as early as the mid-1020s, to base himself once more exclusively in his old mission field.

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England and Denmark were being ruled by two separate kings, not by one, as was the case during the ascendency of Cnut, who ultimately gained control of Norway as well as England and Denmark. The scenario evoked in the problematic opening episodes of Saint Sigfrid's Lives is thus suggestive of the situation, immediately after the

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niceties of Church discipline before his death in extreme old age. But, while it is doubtless the case that fuller accounts of the life of St Sigfrid were in circulation in the pre-Reformation era than now, a warning has already been given against trusting the reportage of this particular Icelandic author.

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The issue of the conflict of ecclesiastical interests between Hamburg-Bremen and England with regard to Sweden, which the success of Saint Sigfrid's had precipitated, was not finally settled until the twelfth century, when new archbishoprics were established within Scandinavia itself, successively at

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It is implied, later in the bishop-list, that Sigfrid never actually 'sat' as bishop at Skara. Not until a somewhat later stage in the 'vacancy in see' crisis did Bishop Osmund, presumably Sigfrid's protégé, venture to do this, after being granted a residence on former common-land adjacent to that of

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In the late-medieval bishop-lists of Skara, 'Saint' Sigfrid 'from England', is commemorated as the first bishop of the diocese - with no mention of Thurgot, let alone Gottskalk. Sigfrid is also credited with having demarcated churchyards for three adjacent tiny villages in Västergötland: Friggeråker,

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Sigfrid's movements after that visit are unrecorded, apart from his eventual move to Värend. Of the period prior to his retirement, Vita I merely tells us that: 'He traversed all parts of Sweden, preaching, baptizing and converting the people to the faith of Christ, and he also urged those who he had

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With regard to Trondheim, Adam of Bremen names Tholf and Siwardus, both Hamburg-Bremen appointees, as the successors to the earliest three bishops, all of whom had come 'from England'. 'Tholf' may have been Throlf (Thorulf), a bishop who, according to Adam, was put in charge of the Orkney Islands (a

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The last appearance in Norway of Bishop 'Sigurð' in Snorri's Óláfs saga Helga, chapter 120, is implicitly dated to the tenth year of the reign of Olaf Haraldsson of Norway (1025); the death of Olof, King of Sweden, is reported, in chapter 114, as having happened earlier than this. We need not assume

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Royal displeasure on the part of Olof Skötkonung is the most likely explanation for Sigfrid's departure from the Swedish Kingdom back to England and then to Norway. Certainly, in c. 1020, when that king, on retirement to Götaland, decided upon the foundation of a new bishopric based at Skara, it was

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Sigfrid was a 'bishop of the Norwegians' at the time when he entrusted the future bishop Osmund to the schools of Bremen. A birth-date for Osmund of c. 1000 is suggested by the fact that he seemed 'old' to the monks of Ely, when he spent his retirement in their company for a period between the years

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Bishop Osmund is known, from Adam's account, to have been educated at the schools of Bremen under the sponsorship of Sigafridus, bishop of the Norwegians, presumably, the same third bishop in Trondheim who was known also for his missions to Sweden. It is reasonable to surmise from this incident that

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Whereas Sigfrid's earliest days in Sweden are reported by the late-medieval hagiographers in some detail, with extreme specificity as regards names and locations, most of his subsequent long missionary career in the Swedish Kingdom is sketched in the extant Vitae with infuriating vagueness, and with

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Bishop-lists of Skara = Chronicon Vetus Episcoporum Scarensium and Chronicum Rhythmicum Episcoporum Scarensium auctore Brynolpho . . . Episcopo Scarensi in Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol. III, part ii, pp. 112–120; for English translations of the earliest entries in these lists by

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Snorri, Óláfs saga helga: wedding of Olaf Haraldsson, King of Norway with Astrid, daughter of King Olof Eriksson of Sweden (chapter 92); great plan to drive Olaf Eriksson from his kingdom' (chapter 94); Olaf Haraldsson of Norway, in the fifth year of his reign, winters in Trondheim and makes peace

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No primary source gives any precise date for Sigfrid's demise. The only reasonably safe chronological finding deducible from extant evidence is that Sigfrid lived on at or near Växjö in retirement for a considerable number of years after his attendance, in c.1030, at the funeral in Bremen of Bishop

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By 1030, Sigfrid may well already have reached an age appropriate for retirement from a life of such demanding activity. However, the refusal of Bishop-elect Gottskalk to take up residence in Götaland brought about a prolonged crisis of leadership in the newly founded diocese of Skara, and there is

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The hagiographical traditions about Saint Sigfrid's first arrival in the Swedish Kingdom presuppose a political background in which a king called Olavus, desirous of his country's adoption of Catholic Christianity, was ruling in a kingdom which included both Svealand and Götaland. At the same time,

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His most distinguished informant was Svein Estrithsen, King of Denmark, who had spent his soldiering days in the service of Anund Jakob, son and heir of Olof Skötkonung. Svein Estrithsen had great respect for the missionaries working among the 'barbarians' in the remoter parts of the area which the

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Adam, the historian of that archdiocese, was broad-minded enough to acknowledge on many occasions the important part played by missionaries dispatched from places other than Bremen in the evangelization of the Far North. He vouches specifically for the fame of Sigfrid. But his information about the

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On the other hand, it seems safe to identify the Sigfrid of Swedish hagiography and bishop-list traditions with Adam of Bremen's 'Sigafridus', missionary to Sweden as well as Norway. However, it is also possible to identify the apostle to Sweden and 'bishop of the Norwegians', with Sigeferð, bishop

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The sources which attest to the activity of Saint Sigfrid—late-medieval Vitae, king-lists of Sweden, and bishop-lists of Swedish dioceses— are generally dismissed today by academic historians both in Sweden and the English-speaking world as of dubious reliability. The two main Latin Vitae open with

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was disputed between Sweden and Denmark. However, the Swedish Kingdom, as a whole, long remained a conservative bastion of traditional Nordic polytheism, defending itself against Christian missions by a law forbidding forcible conversion. The destruction of its principal cult-centre of Thor, Wodan,

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in the year 1000, when Æthelred II was king of England, while the Danish king, Svein Forkbeard, and his Swedish counterpart, Olof Eriksson Skötkonung, had recently made a pact agreeing to promote Christianity in their respective realms and spread it abroad. A date early in the first decade of the

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Statements about the life of Saint Sigfrid that can be regarded as unimpeachable are hard to discover, either in medieval primary sources or in modern reference books; scholars agree in declaring that very little can safely be said about him. The main difficulty for historians is that none of this

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In his hagiography, Saint Sigfrid of Sweden is problematically described as having held the office of Archbishop of York. It is possible basis that Sigeferð of Lindsey could have been elected to that office in the late Spring of 1002, following the death of Archbishop Ealdwulf, but because of a

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Vita II asserts that Sigfrid established separate bishoprics for the western and eastern parts of Götaland and also, further north, in Svealand, for Uppsala and Strängnäs. While there is no inherent improbability in the supposition that Saint Sigfrid 'from England' (supposing he been given papal

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That Sigfrid continued, even in his retirement, to be a director of Christian mission in Sweden, advising younger clergy in their choices of mission field, is the implication of hagiographical traditions linking him with Saint Eskil of Strängnäs and Saint David of Västerås. These two saints were

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Problematically, the bishop-lists of Skara state that Sigfrid's immediate successor in Västergötland was 'Archbishop Unni' or 'Saint Unno', specifying that he was an Englishman who was martyred by stoning. Critical scholars have to decide whether he should be presumed to be a genuine historical

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The date (not supplied by Adam) at which the Diocese of Skara was founded seems to have been c. 1020, if we may judge from traditions about near-contemporary events as recounted in the Saint Olaf Saga of Snorri Sturluson. Bishop Thurgot, after working for an unspecified length of time among the

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Sigfrid's career, therefore, belonged to a period when neither of these goals had yet been achieved, but his success, fame, and influence on younger missionaries nevertheless sufficed to earn him recognition as the primary 'Apostle of Sweden'. That he also worked in Norway, something not at all

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To the information conveyed by Sigefrid's Vita I, that he died and was buried in Växjö, the late-medieval author of Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta adds an anecdote about Bishop 'Sigurd', set in 'a town called Värend'. This story alleges that the bishop had become slightly forgetful about the

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Material evidence of Anglo-Saxon Christian influence on Olof Skötkonung from the beginning of his reign in c. 995 may be found in his coinage. The spread of the fashion for (mainly Christian) rune-stones northward from Denmark provides evidence of intensive missionary activity, particularly in

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whose work as a missionary-bishop to Norway belonged to the days of England's King Edgar (regnal dates 959-975). Despite much confusion generated by Icelandic sources, this Saint Sigfrid also needs to be firmly distinguished from Sigewéard (also known as Johannes), the leading bishop in Olaf

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Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi vol. II, part 1, p. 364 and vol. III, part ii, 112,115 (Eng. trans. in Fairweather 2014, p. 210; also Icelandic traditions about Bishop 'Sigurd' in Olafs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta ed. Halldorson, vol III, pp. 57-64; trans. by Michael Taylor et al. in

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Hagiography of St Sigfrid = Historia Sancti Sigfridi Episcopi et Confessoris Latine et Suethice (= Vita I) and Vita Sancti Sigfridi Episcopi et Confessoris ( = Vita II) in Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol II, part 1, pp. 344–370 + the texts printed in Schmid

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the Dean, presumably with the consent of the local populace and the Cathedral Chapter. From an anglophile point of view expressed in Vita Sigfridi II, this move constituted transference of the Bishop's see, after a long elapse of time, from Husaby to Skara.

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imbued with the faith by holy admonitions that they should persevere, for they would receive eternal rewards from God. In particular, he constructed churches, ordained clerics and gave them orders to gain people for the Lord by preaching and baptizing.'

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Götaland in the first quarter of the eleventh century. This is a period to which the earliest of the liturgical manuscript fragments of English origin found in Sweden may also belong, though there is much dispute about the dating of particular examples.

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1057 and 1072. Perhaps Sigfrid had brought the young Osmund over the North Sea from England with him late in 1014 and took him to Bremen in the following year. But other sequences of events, and hence different chronologies are possible to envisage.

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Liber Eliensis: Latin text ed. E.O. Blake 1962 (Royal Historical Society: Camden third series, volume 92, London); English translation by Janet Fairweather 2005, Liber Eliensis: a History of the Isle of Ely from the seventh century to the twelfth

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processes whereby Norway and Sweden were evangelized was impressionistic, patchy, and sometimes out of date, having been obtained at second-hand from well-travelled visitors to Bremen, rather than from personal travel and fact-finding.

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no mention of any journeys and sojourns that he may have made anywhere outside that country after his initial journey there from England via Denmark. Vita I concludes with a report that, much later in his life, he elected to travel to

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Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol.I, p. 8 for king lists; vol. II, part i, pp. 356, 368 for hagiographical references; discussion of this tradition, and alternative attributions of the baptism, in Fairweather 2014,

1511:

Kjöllerström, Sven (1979) Sankt Sigfrid, Sigfridslegenden och Växjö Stift (Lecture given at the Kyrkohistoriska föreningens ärsmöte, Uppsala, April 1979 and at the 500th anniversary of the University of Copenhagen, May

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Tryggvason's Norway at the end of the tenth century, who seems very probably identifiable with a missionary bishop called 'Siwardus' who retired to the monastery of Ramsey in the abbacy of Eadnoth (993 - c.1008).

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Oláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta: 'Frá Sigurði Byskupi; Her (s(egir) af framferd Sigurdar byskups; Kapitulum': printed in Halldorsson vol III (2000) pp.57–64; also cited in secondary sources as from Flateyjarbók.

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bishop carrying three severed heads; bishop carrying three loaves of bread (misrepresentation of the heads); baptizing King Olof of Sweden; traveling in a ship with 2 other bishops; bishop menaced by devils,

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additionally reports that Sigfrid was transported from England to Norway, along with other bishops, by the future King and Saint, Olaf Haraldsson. This probably happened in the autumn of 1014. He visited

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Adam 3. 15-16; Adalward's final return to Skara was synchronous with the end of the bad weather-conditions which are attested elsewhere as having blighted the years 1056-7; see Trillmich on Adam 3.15.

1620:

Vretemark, Maria and Axelsson, Tony (2008), 'The Varnhem Archaeological Research Project - a new insight into the Christianisation of Västergötland', Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 4, pp. 209 – 219.

1596:

Snorri Sturluson, Óláfs saga Helga, from Heimskringla ed. Aðalbjarnarson 1941-51; English translations in Monson, E. & Smith. A.H. (Cambridge 1932); Hollander. Lee M. (Austin, Texas 1964).

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to the schools of Bremen for his education; on the latter, he brought good news to the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen about the success of his most recent missions in Sweden. Two Swedish

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Sawyer, Peter, The Making of Sweden (1988: Occasional Papers on Medieval Topics 3 - Viktoria Bokforlag, Alingsås, in cooperation with the Department of History, Gothenburg University)

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Tolkien, Christopher (1960), Hervarar saga och Heidreks konungs: the Saga of King Heidrek the Wise, translated from the Icelandic with introduction, notes, and appendices (London).

1440:

Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesie Pontificum: Latin text in Schmeidler (1917); Latin text and German translation in Trillmich 1961; English translation in Tschan 2002.

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A dating c. 1022, deducible from Snorri's Óláfs saga Helga, is preferred here to the much later date given by Adam in 2.73, which has not found favour with historians.

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Sigfrid's main sojourn in Norway evidently belonged to the years of the ascendancy of Olaf Haraldsson, who seized the throne there in 1015. According to an anonymous

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and Fricco in Uppsala was not carried out until late in the eleventh century, and the thorough Christianization of the kingdom had to wait until the twelfth century.

944:Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta (OSTEM) ed. Halldórsson 1958 - 2000, Vol. III, pp. 57-64; English translation by Michael Taylor et al. in Fairweather 2014, pp.334-8 1564:

Sawyer, Birgit, Sawyer, Peter & Wood, Ian (1987), The Christianization of Scandinavia: Report of a Symposium held at Kungalv, Sweden, 4–9 August 1985 (Alingsås)

926:

Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, 2014, vol. III, part ii, pp. 112-3; 115; English translations by Bishop Lars-Göran Lönnermark in Fairweather 2014, p. 210.

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For some early perceptions of the make-up of the Swedish kingdom see Chronica Erici Olai in Scriptores Rerum Suercicarum Medii Aevi, vol. Ii, part i, p. 13 where

1462:

Campbell, Alistair (1949) reprinted in Campbell, Alisdair & Keynes, Simon, Encomium Emmae Reginae, (Camden Classic Reprints 4, Cambridge 1998), pp. 66–82.

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on at least two occasions; one dates back to perhaps c. 1015, and the other, more certainly, to c. 1030. On the former occasion he entrusted a protégé called

1829: 1531:

Malmer, Brita 1997, The Anglo-Scandinavian Coinage, c. 995-1026 (Commentationes de nummis saeculorum IX-XI repertis, nova series 9 (Stockholm & London)

1528:

Malmer, Brita (1989), The Sigtuna Coinage c. 995-1005 (Commentationes de nummis saeculorum IX-XI in Suecia repertis, nova series 4, Stockholm & London.

1502:

Historia Norvegie: Latin text in Monumenta Historica Norvegiae (1880), pp. 69–124; text and English translation in Ekrem, Mortensen & Fisher 2003.

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new millennium may, therefore, be hypothetically suggested for St Sigfrid's first arrival in Sweden and the beginning of his missionary activities there.

1477:

Fairweather, Janet (2014), Bishop Osmund, A Missionary to Sweden in the Late Viking Age (Skara Stiftshistoriska Sällskaps Skriftserie, volume 71, Skara).

1459:

Brunius Jan (2013) From Manuscripts to Wrappers: Medieval Book Fragments in the Swedish National Archive (Skrifter utgivna ac Riksarkivet 33: Stockholm)

647: 1443:

Beauchet, Ludovic (1894), Loi de Vestrogothie (Westgöta-lagen) traduite et annotée et precedée d'une étude sur les sources du droit Suédois (Paris).

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See e.g. B. Sawyer 2000, pp. 237-258, especially, the findings on runestones in Håbo härad (the countryside around Sigtuna) datable to 1020-1070.

2099: 1608:

Townend, Matthew (2004) ed. Wulfstan, Archbishop of York (Proceedings of the Second Alcuin Conference: Studies in the Early Middle Ages 10: York)

1483:

Gneuss, Helmut (2001), Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts: a list of manuscripts and manuscript fragments written or owned in England up to 1100

2492: 2472: 249: 1453:

Bishop-list of Växjö: Chronicon Vetus Episcoporum Wexionensium in Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol. III, part ii, pp. 129–32.

276:, 'Apostle of the North', had already made a missionary journey to Sweden and found Christians among those in captivity there. Subsequently, 2482: 1552:

Rimbert, Vita Sancti Anskarii, Latin text in Waitz 1884 and Trillmich 1961 (with German translation; English translation in Robinson 1921.

2402: 2383: 1705: 1693: 1614:

Tschan F. (2002), trans. History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, with introduction and bibliography by Timothy Reuter (New York).

809:

For critical treatments of the evidence, see Schmid 1931 and 1942; Larsson 1964; Abrams 1995, pp. 233-4; Fairweather 2014, pp. 176 - 217

1561:

Sawyer, Birgit and Sawyer, Peter (1993) Medieval Scandinavia: from Conversion to Reformation, circa 800-1500 (Minneapolis & London)

1710: 1662: 1465:

Carver, Martin ed. (2003), The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, A.D. 300-1300 (York & Woodbridge).

1555:

Robinson, Charles H (1921), Anskar, the Apostle to the North, 801-65, translated from the Vita Anskarii by Bishop Rimbert (London)

2467: 2462: 2189: 2124: 1456:

Brunius, Jan (2005) ed. Medieval Book Fragments in Sweden: an international seminar in Stockholm, 13–16 November 2003 (Stockholm)

1611:

Trillmich W. (1961) ed. Quellen des 9. und 11. Jahrhunderts zur Geschichte der Hamburgischen Kirche und des Reiches (Darmstadt).

1446:

Berend, Nora, ed. (2007), Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' (Cambridge).

299:(1000), the King of Sweden controlled a considerable part of Norway and throughout the period of Sigfrid's missions, control of 2377: 2269: 1895: 1639: 1715: 186:

during the first half of the 11th century. Originally from England, Saint Sigfrid is credited in late medieval king-lists and

1537:

Niblaeus, Erik G. (2010) German Influence on religious practice in Scandinavia c. 1050 - 1150, King's College, London, diss.

1617:

Vastovius, Ioannes (1623), Vitis Aquilonia (Cologne, 2nd edition, corrected and annotated by Erik Benzelius, Uppsala 1708).

1549:

Raine, James ed. (1874–94), Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops (Rolls Series, vols. LXXI – LXXII London).

535:

Lund (1104), Trondheim (1152) and Uppsala (1162). As Papal Legate to Scandinavia in 1150, Nicholas Breakspear, the future

1957: 2452: 2447: 2194: 1804: 1584:

Schmeidler, Bernhard (1917) ed. Adam Bremensis, Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesie Pontificum (MGH SRG vol. 2, 3rd edition).

1534:

Monumenta Historica Norvegiae: Latinske kildeskrifter til Norges historie in Middelaldern ed. G. Strom (Kristiania 1880)

818:

Cf. Talbot 1954 for texts relating to the careers of some earlier missionaries from England sent to the Germanic lands.

2457: 1849: 1471:

Dunn-Macray, W (1886) ed. Chronicon Rameseiensis, a saec. X usque ad an. circiter 1200, (Rolls Series LXXXIII, London)

2199: 1437:

Abrams, Lesley (1995), 'The Anglo-Saxons and the Christianization of Scandinavia', Anglo-Saxon England 24, pp.213–49.

1558:

Sawyer, Birgit (2000), The Viking Age Rune-Stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia (Oxford).

2015: 1745: 1496:

Hartzell, K.D (2006) Catalogue of Manuscripts written or owned in England up to 1200 containing music (Woodbridge).

318: 257: 214: 1685: 1644: 971:

William of Malmesbury, De antiquitate Glastoniensis ecclesie, chapter 67; discussion in Fairweather 2014, p. 176.

836:

For York's responsibility for missions to the North at a slightly later date, see Raine 1874-94, vol. II, p. 363.

2047: 2487: 1766: 1730: 1720: 1395:

Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol II, part i, pp. 389-404. especially p. 392 (Eskil) and 410 (David).

1593:

Scott, John (1981) ed. & trans.William of Malmesbury, De antiquitate Glastoniensis ecclesiae (Woodbridge).

1474:

Ekrem, Inger, Mortensen Lars-Boje & Fisher, Peter ed. & trans. (2003), Historia Norvegie (Copenhagen)

217:, to which he devoted the remainder of his life. According to Swedish and Icelandic tradition, he retired to 2371: 2285: 2129: 2002: 1908: 1434:Åberg, Göran (2013), Växjö Diocese: past and present, (Växjö Stiftshistoriska Sallskap, Skrifter 20, Växjö). 439: 386:

For chronological reasons, Saint Sigfrid of Sweden cannot possibly be identifiable with Sigefrid, a monk of

277: 90: 2028: 1314:

Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol. II, part i, p. 364; translation as in Fairweather 2014, p. 206

2353: 2257: 2154: 1983: 1945: 1927: 1781: 1771: 2041: 2309: 2263: 2238: 1951: 1939: 1814: 1761: 498:

some evidence that Sigfrid, presumably basing himself at Husaby, was the first to step into the breach.

2224: 1629:

Wordsworth, John, Bishop of Salisbury (1911), The National Church of Sweden (London, Oxford, Milwaukee)

443: 46: 2204: 1843: 1819: 1623:

Waitz, G (1884), Vita Anskarii auctore Rimberto: accedit Vita Rimberti (MGH SRG, vol. LV: Hannover).

175: 2365: 2297: 2104: 1799: 40: 1062:

with Olof, King of Sweden (chapter 95 cf. chapter 104); death of King Olof of Sweden (chapter 105)

539:, was prominent in furthering the latter part of the process that led to the eventual settlement. 2414: 2273: 1989: 1855: 230: 167: 114: 94: 2174: 2109: 800:

Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol. III, part ii, p. 129 (Växjö); pp. 112, 115 (Skara).

291:

in the south, in addition to provinces bordering Norway, and various offshore islands including

194:. He most likely arrived in Sweden soon after the year 1000 and conducted extensive missions in 191: 1590:

Schmid, Toni (1942) 'Trois légendes de Saint Sigfrid', Analecta Bollandiana 60, pp. 82–90.

1540:

Norton, Christopher (2004), 'York Minster in the time of Wulfstan', in Townend 2004, pp.207–34.

1522:

Lager, Linn (2003), 'Runestones and the Conversion of Sweden' in Carver 2003, pp. 497–507.

450:

Medieval primary sources are unanimous in stating that Saint Sigfrid came from England (Latin:

2359: 2053: 1933: 1837: 1809: 1794: 1493:

Halldorsson, Ólafur ed. (1958-2000) Oláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta, ed. (3 vols. København)

1468:

Curshmann, Fritz (1909), Älteren Papsturkunden des Erzbistums Hamburg (Hamburg & Leipzig).

459: 395:

of Lindsey, a signatory of certain charters of Æthelred II around the time of the millennium.

296: 253: 207: 2334: 2322: 1977: 229:. Sigfrid's burial-place in Växjö became the centre of a cult. According to a statement by 151: 2164: 2149: 2119: 1921: 350: 124: 86: 2279: 430:

The sequence of events in Saint Sigfrid's missionary career: an attempt at reconstruction

308:

evident from his hagiography, is stated as a fact by Adam of Bremen, while an anonymous

2184: 2139: 2089: 536: 434: 407: 238: 226: 159: 2441: 2426: 2303: 2209: 1515:

Knibbs (2011), Anskar, Rimbert and the Forged Foundations of Hamburg-Bremen (Farnham)

2159: 2144: 2134: 2114: 2094: 1508:

King-lists of Sweden: Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi vol. I, pp. 1–15

1450:

Bishop Lars-Göran Lonnermark, see Fairweather 2014, pp. 210–11; 283; 286; 301.

202:. For some years after 1014, following his return to England, Sigfrid was based in 134: 1505:

Johansson, Hilding (1986) 'Skara som stiftstad', in Sträng 1986, pp. 387–410.

890:

Vita I, p. 360; Vita II, pp. 369-70; discussion in Fairweather 2014, pp. 190 -192.

854:

Vita I, pp. 346-8; Vita II, pp. 365-6; discussion in Fairweather 2014, pp. 181-189

190:

with performing the baptism of the first steadfastly Christian monarch of Sweden,

1546:

Oppermann, C.J.A. (1937), The English Missionaries in Sweden and Finland (London)

2219: 2214: 1876: 387: 326: 288: 261: 234: 222: 195: 187: 183: 76: 2409: 2169: 709:

regnum Suecia', 'regnum Gothorum' and 'regnum Wermilandia' are differentiated.

1486:

Goscelini Miracula Sancti Ivonis in Dunn Macray 1886 (Appendix II to Preface)

17: 2291: 2179: 1654: 354:

Sigfrid with the heads of his martyred nephews in St Sigfrid's Church, near

242: 203: 371: 218: 206:, Norway. However, his position there became untenable after the defeat of 998:

E.g. Scriptores Rereum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol II, part i, pp. 348,366.

1215:

See Gneuss 2001; Brunius 2005; Hartzell 2006; Niblaeus 2010; Brunius 2013

284: 199: 1480:

Flateyjarbók, eds. G, Vigfusson & C.R. Unger (Christiania 1859-68).

989:

Sigeferth 20 in the Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England online database

322: 292: 64: 1602:

Talbot, C.H. (1954), The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany (London).

1323:

Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol III, part ii, pp. 112, 115

980:

Goscelin, Miracula Sancti Ivonis in Dunn Macray 1886, pp. lix - lxi.

582:

See Adam of Bremen 4,34; 4.37; Snorri, Olafs saga Helga, chapter 217.

363: 314: 300: 273: 139: 103: 337:

The problematic character of the evidence for Saint Sigfrid's career

953:

Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi, vol. II, part 1, pp. 369-70

827:

see Norton 2004, pp. 207-34; Raine 1874-94, vol. II. pp. 98, 361.

433: 355: 349: 330: 1599:

Sträng, Arne (1986), Skara: Före 1700, Staden i Stiftet (Skara).

1007:

Anglo Saxon Charters: The Electronic Sawyer, www.esawyer.org.uk

1658: 429: 1359:

Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi vol. II, part i, p. 364

1350:

Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi,vol II, part i, p. 368.

845:

See e.g. Schmid (1931, 1942), P. Sawyer (1988), Abrams (1995)

1570:

Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Aevi (Uppsala 1818-1876):

1525:

Larsson Lars-Olof (1931), Det medeltida Värend (Diss. Lund).

689:

Adam of Bremen 1, 60-3 (Unni); 2.23 (Liafdag and Odinkar).

1649: 213:

While in Norway, Sigfrid continued to participate in the

773:

See Campbell 1949, pp. 69-79; Fairweather 2014, p. 199.

1296:

See Adam 4.34; Snorri Sturlason, Óláfs saga Helga 217.

403:

Adam of Bremen's perspective on the missions to Sweden

237:

writing in the 17th century, Sigfrid was canonized by

1422:

Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum vol.III, part ii, p. 129.

402: 346:

Hagiographical narratives of Sigfrid's work in Sweden

680:

Texts in Curschmann 1909; discussion in Knibbs 2011.

2319: 2237: 2070: 1968: 1875: 1868: 1828: 1780: 1754: 1738: 1692: 133: 123: 113: 100: 82: 70: 58: 53: 31: 1576:vol. II ed. E.J. Geijer & J.H. Schröder (1828) 782:Adam of Bremen 3.15; Fairweather 2014, pp. 218-9. 446:, marking what may be the burial place of Sigfrid 791:Adam of Bremen 2.64; Fairweather 2014; pp. 205-6 1233:ed. Ekrem, Mortenson & trans. Fisher, 2003. 2478:11th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Sweden 1670: 1587:Schmid, Toni (1931) Den Helige Sigfrid (Lund) 1404:Discussion in Fairweather 2014, pp. 210 - 212 333:, claim St Sigfrid as their founding bishop. 8: 746:Hervarar saga, chapter 16, in Tolkien 1960. 283:At the time, the Swedish Kingdom comprised 225:on an unknown date within the life-time of 2348:Apostolic Vicariate of the Nordic Missions 1965: 1872: 1677: 1663: 1655: 1341:Discussion in Fairweather 2014, pp. 283-4. 1016:Discussion in Fairweather 2014, pp. 187-9. 962:Discussion in Fairweather 2014, pp. 206-7. 28: 1098:See Fairweather 2014, pp. 26-27; 294-300. 863:Vita I, p. 368; Johansson 1986, 6; 404f. 719:See Snorri, Óláfs saga Trygvasonar, 123. 1260:Discussion in Fairweather 2014, p. 197. 728:See Fairweather 2014 pp. 79-87, 341-346 547: 1626:William of Malmesbury, see Scott 1981. 899:Vita I, pp. 352-6 cf. Vita II, p. 369. 1579:vol. III. ed. E. Annerstadt (1871–76) 7: 2403:Episcopal Conference of Scandinavia 2384:Roman Catholic Diocese of Stockholm 764:Adam of Bremen 4.34 cf. 2.57; 3.15. 671:Rimbert, Vita Sancti Anskarii, 9-12 564:See Fairweather 2014, pp. 181-194. 25: 1025:See Curschmann 1909; Knibbs 2011. 573:See Fairweather 2014, pp.198-205, 2420: 2408: 1729: 295:. For a short period after the 39: 2378:Scandinavian Bishops Conference 908:So described in Vita 1, p. 350) 881:Vita I, p. 350; Vita II, p. 369 2190:St. Clare's Priory (Stockholm) 1640:Sigfrid at Patron Saints Index 755:Birgit & Peter Sawyer 1993 698:Vretemark & Axelsson 2008. 345: 1: 2493:Swedish Roman Catholic saints 2473:11th-century Christian saints 2338: 2244: 2057: 2032: 2019: 2006: 1993: 1912: 1899: 1882: 1386:Snorri, Óláfs saga Helga, 217 278:archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen 182:) was a missionary-bishop in 1573:vol. I, ed. E.M. Fant (1818) 1043:Adam 4.23 with Scholium 136. 601:Fairweather 2014, pp. 334-8. 2483:British emigrants to Sweden 2509: 2195:St. John's Priory (Kalmar) 1499:Hervarar saga: see Tolkien 591:Adam of Bremen 2.57; 4.34. 215:Christianization of Sweden 2397: 2200:St. Peter's Priory (Lund) 1727: 1686:Catholic Church in Sweden 38: 1958:Swedish–Novgorodian Wars 221:. Sigfrid later died in 45:Statue of St Sigfrid at 2463:Medieval Swedish saints 2286:Westrogothian rebellion 2100:Blackfriars (Stockholm) 1909:Archbishopric of Bremen 1716:Saint Francis of Assisi 1645:Orthodox church article 628:Vastovius (1623) p. 32. 179: 171: 148:Saint Sigfrid of Sweden 91:Eastern Orthodox Church 2415:Catholicism portal 2258:Dalecarlian rebellions 2155:Mariefred Charterhouse 2125:Greyfriars (Stockholm) 1936:(12th–13th centuries) 1928:Archdiocese of Uppsala 1772:Malteser International 1650:https://www.pase.ac.uk 447: 358: 336: 272:In the ninth century, 163: 155: 74:Unknown (11th century) 62:Unknown (10th century) 2310:War against Sigismund 652:The Church of England 619:Åberg 2007, pp. 9-16. 437: 353: 268:Historical background 2360:Apostolic prefecture 1844:Hubertus Brandenburg 1143:Adam 2.57, 64; 4.34. 1116:Adam 4.34, cf. 2.57. 1080:Adam 2.64, 66; 4.23. 737:Adam of Bremen 2.58. 610:Adam of Bremen 4.34. 438:Stone marker in the 2453:11th-century deaths 2448:10th-century births 2366:Apostolic vicariate 2298:Liturgical Struggle 1997: 11th century 1922:Archdiocese of Lund 1332:Lager 2003, p. 501. 1251:Liber Eliensis 2.99 2458:Anglo-Saxon saints 2274:Gustav I of Sweden 2264:Recess of Västerås 2130:Greyfriars (Ystad) 1856:Knut Ansgar Nelson 1197:Malmer 1989, 1997. 637:Åberg 2007, p. 13. 448: 359: 231:Johannes Vastovius 95:Anglican Communion 2468:People from Växjö 2435: 2434: 2427:Sweden portal 2393: 2392: 2233: 2232: 2205:Vårfruberga Abbey 2083: 2050:(1164–1534/1606 ) 2029:Tuna "Eskilstuna" 1838:Anders Arborelius 1767:Catholic Cemetery 472:Historia Norvegie 460:Battle of Svolder 310:Historia Norvegie 297:Battle of Svolder 287:in the north and 254:Church of England 180:Sigefrið/Sigeferð 145: 144: 83:Venerated in 54:Apostle of Sweden 16:(Redirected from 2500: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2413: 2412: 2343: 2340: 2335:Anti-Catholicism 2328: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2077: 2062: 2059: 2037: 2034: 2024: 2021: 2011: 2008: 1998: 1995: 1966: 1934:Swedish Crusades 1917: 1914: 1904: 1901: 1896:Christianisation 1889: 1887: 1884: 1873: 1746:Newman Institute 1733: 1679: 1672: 1665: 1656: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1063: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1005: 999: 996: 990: 987: 981: 978: 972: 969: 963: 960: 954: 951: 945: 942: 936: 933: 927: 924: 918: 915: 909: 906: 900: 897: 891: 888: 882: 879: 873: 870: 864: 861: 855: 852: 846: 843: 837: 834: 828: 825: 819: 816: 810: 807: 801: 798: 792: 789: 783: 780: 774: 771: 765: 762: 756: 753: 747: 744: 738: 735: 729: 726: 720: 717: 711: 705: 699: 696: 690: 687: 681: 678: 672: 669: 663: 662: 660: 658: 644: 638: 635: 629: 626: 620: 617: 611: 608: 602: 598: 592: 589: 583: 580: 574: 571: 565: 562: 556: 552: 245:is 15 February. 106: 43: 29: 21: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2488:Anglican saints 2438: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2407: 2389: 2341: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2229: 2175:Skänninge Abbey 2165:Riseberga Abbey 2150:Kastelle Priory 2120:Dragsmark Abbey 2110:Börringe Priory 2105:Bäckaskog Abbey 2076: 2074: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2035: 2022: 2009: 1996: 1980:(990/1014–1529) 1970: 1964: 1915: 1902: 1885: 1880: 1879: 1864: 1824: 1776: 1750: 1734: 1725: 1697: 1695: 1688: 1683: 1636: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034:Adam 2.56; 4.23 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 988: 984: 979: 975: 970: 966: 961: 957: 952: 948: 943: 939: 934: 930: 925: 921: 916: 912: 907: 903: 898: 894: 889: 885: 880: 876: 871: 867: 862: 858: 853: 849: 844: 840: 835: 831: 826: 822: 817: 813: 808: 804: 799: 795: 790: 786: 781: 777: 772: 768: 763: 759: 754: 750: 745: 741: 736: 732: 727: 723: 718: 714: 706: 702: 697: 693: 688: 684: 679: 675: 670: 666: 656: 654: 646: 645: 641: 636: 632: 627: 623: 618: 614: 609: 605: 599: 595: 590: 586: 581: 577: 572: 568: 563: 559: 553: 549: 545: 537:Pope Hadrian IV 520: 444:Växjö Cathedral 432: 405: 384: 348: 339: 270: 239:Pope Hadrian IV 208:Olaf Haraldsson 192:Olof Skötkonung 101: 93: 89: 87:Catholic Church 75: 63: 49: 47:Växjö Cathedral 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2372:Dissenter Acts 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2331: 2329: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2267: 2261: 2254: 2252: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2185:Solberga Abbey 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2140:Herrevad Abbey 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2090:Alvastra Abbey 2086: 2084: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2064: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2026: 2013: 2000: 1987: 1981: 1974: 1972: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1906: 1892: 1890: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1702: 1700: 1694:Roman Catholic 1690: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1667: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1635: 1634:External links 1632: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1397: 1388: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1352: 1343: 1334: 1325: 1316: 1307: 1298: 1289: 1280: 1271: 1262: 1253: 1244: 1235: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1181: 1172: 1163: 1154: 1145: 1136: 1127: 1118: 1109: 1100: 1091: 1082: 1073: 1071:Adam 2.58, 64. 1064: 1054: 1045: 1036: 1027: 1018: 1009: 1000: 991: 982: 973: 964: 955: 946: 937: 928: 919: 917:Vita I, p. 364 910: 901: 892: 883: 874: 872:Vita I, p. 362 865: 856: 847: 838: 829: 820: 811: 802: 793: 784: 775: 766: 757: 748: 739: 730: 721: 712: 700: 691: 682: 673: 664: 648:"The Calendar" 639: 630: 621: 612: 603: 593: 584: 575: 566: 557: 546: 544: 541: 519: 516: 431: 428: 408:Adam of Bremen 404: 401: 383: 382:Disambiguation 380: 347: 344: 338: 335: 269: 266: 241:c. 1158. His 227:Adam of Bremen 143: 142: 137: 131: 130: 127: 121: 120: 117: 111: 110: 107: 98: 97: 84: 80: 79: 72: 68: 67: 60: 56: 55: 51: 50: 44: 36: 35: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2505: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354:Tolerance Act 2352: 2349: 2346: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2304:Uppsala Synod 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2210:Varnhem Abbey 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2069: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2030: 2027: 2017: 2014: 2004: 2001: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1967: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1910: 1907: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1706:Saint Eugenia 1704: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1519:(Woodbridge). 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1419: 1416: 1413:Adam 1. 60-63 1410: 1407: 1401: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1272: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1058: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1004: 1001: 995: 992: 986: 983: 977: 974: 968: 965: 959: 956: 950: 947: 941: 938: 932: 929: 923: 920: 914: 911: 905: 902: 896: 893: 887: 884: 878: 875: 869: 866: 860: 857: 851: 848: 842: 839: 833: 830: 824: 821: 815: 812: 806: 803: 797: 794: 788: 785: 779: 776: 770: 767: 761: 758: 752: 749: 743: 740: 734: 731: 725: 722: 716: 713: 710: 704: 701: 695: 692: 686: 683: 677: 674: 668: 665: 653: 649: 643: 640: 634: 631: 625: 622: 616: 613: 607: 604: 597: 594: 588: 585: 579: 576: 570: 567: 561: 558: 551: 548: 542: 540: 538: 532: 528: 524: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 489: 488:Latin 'iuxta' 483: 479: 475: 473: 468: 464: 461: 455: 453: 445: 441: 436: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 409: 400: 396: 392: 389: 381: 379: 375: 373: 367: 365: 357: 352: 343: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 305: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 267: 265: 263: 259: 258:commemoration 255: 251: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 141: 138: 136: 132: 128: 126: 122: 118: 116: 112: 108: 105: 99: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 73: 69: 66: 61: 57: 52: 48: 42: 37: 33:Saint Sigfrid 30: 27: 19: 18:Saint Sigfrid 2280:Örebro Synod 2160:Nydala Abbey 2145:Julita Abbey 2135:Gudhem Abbey 2115:Dalby Priory 2095:Askeby Abbey 2075:and convents 2061: 1100s 2036: 1100s 1789: 1698:of Stockholm 1429:Bibliography 1418: 1409: 1400: 1391: 1382: 1373: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1319: 1310: 1301: 1292: 1283: 1274: 1265: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1229: 1220: 1211: 1202: 1193: 1184: 1175: 1166: 1157: 1148: 1139: 1130: 1121: 1112: 1103: 1094: 1085: 1076: 1067: 1057: 1048: 1039: 1030: 1021: 1012: 1003: 994: 985: 976: 967: 958: 949: 940: 931: 922: 913: 904: 895: 886: 877: 868: 859: 850: 841: 832: 823: 814: 805: 796: 787: 778: 769: 760: 751: 742: 733: 724: 715: 708: 703: 694: 685: 676: 667: 655:. 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