3474:
2939:
4502:: "During the first millennium BCE, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin... Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BCE chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture... "
3494:
2740:
73:
4038:
606:
3598:
87:
79:
3270:
3589:, Berossus identified the Dahae rather than the Massagetae as Cyrus's killers because they had replaced the Massagetae as the most famous nomadic tribe of Central Asia long before Berossus's time; although some scholars identified the Dahae as being identical with the Massagetae or as one of their sub-groups.
3383:. The Derbices shared the region between the Caspian Sea and the Oxus with the Dahae, who might however have been identical with the Massagetae, and the Derbices might have extended to the east of the Oxus, with the Greek author Ctesias even extending their range up to the borders of Bactria and India.
4022:
Some
Massagetae were primarily fishermen, and other groups of the tribe bred sheep for their milk and wool, but also harvested root vegetables and wild fruits. None of the Massagetae, however, practised any form of agriculture, and their food consisted of meat and fish, and they primarily drank milk,
3725:
has suggested that the Dahae had replaced the
Massagetae as the most known people of the Central Asian steppes. Marek Jan Olbrycht suggests that the Dahae migrated to the west from the areas east of the Aral Sea and around the Iaxartes valley and expelled the Derbices from their homeland, after which
3764:
by fleeing among the
Massagataean sub-tribe of the Apasiacae. Seleucus's attempted campaign to recover the eastern satrapies of his empire was initially successful. However, the outbreak of revolts in the western part of his empire prevented him from continuing his war against the Parthians, who,
3802:
nomads who had lived to the north of its borders, which in turn led to these peoples putting westward pressure from the east on a related nomadic
Iranian people, the Sarmatians. The Sarmatians, taking advantage of the decline of Scythian power in the west, crossed the Don river and invaded
3407:, another nomadic Iranian tribe to whom they were closely related. After this, they came to occupy large areas of the region, including the Caspian Steppe where they supplanted the Scythians. The Massagetae displacing the early Scythians and forcing them to the west across the
5580:
The evidence of both the ancient authors and the archaeological remains point to a massive migration of Sacian (Sakas)/Massagetan tribes from the Syr Daria Delta (Central Asia) by the middle of the second century B.C. Some of the Syr Darian tribes; they also invaded North
4305:, suggested that Herodotus and Strabo, on whose writings this understanding of Massagetaean marriage customs is based, might have been mistaken, and that the relevant custom was instead one, said to be common in Central Asia, by which brothers shared a single wife.
4910:, p. 22: "Apparently the Dahai represented an entity not identical with the other better known groups of the Sakai, i.e. the Sakai (Sakā) tigrakhaudā (Massagetai, roaming in Turkmenistan), and Sakai (Sakā) Haumavargā (in Transoxania and beyond the Syr Daryā)."
3689:
During the
Macedonian invasion of the Achaemenid Empire, the Massagetae provided the Achaemenid army with 40,000 troops, which was a larger number than the troops furnished by all the other inhabitants of the coast of the Caspian Sea put together.
6453:
6397:
3553:
as satrap over the
Derbices, before finally dying. The reason why the Derbices, and not the Massagetae, are named as the people against whom Cyrus died fighting is because the Derbices were members or identical with the Massagetae. According to
4055:
wore knee-length tunics which were either straight and closed (following Median fashion) or open with lapels, both styles being fastened by a belt at the waist (following typically
Scythic fashion). Underneath, they wore narrow
4313:
According to
Herodotus, members of the Massagetae were sacrificed and cooked and eaten with the meat of sacrificial animals. Members of the Massagetae who died of illness were buried or left as food for wild animals.
5880:
3626:
Little more is known about the
Massagetae after the war with Cyrus. During the Achaemenid period, they were pressing on Hyrcania, and by around 520 BCE and possibly earlier, they were ruled by a king named
3849:, massacred a significant number of them and absorbed them into their tribal polity, while the Alans to the west of the Don remained free from Hunnish domination and participated in the movements of the
4291:
The
Massagetae contracted monogamous marriages, although the wives could have sexual relations with other men. When a Massagetaean man wanted to have sexual relations with a woman, he would hang his
3529:
led the tribe's main force against the Persians, defeated them, killed Cyrus, and placed his severed head in a sack full of blood. According to another version of the death of Cyrus recorded by
4120:
The Massagetae fought both on foot and on horseback, and their weapons consisted of bows and arrows, spears, and battle-axes, and their horse armour, spearheads, and arrowheads were golden.
4895:: "The middle of the third century b.c. saw the rise to power of a group of tribes consisting of the Parni (Aparni) and the Dahae, descendants of the Massagetae of the Aral Sea region."
4816:
may be the individual denomination, the proper name of this Iranian nomadic people. But a clear judgement in this matter is impeded by the fact that Arrian (III. 28, 8) describes the
2633:)) would be expected, is "not decisive." Schmitt states that any other interpretations on the origin of the original Iranian name of the Massagetae are "linguistically unacceptable."
3545:, intervened with his own army and helped the Persian soldiers defeat the Derbices, following which Cyrus endured for three days, during which he organised his empire and appointed
4272:, who was associated with the worship of fire and horses. When Cyrus attacked the Massagetae, their queen Tomyris swore by the Sun to kill him if he did not return to his kingdom.
4828:) as living on this side of the Tanais = Sir-darya, i.e. between the Sir-darya and Amu-darya rivers. From this report it follows that the Massagetae were identical with the Dahae.
3838:
empires. By the 2nd century CE, they had conquered the steppes of the north Caucasus and the north Black Sea area and created a powerful confederation of tribes under their rule.
3064:
were a constituent tribe of the Massagetae. C. J. Brunner suggested that the Daha were either neighbours of the Saka Tigraxauda or that both groups were part of the same people.
3379:
river and its estuary were in their territory. During the Achaemenid period, some Derbices had migrated to the southwest along the shore of the Caspian Sea and reached central
5737:"3. altpers. Skunxa- (der Anführer der Saken, die sich gegen Dareios I. erhoben), vielleicht zu verbinden mit osset. digoron skₒyxyn, iron æsk'wænxun „sich auszeichnen usw."."
4982:
4804:: In the quoted passage, however, Arrian says that these Scythians, living in the neighbourhood of the Sogdians between the Amu-darya and the Sir-darya rivers, were called
4279:
recorded that the Derbices, who were either identical with the Massagetae or one of their sub-tribes, worshipped "Mother Earth," interpreted as the Earth and Water goddess
3926:, states: "The Massagetae are in origin from the tribe of the Scythians, and are called Massagetae, as if heavy, that is, strong Getae." In Central Asian languages such as
3733:
During the Hellenistic period, a section of the Massagetaean sub-tribe of the Derbices had migrated to the southwest along the coast of the Caspian Sea and reached central
4780:
In the quoted passage, however, Arrian says that these Scythians, living in the neighbourhood of the Sogdians between the Amu-darya and the Sir-darya rivers, were called
3473:
7292:
3390:
delta, the Iaxartes delta, between the Caspian and Aral seas or further to the north or north-east, but without basing these suggestions on any conclusive arguments.
3998:, an Indian linguist has identified linguistic affinities between Indian and Central Asian languages, which further lends credence to the possibility of historical
5404:
2391:
5013:, whom we located in much of the same area, namely in the steppes east of the Caspian and who are distinguished by a combination of Medic and Scythic features."
2355:
4268:
Herodotus mentioned that the Massagetae worshipped only the sun god, to whom they sacrificed horses. This is seen to indicate the cult of the Iranian sun god
2905:
2793:
3676:
rivers, and the Saka supplied the Achaemenid army with a large number of mounted bowmen. After Darius's administrative reforms of the Achaemenid Empire, the
3386:
The imprecise description of where the Massagetae lived by ancient authors has however led modern scholars to ascribe to them various locations, such as the
2652:, meaning "fish-eating (men)," as being semantically and phonologically unacceptable, and instead has suggested that the name might be derived from an early
1553:
3533:, it was the Derbices, who were the tribe against whom Cyrus died in battle: according to this version, he was mortally wounded by the Derbices and their
3098:'s remark that the Massagetae lived partly on the plains, the mountains, the marshes, and the islands in the country irrigated by the Araxes river, the
3525:, carried out a campaign against them in 530 BCE. According to Herodotus, Cyrus captured a Massagetaean camp by ruse, after which the Massagetae queen
4026:
Gold and bronze were plentiful where the Massagetae lived, but they did not use any iron or silver because these were not available in their country.
2442:. The Massagetae rose to power in the 8th to 7th centuries BCE, when they started a series of events with wide-reaching consequences by expelling the
72:
5207:. Vol. 1 (Books I–II). Translated by A.D. Godley. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann Ltd. p.
4068:, although their tribe wore a distinctive form of this headdress which had a sharp point, and from which the names given to them by the Persians (
2606:(1.216.3) that "they live on their livestock and fish." Schmitt notes that objections to this reasoning, based on the assumption that, instead of
3131:
3403:
The Massagetae rose to power in the 8th to 7th centuries BCE, when they migrated from the east into Central Asia, from where they expelled the
7262:
7215:
7120:
7093:
7043:
6718:
6672:
6637:
6569:
6347:
6321:
6285:
6246:
6196:
6158:
6114:
6072:
6022:
5988:
5950:
5920:
5770:
5674:
5540:
5504:
2362:
2334:
5297:
2918:
The proposed etymologies for the Massagataean sub-tribe of the Apasiacae, whose name is not attested in ancient Iranian records, include
2602:). The name literally means "concerned with fish," or "fisherman." This corresponds with the remark made by the ancient Greek historian
2319:
7287:
7003:
6960:
6855:
6814:
6774:
6513:
6475:
3423:, who were also nomadic Iranian peoples closely related to the Massagetae and the Scythians, conquered their territories, and invaded
2384:
2341:
1272:
5870:
5573:
5477:
5429:
5228:
5216:
3853:. Some free Alans fled into the mountains of the Caucasus, where they participated in the ethnogenesis of populations including the
2472:
tribal confederation, and who moved westwards into the Caucasian and European steppes, where they participated in the events of the
605:
3780:
7029:
6406:
4170:
2595:
2348:
1112:
5519:
THE STRONGEST TRIBE, Yu. A. Zuev, page 33: "Massagets of the earliest ancient authors... are the Yuezhis of the Chinese sources"
4019:, the Massagetae lived on the plains, the mountains, the marshes, and the islands in the country irrigated by the Araxes river.
2938:
6918:
5043:
inhabited an area that covered (some of) the lands among the Amu Daryâ and the Zarafshân. They may even have inhabited ancient
2724:
or from the collective formative syllable from which the suffix evolved. According to Harmatta's hypothesis, the Bactrian name
623:
5666:
4112:
The Massagetae wore golden headdresses, belts, shoulder straps, and used golden harnesses and bronze armour for their horses.
1383:
7057:
6598:
2204:
1979:
7061:
6210:
5007:
of the XPh were provisionally located among the confines of the Karakum desert. This leads us again to the problem of the
4968:
4301:
4174:
3220:
3191:
3162:
2882:
2377:
1949:
1218:
1155:
956:
842:
6128:
2522:
notes that although the original name of the Massagetae is unattested, it appears that the most plausible etymon is the
1637:
1213:
1140:
951:
946:
941:
836:
4123:
The Massagetae especially used spears whose blades were made of copper or iron, due to which the Greek called them the
3915:
and other related peoples who were completely unrelated to the populations the name initially designated in Antiquity.
3493:
1954:
1449:
1150:
1029:
1015:
996:
1292:
5793:
7085:
7035:
6710:
6238:
6188:
5980:
1250:
850:
2739:
6305:
4978:
3534:
3281:
The Massagetae lived in the Caspian Steppe as well as in the lowlands of Central Asia located to the east of the
2715:
2538:
2424:
1994:
1959:
1632:
936:
5860:
5595:
4972:
1278:
7238:
6979:
6545:
6313:
6048:
5896:
4740:: However, we must not forget that the Old Persian epigraphic texts distinguish for Saka tribes or peoples: 1.
2144:
1964:
1495:
1327:
1174:
976:
931:
926:
846:
6610:
Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.): At the Crossroads of Iranian, Hellenistic, and Central Asian History
5073:: "the Pausikai could be the same as the Apsiakai of Polybius and Strabo between the Oxus and the Jaxartes."}}
2464:
The Massagetae declined after the 3rd century BCE, after which they merged with some other tribes to form the
2446:
out of Central Asia and into the Caucasian and Pontic Steppes. The Massagetae are most famous for their queen
5208:
3411:
river and into the Caucasian and Pontic steppes started a significant movement of the nomadic peoples of the
6990:
6947:
6842:
6801:
6761:
6500:
6462:
6014:
5942:
3514:
During the 6th century BCE, the Massagetae had to face the successor of the Median Empire, the newly formed
2421:
2149:
1876:
986:
981:
971:
615:
5648:
3830:
people to the west into the Caucasian and Pontic steppes, where they came in contact and conflict with the
6923:
3761:
3650:
3211:
3182:
3153:
2873:
2139:
2111:
1895:
1797:
1563:
1409:
1033:
871:
763:
702:
657:
597:
589:
5757:. University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series. Springer International Publishing. pp. 65–75.
3067:
The scholar Y. A. Zadneprovskiy has instead suggested that the Dahae were descendants of the Massagetae.
7225:
Zadneprovskiy, Y. A. (1994). "The Nomads of Northern Central Asia After the Invansion of Alexander". In
7136:
6664:
3635:, carried out a campaign against the Sakas from 520 to 518 BCE during which he conquered the Massagetae/
3563:
2286:
2115:
1023:
1019:
1004:
1000:
3779:
The dominance of the Massagetae in Central Asia ended in the 3rd century BCE, following the Macedonian
1510:
5421:
History and study of the Jats: with reference to Sikhs, Scythians, Alans, Sarmatians, Goths, and Jutes
3783:, which cut off the relations between the steppe nomads and the sedentary populations of the previous
7145:
6206:
4023:
but not wine. According to the Greek author Strabo, the Derbices did not consume any female animals.
3942:
3753:
3612:
2232:
2197:
1378:
1193:
1145:
1082:
1052:
1010:
990:
854:
708:
6652:
3631:, who rebelled against the Persian Empire until one of the successors of Cyrus, the Achaemenid king
7282:
6358:
6218:
6082:
6032:
5662:
5448:
4037:
3995:
3881:
3722:
3703:
3665:
3586:
1505:
1500:
1396:
1320:
1285:
1208:
1198:
1057:
758:
753:
722:
267:
5530:
3865:. Other free Alans migrated into Central and then Western Europe, from where some of them went to
7053:
7021:
6495:
6378:
5776:
5559:
5398:
5049:, since the Behistun text does not mention any campaigns in that area, in spite of the fact that
4296:
4178:
4162:
3987:
3718:
3646:
3641:, captured Skuⁿxa, and replaced him with a ruler who was loyal to Achaemenid power. According to
2211:
2162:
2096:
2080:
1705:
1358:
1097:
783:
688:
683:
280:
182:
7109:
Achaemenid Culture and Local traditions in Anatolia, Southern Caucasus and Iran: New Discoveries
6936:
6914:
6867:
6833:
6792:
6752:
5813:
3710:
3102:
2519:
4464:
7258:
7230:
7211:
7171:
7116:
7089:
7073:
7039:
6895:
6714:
6668:
6633:
6594:
6580:
6565:
6537:
6343:
6331:
6317:
6281:
6242:
6192:
6168:
6154:
6110:
6068:
6040:
6018:
5984:
5946:
5916:
5888:
5866:
5766:
5670:
5569:
5536:
5500:
5473:
5425:
5313:
5224:
5212:
4280:
4263:
4215:
3787:
3658:
3654:
3546:
3518:
3294:
3112:
2984:
2960:
2653:
2637:
2619:
2523:
2458:
2439:
2225:
2191:
2183:
2127:
2121:
2103:
2074:
2053:
2039:
2031:
1801:
1662:
1602:
1584:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1482:
1477:
1306:
1169:
818:
811:
804:
790:
776:
736:
715:
652:
644:
539:
440:
302:
143:
112:
5494:
5452:
3550:
3427:. There, their presence had an important role in the history of the ancient civilisations of
3058:
also located the Dahae. The scholars A. Abetekov and H. Yusupov have also suggested that the
94:
7226:
7207:
7183:
7161:
7153:
7112:
7104:
7069:
7065:
7025:
7007:
6964:
6928:
6887:
6859:
6818:
6778:
6629:
6533:
6517:
6479:
6457:
6415:
6370:
6295:
6277:
6214:
6172:
6150:
6106:
6036:
5964:
5960:
5884:
5758:
3946:
3900:
3874:
3850:
3632:
3620:
3298:
3076:
as being a separate group from the Saka, and therefore as not identical with the Massagetae/
2473:
2219:
2169:
1986:
1792:
1680:
1620:
1597:
1540:
1535:
1472:
1459:
1454:
1444:
1117:
730:
678:
670:
663:
254:
5061:
inhabiting the deserts and steppes of the lands north of the Khurâsân desert corridor, ..."
6433:
3831:
3791:
3757:
3749:
3522:
3504:
3484:
3440:
3412:
3310:
3302:
3099:
2451:
2300:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2240:
2176:
2155:
2133:
1718:
1607:
1530:
1439:
1372:
1313:
1179:
911:
896:
886:
881:
797:
769:
230:
169:
156:
3581:, who lived in 3rd century BCE, instead recorded that Cyrus died in a battle against the
3359:
Another Massagetaean sub-group, the Derbices, lived in the arid area to the north of the
3336:
One of the Massagetaean sub-groups, the Apasiacae, lived either on the east coast of the
7149:
3698:
The Massagetae, along with the Sogdians and Bactrians, participated in the rebellion of
3597:
7234:
7166:
7131:
6796:
6698:
6682:
6541:
6438:
6429:
6234:
6222:
6184:
6124:
6044:
6010:
5998:
5976:
5892:
5830:"Herodotus: Queen Tomyris of the Massagetai and the Defeat of the Persians under Cyrus"
5379:
4334:
4233:
3954:
3950:
3927:
3919:
3908:
3885:
3306:
2592:
2548:
2045:
1912:
1787:
1345:
1299:
1267:
1203:
694:
132:
6871:
5844:
5829:
5470:
The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
3977:, connecting them to the Massagetae. These theories are not widely accepted, however.
3726:
the latter split, with a part of them migrating into Hyrcania and others to the lower
7276:
7203:
7199:
6999:
6995:
6956:
6952:
6940:
6851:
6847:
6810:
6806:
6770:
6766:
6706:
6702:
6625:
6509:
6505:
6471:
6467:
6382:
6309:
6273:
6269:
6146:
6142:
6102:
6098:
5780:
5599:
4251:
3966:
3866:
3436:
3325:. The territory of the Massagetae thus included the area corresponding to modern-day
2500:
2305:
1769:
1685:
1402:
1260:
876:
430:
241:
217:
197:
6729:
4109:
The fishermen wore seal skins, while the sheep-breeders wore clothing made of wool.
4042:
Drawing of Saka soldiers serving in Achaemenid army based on Herodotus' description.
7132:"Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe"
6837:
5568:. Vol. 73 of Ancient peoples and places. New York: Praeger. pp. 113–114.
4792:
may be the individual denomination, the proper name of this Iranian nomadic people.
4663:, p. 100: As for the term “Orthocorybantii”, this is a translation of Iranian
4295:
outside of her tent, inside of which the couple would proceed to have intercourse.
4091:
4065:
3889:
3835:
3424:
3326:
3274:
2974:
2823:
2781:
2435:
2254:
1924:
1762:
1236:
1107:
906:
901:
891:
357:
322:
311:
289:
6649:"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"
5751:"Scythian and Zoroastrian Earth Goddesses: A Comparative Study on Api and Ārmaiti"
5710:(the leader of the Sakas, who rebelled against Darius I), perhaps related to Oss.
6584:
5563:
5419:
4561:
3046:, with this identification being based on the location of the former between the
7195:
7188:
The Rise and Organisation of the Achaemenid Empire: The Eastern Iranian Evidence
6983:
6891:
6880:
Nartamongæ. The Journal of Alano-Ossetic Studies: Epic, Mythology & Language
6686:
6617:
6374:
6334:(1996). "10.4.1. The Scythians". In Hermann, Joachim; de Laet, Sigfried (eds.).
6265:
6138:
6094:
5930:
5762:
4344:
4329:
4064:. Over these, they sometimes wore a cloak with long and narrow sleeves, and the
3846:
3827:
3810:
The Massagetae themselves merged with tribal groups in Central Asia to form the
3664:
The territories of the Saka were absorbed into the Achaemenid Empire as part of
3457:
3428:
3364:
3282:
2893:
2761:
1900:
1886:
1850:
1558:
78:
17:
5532:
The Geats of Beowulf: a study in the geographical mythology of the Middle Ages
3858:
3815:
3734:
3699:
3416:
3380:
3372:
2469:
1863:
1777:
1655:
1420:
6899:
6756:
6420:
6299:
7081:
6737:
6694:
6230:
6180:
6053:
The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250
5972:
5963:(1985). "The Rise of the Achaemenids and Establishment of Their Empire". In
5705:
5654:
5389:
5200:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5008:
5002:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4747:
4741:
4706:
4682:
4664:
4205:
4166:
4101:
4095:
4074:
4050:
3854:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3645:, Darius fought against three armies led by three kings, respectively named
3642:
3636:
3602:
3539:
3538:
3447:
3420:
3404:
3387:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3318:
3314:
3290:
3289:, more precisely across the large area stretching from the lands around the
3077:
3071:
3051:
3047:
3033:
3009:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2964:
2951:
2919:
2897:
2857:
2827:
2811:
2799:
2785:
2765:
2752:
2603:
2443:
2066:
1843:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1807:
1675:
1122:
1092:
452:
344:
34:
7175:
6660:
5883:; Yusupov, H. (1994). "Ancient Iranian Nomads in Western Central Asia". In
5592:
4778:---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3008:
The scholar Marek Jan Olbrycht has also identified the Massagetae with the
3961:
of 2000 BC Mesopotamia, and/or a people known in ancient China as the "Da
4323:
4061:
4057:
3870:
3784:
3738:
3616:
3578:
3515:
3432:
3368:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3286:
2943:
2455:
2009:
2000:
1891:
1692:
1667:
1571:
1062:
638:
536:
333:
206:
7157:
4187:) are variants of the same name, and are cognates with the Avestan name
5658:
4292:
4211:
3958:
3903:
authors later used the name "Massagetae" as an archaising term for the
3877:
3823:
3804:
3706:, but they later submitted to him again after Spitamenes was murdered.
3628:
3608:
3574:
3530:
3526:
3500:
3480:
3353:
3269:
2930:, meaning "rejoicing at water," which have so far not been conclusive.
2744:
2669:
2575:
2447:
2059:
2023:
2016:
1814:
1434:
1087:
1067:
522:
504:
447:
5144:
5142:
3709:
Among the scholars who do not identify the Massagetae with the Dahae,
3661:, with Polyaenus's account being based on Persian historical records.
3460:, before it was replaced by the Persian Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
7254:
7250:
7191:
6621:
6613:
6590:
6561:
6557:
6339:
6261:
6134:
6090:
6064:
6060:
6006:
5938:
5912:
5908:
4823:
4787:
4688:
4276:
4269:
4144:
4124:
4085:
4044:
Tigraxaudā/Orthocorybantian soldier on the right wears a pointed hat.
4016:
3980:
Many scholars have suggested that the Massagetae were related to the
3962:
3931:
3912:
3862:
3555:
3255:
3240:
3095:
3055:
3027:
3002:
2851:
2714:), meaning "men," with the ending of the name being derived from the
2641:
2551:
2504:
2431:
1782:
1736:
1255:
1072:
123:
6648:
6401:
6130:
Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin Literature
5750:
4776:"Sakas who are living beyond Sogdiana (=beyond the Sir-darya river)"
4069:
2963:
has identified the Massagetae as being the same as the people named
2903:
2817:
2805:
2791:
2771:
5535:(illustrated ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. p. 68.
2743:
A delegation of Tigraxaudā/Orthocorybantians paying tribute on the
7246:
6553:
6056:
5904:
5117:
5115:
4339:
4029:
The Massagetae might possibly have practised cranial deformation.
3999:
3991:
3981:
3811:
3799:
3774:
3745:
3727:
3714:
3683:
3582:
3453:
3408:
3376:
3360:
3039:
2863:
2738:
2496:
2465:
1881:
1755:
1749:
1731:
1102:
1077:
403:
385:
103:
7031:
The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian Periods
3130:), the "Saka of the Marshes, Saka of the Land," mentioned in the
2798:), meaning "wearer of pointed hats," being composed of the terms
6579:
Negmatov, N. N. (1994). "States in North-West Central Asia". In
5392:, and are called Massagetae, as if heavy, that is, strong Getae.
4746:"Sakas who are living beyond the sea" (=European Scythians). 2.
4143:
The name of the Massagetaean prince, recorded in the Greek form
3904:
3842:
3819:
3807:
starting in the late 4th century and the early 3rd century BCE.
3795:
3567:
3559:
3142:
The Massagetae were composed of multiple sub-tribes, including:
2970:
2777:
2427:
2273:
4629:
4627:
3765:
with the backing of the Apasiacae, were ultimately successful.
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4094:," were derived. The use of the Median closed tunic among the
3106:
3086:
4811:
4753:
4326:, queen of a Saka tribe which also had contact with the Medes
4150:
4130:
4080:
3297:
rivers up to the steppes and the deserts to the north of the
3246:
3231:
2510:
5424:(illustrated ed.). Canada: Beta Publishers. p. 8.
4587:
4585:
5935:
Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity
5183:
5181:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4687:(who wear pointed caps) were known to Greek authors as the
4602:
4600:
3225:
3196:
3167:
2987:. Harmatta's identification is based on the mention of the
2887:
5554:
5552:
3713:
suggests that the Massagetae were instead absorbed by the
3537:
allies, after which Cyrus's ally, the king Amorges of the
2747:
relief, together with all the other peoples of the empire.
6055:. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 2.
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
3562:(of which the Massagetae were a group), and according to
3456:, whose influence had stretched to the lands east of the
6532:
Koshelenko, G. A.; Pilipko, V. N. (1994). "Parthia". In
5362:
5360:
5358:
2736:, meaning "men," used by the Massagetae for themselves.
5055:
is listed as one of the rebellious lands. With hostile
4873:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4218:
term meaning "distinguishing oneself," and attested as
3737:, while another sub-group moved to the south-east into
3301:
mountain corridor, that is in the region including the
5717:
5711:
5454:
India & Russia: linguistic & cultural affinity
5253:
5251:
5249:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4237:
4219:
4182:
4156:
4106:
and the Medes during the period of the Median Empire.
3845:
conquered most of the Alans living to the east of the
3653:(whose name might be related to that of Tomyris), and
3115:
3059:
3040:
3018:
2925:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2663:
2657:
2647:
2628:
2613:
2607:
2596:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2542:
2532:
2526:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4188:
3826:
in the 2nd century BCE, the Alans were pushed by the
2845:
2701:
2687:
2673:
2578:
27:
Ancient Iranian nomadic confederation in Central Asia
6301:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
6258:
Warrior Women: The Anonymous Tractatus De Mulieribus
5037:, p. 132: "It may thus be hypotesized that the
4752:"Sakas worshipping the Hauma" (in Central Asia, the
3105:
has also suggestive a tentative connection with the
5388:The Massagetae are in origin from the tribe of the
4817:
4805:
4781:
3668:, which included much of the territory between the
3371:to the south, the Oxus river in the east, and the
3205:
3176:
3147:
2978:
2867:
2836:
2490:
564:
549:
532:
510:
492:
480:
472:
464:
458:
446:
436:
426:
40:
32:
6003:By Steppe, Desert, and Ocean: The Birth of Eurasia
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
3682:were included within the same tax district as the
3273:Asia in 323 BC, showing the Massagetae located in
2826:worn by the ancient Iranian peoples, of which the
5753:. In Niknami, Kamal-Aldin; Hozhabri, Ali (eds.).
5349:
4049:Like all ancient Iranian peoples, the Massagetae/
3814:, a people who themselves belonged to the larger
2892:, which is itself the literal translation of the
6693:. Vol. 1. Translated by Crookenden, Julia.
5650:Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen
5148:
5121:
4888:
4886:
4100:was the result of extensive contact between the
5472:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 98–99.
5443:
5441:
4844:
4693:, a direct translation of the Old Persian name"
2942:Scythian-Saka warriors depicted on the tomb of
5847:. Women in World History Curriculum. 1996–2010
4764:"Sakas who wear the pointed cap" (between the
4242:
4225:
3969:in South Asia). Mallory and Mair suggest that
3415:, following which the Scythians displaced the
3352:rivers, or possibly along the Oxus in western
2622:
408:
6363:Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
5865:. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 113–4.
4892:
4194:
3957:have proposed relating the Massagetae to the
3329:and might possibly have extended to parts of
2707:
2693:
2679:
2584:
2385:
8:
6209:(1988). "Central Asia and Eastern Iran". In
6087:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
5755:Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period
5735:
4994:
4992:
4705:: "Herodotus calls the Sakâ tigrakhaudâ the
4656:
4654:
4974:The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
4903:
4901:
4499:
2822:), "cap." This name was a reference to the
5798:, Vol. 1, Ch. 3, pp.106-07 (London, 1921).
5403:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5325:
5172:
4955:
4938:
4678:
4606:
2392:
2378:
2356:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
584:
29:
7165:
6691:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
6419:
5634:
5622:
5366:
5281:
5240:
5187:
5034:
5022:
4998:
4770:= Amu darya and the Sir-darya rivers, 4.
4702:
4660:
4645:
4633:
4448:
4165:origin, and his name and the name of the
3503:of the Massagetae, receiving the head of
2832:wore an unusually tall and pointed form.
2640:has, however, criticised the proposal of
7243:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
6874:[THE LANGUAGE OF THE SCYTHIANS]
6586:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
6550:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
6035:(1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". In
5901:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
5731:
5701:
5689:
5610:
5496:Pazyrik – The Valley of the Frozen Tombs
5468:Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000).
5337:
5309:
5269:
5133:
5106:
5094:
5082:
4919:
4907:
4801:
4737:
4618:
4591:
4547:
4528:
4460:
4436:
4036:
3596:
3507:, circa 530 BCE (18th century painting).
3483:of the Massagetae receiving the head of
3356:, or between the Caspian and Aral Seas"
3268:
2937:
7293:Tribes described primarily by Herodotus
6657:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia
5293:
5257:
4877:
4725:
4369:
4355:
3861:, and other Alan groupings survived in
3026:János Harmatta has also identified the
596:
5396:
4576:
3994:also invaded parts of Northern India.
2910:), meaning "wearer of pointed hats.",
2468:, a people who belonged to the larger
402:Location of the Massagetae within the
6359:"Alexander the Great in Central Asia"
5862:The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories
5832:. Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
5160:
3973:may at one time have been pronounced
3965:" or "Great Yuezhi" (who founded the
3938:means "great," "heavy," or "strong."
3132:Suez Inscriptions of Darius the Great
2363:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
2335:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
563:
548:
544:
509:
491:
487:
479:
7:
5070:
4563:Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran
4487:
2730:would have corresponded to the name
2450:'s alleged defeating and killing of
5814:"The Origin And Deeds Of The Goths"
5382:(1864). Migne, Jacques Paul (ed.).
4155:) and reflecting the Scythian form
2537:is the plural form, containing the
2320:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
5593:Indian Institute of Romani Studies
3794:started attacking the Massagetae,
3558:, Cyrus died fighting against the
3313:, especially the area between the
2342:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
86:
25:
5001:, p. 160: "In section 2 the
3070:Marek Jan Olbrycht considers the
6407:Journal of Language Relationship
6402:"External Relations of Scythian"
3492:
3472:
2349:Journal of Indo-European Studies
1113:Bible translations into Armenian
604:
85:
77:
71:
7004:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
6961:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
6856:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
6815:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
6775:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
6514:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
6476:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
3585:; according to the Iranologist
2574:, meaning "fish," derived from
2562:and is composed of the Iranian
624:List of Indo-European languages
6398:Kullanda, Sergey Vsevolodovich
5418:Dhillon, Balbir Singh (1994).
4758:of the Greek geographers), 3.
4560:Verlang von D. Reimer (1982).
41:
1:
7130:Unterländer, Martina (2017).
7078:The Cambridge Ancient History
6256:Gera, Deborah Levine (2018).
6227:The Cambridge Ancient History
6177:The Cambridge History of Iran
5969:The Cambridge History of Iran
5828:Halsall, Paul (August 1998).
5796:The History of Human Marriage
5350:Koshelenko & Pilipko 1994
4302:The History of Human Marriage
4135:), meaning "spear-bearers."
4002:influence in Northern India.
3566:he died fighting against the
3005:also located the Massagetae.
2924:, meaning "Water-Sakas," and
1950:Proto-Indo-European mythology
1219:Paleolithic continuity theory
570:
555:
513:
495:
415:
414:), and contemporary polities
57:
50:
7107:; Licheli, Vakhtang (eds.).
7060:(1991). "The Scythians". In
6647:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000).
6608:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021).
5859:Robert B. Strassler (2009).
5706:
5149:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
5122:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
5057:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5009:
5003:
4824:
4788:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4748:
4742:
4707:
4689:
4683:
4665:
4206:
4183:
4157:
4145:
4125:
4102:
4096:
4086:
4075:
4051:
3873:, and some Alans joined the
3678:
3637:
3603:
3540:
3448:
3256:
3241:
3226:
3197:
3168:
3107:
3087:
3078:
3072:
3060:
3041:
3034:
3028:
3019:
3010:
2989:
2965:
2952:
2926:
2920:
2898:
2888:
2872:, which is derived from the
2858:
2852:
2828:
2812:
2800:
2786:
2766:
2753:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2664:
2658:
2648:
2642:
2614:
2612:, a derivation from Iranian
2608:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2543:
2533:
2527:
2505:
1638:Northern Black Polished Ware
837:Proto-Indo-European language
453:
35:
7076:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
6892:10.23671/VNC.2018.1-2.37869
6375:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11
5763:10.1007/978-3-030-41776-5_6
5718:
5712:
5205:Herodotus: The Persian Wars
4845:Abetekov & Yusupov 1994
4818:
4806:
4782:
4238:
4220:
4189:
4090:), both meaning "wearer of
3984:of ancient Eastern Europe.
3452:had close contact with the
3206:
3177:
3148:
2979:
2868:
2846:
2837:
2702:
2688:
2674:
2629:
2597:
2579:
2491:
2438:and were part of the wider
1955:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
465:
459:
7309:
7086:Cambridge University Press
7036:Cambridge University Press
6711:Cambridge University Press
6239:Cambridge University Press
6189:Cambridge University Press
5981:Cambridge University Press
5722:“to distinguish oneself”."
5529:Leake, Jane Acomb (1967).
5499:. Read Books. p. 10.
5203:(1975). G.P. Goold (ed.).
4812:
4754:
4261:
4151:
4131:
4081:
4070:
3772:
3285:and the south-east of the
3247:
3232:
3215:
3186:
3157:
3116:
2904:
2877:
2818:
2806:
2792:
2773:𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠
2772:
1251:Domestication of the horse
7288:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
7239:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
7103:Summerer, Lâtife (2007).
7024:(1985). "The Scyths". In
6872:"Die Sprache der Skythen"
6728:Sandes, Caroline (2014).
6546:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
6049:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
5897:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
5816:. ucalgary.ca. 1997-04-22
4979:Little, Brown and Company
4810:. Consequently, the name
4786:. Consequently, the name
4669:“wearers of pointed caps”
4243:
4226:
4197:𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀-𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀
4195:
3756:, sought refuge from the
2708:
2694:
2680:
2623:
2585:
2430:people who inhabited the
1960:Historical Vedic religion
1237:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
579:
545:
528:
488:
66:
49:
6421:10.31826/jlr-2014-110110
6357:Harmatta, János (1999).
6314:Rutgers University Press
5493:John F. Haskins (2016).
4214:might be related to the
3748:king and founder of the
3704:Alexander III of Macedon
2784:", with the descriptive
2547:, which is reflected in
1965:Ancient Iranian religion
1328:Novotitarovskaya culture
1175:Indo-European migrations
84:
6655:; Fear, Andrew (eds.).
6494:Brunner, C. J. (2004).
6015:Oxford University Press
5943:Oxford University Press
5749:Safaee, Yazdan (2020).
5625:, p. 156-157, 160.
4773:Sakā tayaiy para Sugdam
2977:”) by the Persians and
2556:. The singular form is
2511:
1466:Northern/Eastern Steppe
6924:Encyclopaedia of Islam
5736:
5647:Hinz, Walther (1975).
4173:and the Scythian king
4046:
3941:Some authors, such as
3918:A 9th century work by
3818:group. Related to the
3762:Seleucus II Callinicus
3623:
3363:river bordered by the
3278:
2993:as living between the
2947:
2748:
1937:Religion and mythology
1896:Medieval Scandinavians
1187:Alternative and fringe
574: 3rd century BCE
566:• Disestablished
559: 8th century BCE
61: 3rd century BCE
54: 8th century BCE
7137:Nature Communications
6665:Księgarnia Akademicka
6207:Francfort, Henri-Paul
5794:Westermarck, Edvard,
4743:Sakā tayaiy paradraya
4040:
3600:
3564:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3487:. 1670–1672 painting.
3272:
2941:
2742:
2454:, the founder of the
2287:Indo-European studies
1650:Peoples and societies
427:Common languages
7257:. pp. 448–463.
7088:. pp. 547–590.
7038:. pp. 149–199.
6991:Encyclopædia Iranica
6948:Encyclopædia Iranica
6843:Encyclopædia Iranica
6802:Encyclopædia Iranica
6762:Encyclopædia Iranica
6667:. pp. 101–140.
6653:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga
6593:. pp. 432–447.
6564:. pp. 127–145.
6501:Encyclopædia Iranica
6463:Encyclopædia Iranica
6280:. pp. 187–199.
6171:(1985). "Media". In
5449:Rishi, Weer Rajendra
4711:("pointed hat men")"
3943:Alexander Cunningham
3744:Around 230 BCE, the
3613:Behistun Inscription
2862:is derived from the
1194:Anatolian hypothesis
1146:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1053:Hittite inscriptions
598:Indo-European topics
7158:10.1038/ncomms14615
7150:2017NatCo...814615U
7054:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
6980:Shahbazi, A. Shapur
6797:"Scythian Language"
6713:. pp. 97–117.
6454:Litvinsky, Boris A.
6434:"Scythians / Sacae"
6336:History of Humanity
6191:. pp. 36–148.
5845:"More Women Rulers"
5663:Harrassowitz Verlag
5560:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
5457:. Roma. p. 95.
4636:, pp. 189–191.
4566:. pp. 223–225.
3996:Weer Rajendra Rishi
3882:Strait of Gibraltar
3723:Muhammad Dandamayev
3587:Muhammad Dandamayev
2646:'s derivation from
1450:Multi-cordoned ware
1321:Mikhaylovka culture
1209:Indigenous Aryanism
1199:Armenian hypothesis
1058:Hieroglyphic Luwian
551:• Established
7237:; Etemadi, G. F.;
6730:"Persepolis, Iran"
6544:; Etemadi, G. F.;
6067:. pp. 35–64.
6047:; Etemadi, G. F.;
5915:. pp. 24–34.
5895:; Etemadi, G. F.;
5163:, p. 202-203.
5151:, p. 560-590.
4893:Zadneprovskiy 1994
4648:, p. 156-157.
4621:, p. 443-444.
4297:Edvard Westermarck
4079:) and the Greeks (
4047:
3988:Tadeusz Sulimirski
3880:into crossing the
3781:conquest of Persia
3719:Hellenistic period
3624:
3321:rivers and around
3279:
2948:
2810:), "pointed," and
2749:
2662:, from an earlier
1030:Proto-Indo-Iranian
1016:Proto-Balto-Slavic
997:Proto-Italo-Celtic
7264:978-9-231-02846-5
7227:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
7217:978-9-004-09682-0
7122:978-9-047-42398-0
7115:. pp. 3–30.
7105:Ivantchik, Askold
7095:978-1-139-05429-4
7070:Hammond, N. G. L.
7066:Edwards, I. E. S.
7045:978-1-139-05493-5
6720:978-0-521-24304-9
6674:978-8-371-88337-8
6639:978-9-004-46076-8
6571:978-9-231-02846-5
6534:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
6349:978-9-231-02812-0
6323:978-0-813-51304-1
6287:978-9-004-32988-1
6248:978-0-521-22804-6
6215:Hammond, N. G. L.
6198:978-0-521-20091-2
6173:Gershevitch, Ilya
6160:978-9-004-10844-8
6116:978-9-004-09172-6
6083:Dandamayev, M. A.
6074:978-9-231-02846-5
6037:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
6033:Dandamayev, M. A.
6024:978-0-19-968917-0
5990:978-0-521-20091-2
5965:Gershevitch, Ilya
5952:978-0-198-14936-1
5922:978-9-231-02846-5
5885:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
5772:978-3-030-41776-5
5676:978-3-447-01703-9
5542:978-0-598-17720-9
5506:978-1-4733-5279-7
4708:Orthocorybantians
4264:Scythian religion
4163:Scythian language
3884:and creating the
3790:. The succeeding
3788:Achaemenid Empire
3521:, whose founder,
3519:Achaemenid Empire
3254:
3239:
3224:
3195:
3166:
2886:
2847:Orthocorybantians
2710:𐬨𐬀𐬴𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬐𐬀
2654:Bactrian language
2459:Achaemenid Empire
2440:Scythian cultures
2418:Orthocorybantians
2402:
2401:
1663:Anatolian peoples
1633:Painted Grey Ware
1521:Nordic Bronze Age
1170:Kurgan hypothesis
1123:Old Irish glosses
1088:Gaulish epigraphy
583:
582:
540:Scythian cultures
441:Scythian religion
413:
304:MACEDONIAN EMPIRE
16:(Redirected from
7300:
7268:
7221:
7184:Vogelsang, W. J.
7179:
7169:
7126:
7113:Brill Publishers
7099:
7049:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7008:Brill Publishers
6975:
6973:
6971:
6965:Brill Publishers
6932:
6929:Brill Publishers
6915:Schmitt, Rüdiger
6910:
6908:
6906:
6877:
6868:Schmitt, Rüdiger
6863:
6860:Brill Publishers
6829:
6827:
6825:
6819:Brill Publishers
6788:
6786:
6785:
6779:Brill Publishers
6748:
6746:
6744:
6724:
6683:Melyukova, A. I.
6678:
6643:
6604:
6575:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6518:Brill Publishers
6490:
6488:
6486:
6480:Brill Publishers
6449:
6447:
6446:
6425:
6423:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6369:(1–4): 129–136.
6353:
6327:
6291:
6252:
6202:
6169:Diakonoff, I. M.
6164:
6120:
6078:
6028:
5994:
5956:
5926:
5876:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5800:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5602:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5445:
5436:
5435:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5402:
5394:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5353:
5347:
5341:
5340:, p. 32-34.
5335:
5329:
5328:, pp. 44–46
5323:
5317:
5307:
5301:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5222:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5085:, p. 33-34.
5080:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5006:
4996:
4987:
4986:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4942:
4936:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4896:
4890:
4881:
4875:
4848:
4842:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4785:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4712:
4710:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4690:Orthokorybantioi
4686:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4658:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4595:
4594:, p. 19-20.
4589:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4532:
4526:
4503:
4500:Unterländer 2017
4497:
4491:
4485:
4468:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4373:
4367:
4287:Marriage customs
4249:
4248:
4247:
4241:
4236:dialect, and as
4231:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4209:
4204:The name of the
4200:
4199:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4105:
4099:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4054:
3975:d'ad-ngiwat-tieg
3947:James P. Mallory
3851:Migration Period
3822:who had invaded
3681:
3640:
3611:depicted in the
3606:
3543:
3496:
3476:
3451:
3373:Balkhan Mountain
3367:to the west, by
3309:deserts and the
3259:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3209:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3122:𓐠𓎼𓄖𓋴𓎝𓎡𓇿𓈉
3113:Ancient Egyptian
3110:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3063:
3044:
3037:
3031:
3022:
3013:
2992:
2982:
2968:
2959:The Iranologist
2955:
2929:
2923:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2756:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2667:
2661:
2651:
2645:
2636:The Iranologist
2632:
2626:
2625:
2618:"fish" (compare
2617:
2611:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2536:
2530:
2518:The Iranologist
2514:
2508:
2494:
2474:Migration Period
2412:, also known as
2394:
2387:
2380:
2235:
2228:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2083:
2069:
2062:
2048:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2003:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1793:Germanic peoples
1783:Hellenic peoples
1772:
1765:
1758:
1681:Mycenaean Greeks
1670:
1598:Thraco-Cimmerian
1496:Globular Amphora
1473:Abashevo culture
1412:
1405:
1375:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1118:Tocharian script
821:
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
739:
725:
718:
711:
697:
673:
666:
647:
608:
585:
575:
572:
560:
557:
518:
515:
500:
497:
468:
462:
456:
420:
417:
412:
411:
407:
394:
392:
381:
379:
368:
366:
353:
351:
340:
338:
329:
327:
318:
316:
307:
305:
298:
296:
285:
283:
276:
274:
263:
261:
250:
248:
237:
235:
226:
224:
213:
211:
202:
200:
193:
191:
178:
176:
165:
163:
152:
150:
139:
137:
128:
126:
119:
117:
108:
106:
99:
97:
89:
88:
81:
75:
62:
59:
55:
52:
44:
43:
38:
30:
21:
7308:
7307:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7265:
7235:Puri, Baij Nath
7231:Harmatta, János
7224:
7218:
7182:
7129:
7123:
7102:
7096:
7080:. Vol. 3.
7052:
7046:
7034:. Vol. 2.
7026:Gershevitch, I.
7020:
7012:
7010:
6978:
6969:
6967:
6935:
6913:
6904:
6902:
6875:
6866:
6832:
6823:
6821:
6791:
6783:
6781:
6751:
6742:
6740:
6727:
6721:
6681:
6675:
6646:
6640:
6607:
6601:
6589:. Vol. 2.
6581:Harmatta, János
6578:
6572:
6552:. Vol. 2.
6542:Puri, Baij Nath
6538:Harmatta, János
6531:
6522:
6520:
6504:. Vol. 5.
6493:
6484:
6482:
6452:
6444:
6442:
6430:Lendering, Jona
6428:
6396:
6387:
6385:
6356:
6350:
6342:. p. 181.
6338:. Vol. 3.
6332:Harmatta, János
6330:
6324:
6294:
6288:
6255:
6249:
6229:. Vol. 4.
6205:
6199:
6179:. Vol. 2.
6167:
6161:
6125:De Jong, Albert
6123:
6117:
6081:
6075:
6045:Puri, Baij Nath
6041:Harmatta, János
6031:
6025:
5999:Cunliffe, Barry
5997:
5991:
5971:. Vol. 2.
5959:
5953:
5929:
5923:
5893:Puri, Baij Nath
5889:Harmatta, János
5879:
5873:
5858:
5850:
5848:
5843:
5835:
5833:
5827:
5819:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5792:
5788:
5773:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5730:
5726:
5700:
5696:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5621:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5591:
5587:
5576:
5558:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5507:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5447:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5395:
5380:Maurus, Rabanus
5378:
5377:
5373:
5365:
5356:
5348:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5326:Dandamayev 1994
5324:
5320:
5308:
5304:
5292:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5256:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5219:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5186:
5179:
5173:Sulimirski 1985
5171:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5147:
5140:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5069:
5065:
5058:Sakâ Tigraxaudâ
5040:Sakâ Tigraxaudâ
5033:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5010:Sakâ Tigraxaudâ
4997:
4990:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4956:Dandamayev 1989
4954:
4945:
4939:Dandamayev 1994
4937:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4906:
4899:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4851:
4843:
4832:
4800:
4796:
4779:
4777:
4761:Sakā tigraxaudā
4749:Sakā haumavargā
4736:
4732:
4724:
4715:
4701:
4697:
4684:Sakā Tigraxaudā
4679:Dandamayev 1994
4677:
4673:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4640:
4632:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4607:Dandamayev 1994
4605:
4598:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4546:
4535:
4527:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4471:
4459:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4376:
4368:
4357:
4353:
4320:
4311:
4309:Funeral customs
4289:
4266:
4260:
4245:
4227:
4207:Sakā tigraxaudā
4196:
4141:
4118:
4097:Sakā tigraxaudā
4087:Orthokorubantes
4052:Sakā tigraxaudā
4045:
4043:
4035:
4013:
4008:
3990:notes that the
3898:
3841:In 375 CE, the
3792:Seleucid Empire
3777:
3771:
3750:Parthian Empire
3711:Rüdiger Schmitt
3696:
3679:Sakā tigraxaudā
3638:Sakā tigraxaudā
3595:
3593:Achaemenid rule
3541:Sakā haumavargā
3512:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:Cyrus the Great
3497:
3489:
3488:
3485:Cyrus the Great
3477:
3466:
3449:Sakā tigraxaudā
3413:Eurasian Steppe
3401:
3396:
3311:Ustyurt Plateau
3267:
3140:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3103:Rüdiger Schmitt
3092:
3079:Sakā tigraxaudā
3035:Sakā tigraxaudā
3024:
3011:Sakā tigraxaudā
2990:Sakā tigraxaudā
2980:Orthocorybantes
2966:Sakā tigraxaudā
2957:
2953:Sakā tigraxaudā
2936:
2916:
2889:Orthokorubantes
2869:Orthocorybantes
2859:Sakā tigraxaudā
2842:
2838:Orthocorybantes
2829:Sakā tigraxaudā
2767:Sakā tigraxaudā
2758:
2754:Sakā tigraxaudā
2709:
2695:
2681:
2668:related to the
2591:; cognate with
2586:
2520:Rüdiger Schmitt
2487:
2482:
2425:Eastern Iranian
2414:Sakā tigraxaudā
2398:
2369:
2368:
2301:Marija Gimbutas
2289:
2279:
2278:
2270:Winter solstice
2260:Horse sacrifice
2231:
2224:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2107:
2092:
2079:
2065:
2058:
2044:
2035:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1969:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1872:
1859:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1745:
1727:
1714:
1701:
1672:
1666:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1616:
1593:
1580:
1568:
1549:
1491:
1468:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1408:
1401:
1392:
1390:Northern Europe
1371:
1367:
1354:
1341:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1273:Steppe cultures
1246:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1214:Baltic homeland
1188:
1184:
1180:Eurasian nomads
1164:
1160:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1098:Runic epigraphy
1093:Latin epigraphy
1048:
1040:
1039:
977:Proto-Anatolian
961:
916:
912:Thraco-Illyrian
897:Graeco-Phrygian
887:Graeco-Armenian
882:Graeco-Albanian
861:
839:
826:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
735:
721:
714:
707:
693:
669:
662:
643:
628:
620:
618:
573:
567:
558:
552:
519:
516:
501:
498:
463:
460:Orthocorybantes
457:
454:Sakā tigraxaudā
422:
421:
418:
409:
399:
398:
397:
396:
395:
386:
384:
382:
373:
371:
369:
362:
358:
356:
354:
345:
343:
341:
334:
332:
330:
325:
323:
321:
319:
314:
312:
310:
308:
303:
301:
299:
293:
290:
288:
286:
281:
279:
277:
268:
266:
264:
255:
253:
251:
242:
240:
238:
231:
229:
227:
221:
218:
216:
214:
207:
205:
203:
198:
196:
194:
187:
183:
181:
179:
170:
168:
166:
160:
157:
155:
153:
147:
144:
142:
140:
133:
131:
129:
124:
122:
120:
113:
111:
109:
104:
102:
100:
95:
93:
91:
90:
82:
60:
53:
45:
39:
36:Sakā tigraxauda
28:
23:
22:
18:Sakā tigraxaudā
15:
12:
11:
5:
7306:
7304:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7275:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7263:
7222:
7216:
7180:
7127:
7121:
7100:
7094:
7074:Sollberger, E.
7062:Boardman, John
7050:
7044:
7022:Sulimirski, T.
7018:
6976:
6933:
6911:
6886:(1–2): 77–86.
6864:
6830:
6789:
6749:
6734:Stanfords Blog
6725:
6719:
6699:United Kingdom
6679:
6673:
6644:
6638:
6605:
6599:
6576:
6570:
6529:
6491:
6450:
6426:
6394:
6354:
6348:
6328:
6322:
6296:Grousset, René
6292:
6286:
6253:
6247:
6235:United Kingdom
6211:Boardman, John
6203:
6197:
6185:United Kingdom
6165:
6159:
6121:
6115:
6079:
6073:
6029:
6023:
6011:United Kingdom
5995:
5989:
5977:United Kingdom
5957:
5951:
5927:
5921:
5877:
5871:
5856:
5841:
5825:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5786:
5771:
5741:
5724:
5694:
5682:
5675:
5639:
5635:Litvinsky 2000
5627:
5623:Vogelsang 1992
5615:
5613:, p. 435.
5603:
5598:2013-01-08 at
5585:
5574:
5565:The Sarmatians
5548:
5541:
5521:
5512:
5505:
5485:
5478:
5460:
5437:
5430:
5410:
5371:
5367:Melyukova 1990
5354:
5342:
5330:
5318:
5302:
5286:
5284:, p. 131.
5282:Vogelsang 1992
5274:
5262:
5245:
5243:, p. 171.
5241:Francfort 1988
5233:
5217:
5192:
5190:, p. 160.
5188:Vogelsang 1992
5177:
5165:
5153:
5138:
5126:
5124:, p. 553.
5111:
5109:, p. 293.
5099:
5097:, p. 116.
5087:
5075:
5063:
5035:Vogelsang 1992
5027:
5025:, p. 184.
5023:Francfort 1988
5015:
4999:Vogelsang 1992
4988:
4969:Smith, William
4960:
4943:
4924:
4912:
4897:
4882:
4849:
4830:
4794:
4755:Ἀμύργιοι Σάκαι
4730:
4713:
4703:Lendering 1996
4695:
4671:
4661:Diakonoff 1985
4650:
4646:Vogelsang 1992
4638:
4634:Francfort 1988
4623:
4611:
4596:
4581:
4569:
4552:
4533:
4504:
4492:
4469:
4453:
4449:Diakonoff 1985
4441:
4374:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4335:Indo-Scythians
4332:
4327:
4319:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4299:, however, in
4288:
4285:
4262:Main article:
4259:
4256:
4140:
4137:
4117:
4114:
4082:Ορθοκορυβαντες
4071:𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭
4041:
4034:
4031:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
3955:Edgar Knobloch
3951:Victor H. Mair
3928:Middle Persian
3920:Rabanus Maurus
3897:
3894:
3886:Vandal Kingdom
3773:Main article:
3770:
3767:
3695:
3692:
3594:
3591:
3498:
3491:
3490:
3478:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:Death of Cyrus
3462:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3202:
3173:
3139:
3136:
3091:
3084:
3054:rivers, where
3023:
3016:
3001:rivers, where
2961:János Harmatta
2956:
2949:
2935:
2934:Identification
2932:
2915:
2912:
2906:𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭
2878:Ορθοκορυβαντες
2841:
2834:
2794:𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎧𐎢𐎭
2757:
2750:
2638:János Harmatta
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:Fire sacrifice
2251:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2100:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:Zoroastrianism
2028:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1913:Medieval India
1904:
1903:
1898:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1795:
1790:
1788:Italic peoples
1785:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1624:
1623:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1588:
1587:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1564:Gandhara grave
1561:
1556:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:Middle Dnieper
1406:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1365:Eastern Europe
1362:
1361:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1293:Dnieper–Donets
1289:
1282:
1270:
1268:Kurgan culture
1265:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1204:Beech argument
1201:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1013:
1008:
994:
987:Proto-Germanic
984:
982:Proto-Armenian
979:
974:
972:Proto-Albanian
968:
967:
960:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
923:
922:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
868:
867:
860:
859:
858:
857:
833:
832:
825:
824:
823:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
761:
756:
750:
749:
743:
742:
741:
740:
728:
727:
726:
719:
712:
700:
699:
698:
686:
681:
676:
675:
674:
667:
655:
650:
649:
648:
635:
634:
627:
626:
619:
614:
613:
610:
609:
601:
600:
594:
593:
581:
580:
577:
576:
568:
565:
562:
561:
553:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
534:
533:Historical era
530:
529:
526:
525:
520:
517: 520 BCE
511:
508:
507:
502:
499: 530 BCE
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
478:
477:
474:
470:
469:
450:
444:
443:
438:
434:
433:
428:
424:
423:
401:
400:
383:
370:
355:
342:
331:
320:
309:
300:
287:
278:
265:
252:
239:
228:
215:
204:
195:
180:
167:
154:
141:
130:
121:
110:
101:
92:
83:
76:
70:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
47:
46:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7305:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7266:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7223:
7219:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7204:United States
7201:
7200:New York City
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7124:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7101:
7097:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7058:Taylor, T. F.
7055:
7051:
7047:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7009:
7005:
7001:
7000:United States
6997:
6996:New York City
6993:
6992:
6987:
6986:
6982:(1994). "3".
6981:
6977:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6957:United States
6954:
6953:New York City
6950:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6939:(1986). "3".
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6882:(in German).
6881:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6852:United States
6849:
6848:New York City
6845:
6844:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6811:United States
6808:
6807:New York City
6804:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6771:United States
6768:
6767:New York City
6764:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6707:United States
6704:
6703:New York City
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6626:United States
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6530:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6510:United States
6507:
6506:New York City
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6472:United States
6469:
6468:New York City
6465:
6464:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6310:United States
6307:
6306:New Brunswick
6303:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6274:United States
6271:
6270:New York City
6267:
6263:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6147:United States
6144:
6143:New York City
6140:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6103:United States
6100:
6099:New York City
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5872:9781400031146
5868:
5864:
5863:
5857:
5846:
5842:
5831:
5826:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5790:
5787:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5732:Schmitt 2018c
5728:
5725:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5703:
5702:Schmitt 2018a
5698:
5695:
5691:
5690:Kullanda 2014
5686:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5611:Negmatov 1994
5607:
5604:
5601:
5600:archive.today
5597:
5594:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5577:
5575:9789080057272
5571:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5525:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5489:
5486:
5481:
5479:0-500-05101-1
5475:
5471:
5464:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5431:1-895603-02-1
5427:
5423:
5422:
5414:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5393:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5338:Olbrycht 2021
5334:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5310:Cunliffe 2015
5306:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5270:Shahbazi 1994
5266:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5229:0-434-99117-1
5226:
5220:
5218:0-674-99130-3
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5134:Harmatta 1996
5130:
5127:
5123:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5107:Olbrycht 2021
5103:
5100:
5096:
5095:Olbrycht 2021
5091:
5088:
5084:
5083:Olbrycht 2021
5079:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5019:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4958:, p. 67.
4957:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4922:, p. 21.
4921:
4920:Olbrycht 2021
4916:
4913:
4909:
4908:Olbrycht 2021
4904:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4808:
4803:
4802:Harmatta 1999
4798:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4750:
4744:
4739:
4738:Harmatta 1999
4734:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4619:Negmatov 1994
4615:
4612:
4609:, p. 45.
4608:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4592:Summerer 2007
4588:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4548:Harmatta 1999
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4529:Olbrycht 2000
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4461:Grousset 1970
4457:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4437:Schmitt 2018a
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4240:
4235:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4191:
4190:Sparəγa-paēsa
4185:
4184:*Spargapaiϑah
4180:
4176:
4175:Spargapeithes
4172:
4171:Spargapeithes
4168:
4164:
4159:
4147:
4138:
4136:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4077:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4039:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4015:According to
4010:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3967:Kushan Empire
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3934:, the prefix
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3769:Disappearance
3768:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3717:by the later
3716:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3694:Later history
3693:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:Median Empire
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:Early history
3398:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3243:
3228:
3222:
3213:
3212:Ancient Greek
3208:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3184:
3183:Ancient Greek
3179:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3155:
3154:Ancient Greek
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3123:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2985:Graeco-Romans
2981:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2875:
2874:Ancient Greek
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2850:given to the
2848:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2814:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2768:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2717:
2704:
2696:𐬨𐬀𐬴𐬌𐬌𐬀
2690:
2676:
2671:
2670:Young Avestan
2666:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2581:
2577:
2576:Young Avestan
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2501:Ancient Greek
2498:
2493:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:J. P. Mallory
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:Reconstructed
1941:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1770:Insular Celts
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:Indo-Iranians
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:Pontic Steppe
1422:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:Kurgan stelae
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:Pontic Steppe
1238:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:Proto-Iranian
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
966:
963:
962:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
921:
918:
917:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
877:Daco-Thracian
875:
873:
870:
869:
866:
863:
862:
856:
852:
848:
844:
841:
840:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:Reconstructed
828:
827:
820:
816:
813:
809:
806:
802:
799:
795:
792:
788:
785:
781:
778:
774:
771:
767:
766:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
748:
745:
744:
738:
734:
733:
732:
729:
724:
720:
717:
713:
710:
706:
705:
704:
701:
696:
692:
691:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
672:
668:
665:
661:
660:
659:
656:
654:
651:
646:
642:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
630:
629:
625:
622:
621:
617:
612:
611:
607:
603:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:
578:
569:
554:
541:
538:
535:
531:
527:
524:
521:
506:
503:
483:
481:King or Queen
475:
471:
467:
461:
455:
451:
449:
445:
442:
439:
435:
432:
431:Saka language
429:
425:
405:
393:
391:
390:
380:
378:
377:
367:
365:
364:
352:
350:
349:
339:
337:
328:
317:
306:
297:
295:
284:
275:
273:
272:
262:
260:
259:
249:
247:
246:
236:
234:
225:
223:
212:
210:
201:
192:
190:
189:
177:
175:
174:
164:
162:
151:
149:
138:
136:
127:
118:
116:
107:
98:
80:
74:
65:
48:
37:
31:
19:
7242:
7187:
7144:(1): 14615.
7141:
7135:
7108:
7077:
7030:
7011:. Retrieved
6989:
6984:
6968:. Retrieved
6946:
6941:
6922:
6919:"Massagetae"
6903:. Retrieved
6883:
6879:
6841:
6838:"Massagetae"
6822:. Retrieved
6800:
6782:. Retrieved
6760:
6741:. Retrieved
6733:
6690:
6687:Sinor, Denis
6656:
6609:
6585:
6549:
6521:. Retrieved
6499:
6483:. Retrieved
6461:
6443:. Retrieved
6437:
6414:(1): 81–90.
6411:
6405:
6386:. Retrieved
6366:
6362:
6335:
6300:
6257:
6226:
6219:Lewis, D. M.
6176:
6129:
6086:
6052:
6002:
5968:
5934:
5931:Batty, Roger
5900:
5881:Abetekov, A.
5861:
5849:. Retrieved
5834:. Retrieved
5818:. Retrieved
5795:
5789:
5754:
5744:
5727:
5697:
5685:
5649:
5642:
5630:
5618:
5606:
5588:
5579:
5564:
5531:
5524:
5515:
5495:
5488:
5469:
5463:
5453:
5420:
5413:
5387:
5383:
5374:
5345:
5333:
5321:
5305:
5294:De Jong 1997
5289:
5277:
5265:
5258:Schmitt 1994
5236:
5204:
5195:
5168:
5156:
5129:
5102:
5090:
5078:
5066:
5030:
5018:
4973:
4963:
4915:
4878:Brunner 2004
4797:
4733:
4726:Schmitt 1986
4698:
4674:
4641:
4614:
4572:
4562:
4555:
4495:
4456:
4444:
4370:Schmitt 2021
4312:
4300:
4290:
4274:
4267:
4203:
4142:
4126:aikhmophoroi
4122:
4119:
4111:
4108:
4092:pointed caps
4048:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4014:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3940:
3935:
3923:
3917:
3899:
3890:North Africa
3840:
3809:
3778:
3743:
3732:
3708:
3697:
3688:
3663:
3625:
3572:
3513:
3445:
3425:Western Asia
3402:
3385:
3358:
3340:between the
3335:
3327:Turkmenistan
3280:
3275:Central Asia
3141:
3121:
3108:Sꜣg pḥ Sk tꜣ
3093:
3088:Sꜣg pḥ Sk tꜣ
3069:
3066:
3025:
3007:
2975:pointed caps
2958:
2917:
2843:
2824:Phrygian cap
2782:pointed hats
2759:
2716:East Iranian
2635:
2587:𐬨𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀
2539:East Iranian
2517:
2499:form of the
2488:
2463:
2436:Central Asia
2417:
2413:
2410:Massageteans
2409:
2405:
2403:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2327:Publications
2326:
2312:
2293:
2247:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:Paleo-Balkan
2102:
2101:
2089:
2088:
2030:
2029:
1985:
1984:
1972:
1942:
1925:Greater Iran
1918:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1869:
1868:
1856:
1855:
1798:Paleo-Balkan
1763:Celtiberians
1742:
1741:
1724:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1697:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1612:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1546:
1545:
1488:
1487:
1465:
1464:
1427:
1426:
1389:
1388:
1364:
1363:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1279:Bug–Dniester
1243:
1242:
1108:Gothic Bible
1024:Proto-Baltic
1020:Proto-Slavic
1005:Proto-Italic
1001:Proto-Celtic
964:
919:
907:Italo-Celtic
902:Indo-Hittite
892:Graeco-Aryan
865:Hypothetical
864:
829:
764:Paleo-Balkan
746:
703:Indo-Iranian
658:Balto-Slavic
631:
388:
387:
375:
374:
372:
360:
359:
347:
346:
335:
291:
270:
269:
257:
256:
244:
243:
232:
219:
208:
185:
184:
172:
171:
158:
145:
134:
114:
7196:Netherlands
6937:Schmitt, R.
6834:Schmitt, R.
6793:Schmitt, R.
6753:Schmitt, R.
6618:Netherlands
6266:Netherlands
6223:Ostwald, M.
6139:Netherlands
6095:Netherlands
5961:Cook, J. M.
5384:De universo
4666:tigraxauda-
4577:Sandes 2014
4345:Thyssagetae
4330:Mount Imeon
4152:Σπαργαπισης
4146:Spargapisēs
4066:pointed cap
3924:De Universo
3647:Sacesphares
3458:Caspian Sea
3429:Mesopotamia
3365:Caspian Sea
3283:Caspian Sea
3100:Iranologist
2894:Old Persian
2762:Old Persian
2559:*Masi̯a-ka-
2534:*Masyaka-tā
2528:*Masyaka-tā
2205:Continental
2198:Anglo-Saxon
1901:Middle Ages
1851:Middle Ages
1706:Indo-Aryans
1699:Indo-Aryans
1506:Bell Beaker
1501:Corded ware
1397:Corded ware
1286:Sredny Stog
1231:Archaeology
1011:Proto-Greek
991:Proto-Norse
419: -325
7283:Massagetae
7277:Categories
7013:2022-07-12
6784:2022-07-12
6743:14 January
6600:9231028464
6445:2022-07-08
6439:Livius.org
5851:2010-05-14
5836:2010-05-14
5820:2010-05-14
5719:æsk’wænxun
5704:: "OPers.
5665:. p.
5312:, p.
5296:, p.
5231:- British)
5211:(Book I).
5161:Batty 2007
4981:. p.
4977:. Bostin:
4813:Μασσαγέται
4807:Massagetae
4789:Μασσαγέται
4783:Massagetae
4463:, p.
4246:ӕскъуӕнхун
4239:æsk’wænxun
4158:*Spargapis
4132:αιχμοφοροι
4103:Tigraxaudā
4076:Tigraxaudā
3971:Da Yuezhi
3859:Kabardians
3735:Tabaristan
3700:Spitamenes
3604:Tigraxaudā
3575:Babylonian
3417:Cimmerians
3381:Tabaristan
3253:romanized:
3238:romanized:
3138:Sub-tribes
3029:Massagetai
2899:tigraxaudā
2853:Massagetai
2787:tigraxaudā
2703:maṣ̌iiāka-
2649:masyaka-ta
2643:Massagetai
2512:Massagetai
2506:Μασσαγεται
2492:Massagetae
2485:Massagetae
2420:, were an
2406:Massagetae
2313:Institutes
2233:Lithuanian
1987:Indo-Aryan
1973:Historical
1907:Indo-Aryan
1864:Tocharians
1778:Cimmerians
1656:Bronze Age
1547:South Asia
1421:Bronze Age
1359:Afanasievo
1163:Mainstream
927:Vocabulary
847:Sound laws
709:Indo-Aryan
473:Government
466:Massagetae
448:Demonym(s)
376:Massagetae
186:Slab-grave
42:Massagetae
7082:Cambridge
6942:Apasiacae
6900:1810-8172
6870:(2018c).
6836:(2018b).
6795:(2018a).
6757:"Amorges"
6738:Stanfords
6695:Cambridge
6383:162246561
6231:Cambridge
6181:Cambridge
5973:Cambridge
5781:219515548
5655:Wiesbaden
5399:cite book
5390:Scythians
5386:. Paris.
5201:Herodotus
5071:Cook 1985
4983:Derbiccae
4488:Gera 2018
4351:Footnotes
4275:However,
4254:dialect.
4250:) in the
4232:) in the
4167:Agathyrsi
4062:moccasins
4011:Lifestyle
3901:Byzantine
3867:Britannia
3855:Ossetians
3847:Don river
3816:Sarmatian
3754:Arsaces I
3666:Chorasmia
3643:Polyaenus
3421:Agathyrsi
3405:Scythians
3333:as well.
3323:Chorasmia
3295:Zarafshan
3291:Amu Darya
3257:Derbekioi
3248:Δερβεκιοι
3242:Derbikkai
3233:Δερβικκαι
3221:romanized
3192:romanized
3169:Apasiakai
3163:romanized
3158:Απασιακαι
3149:Apasiacae
3094:Based on
3052:Syr Darya
3048:Amu Darya
3038:with the
2999:Syr Darya
2995:Amu Darya
2973:who wear
2927:*Āpašyāka
2914:Apasiacae
2883:romanized
2844:The name
2780:who wear
2776:) meant "
2727:Maššagatā
2682:𐬨𐬀𐬴𐬀
2665:Mašyagatā
2659:Maššagatā
2604:Herodotus
2489:The name
2470:Sarmatian
2444:Scythians
2248:Practices
2067:Yarsanism
1877:Albanians
1857:East Asia
1844:Scythians
1836:Phrygians
1829:Paeonians
1822:Illyrians
1808:Thracians
1725:East Asia
1676:Armenians
1603:Hallstatt
1585:Chernoles
1526:Terramare
1516:Trzciniec
1483:Sintashta
1478:Andronovo
1379:Cernavodă
1352:East Asia
1307:Khvalynsk
1047:Philology
957:Particles
843:Phonology
784:Liburnian
759:Tocharian
754:Anatolian
723:Nuristani
616:Languages
437:Religion
348:Scythians
115:Korgantas
7241:(eds.).
7186:(1992).
7176:28256537
6917:(2021).
6755:(1994).
6685:(1990).
6620: ;
6548:(eds.).
6456:(2000).
6432:(1996).
6400:(2014).
6298:(1970).
6225:(eds.).
6127:(1997).
6097: ;
6085:(1989).
6051:(eds.).
6001:(2015).
5933:(2007).
5899:(eds.).
5596:Archived
5562:(1970).
5451:(1982).
4971:(1854).
4324:Zarinaea
4318:See also
4258:Religion
4216:Ossetian
4179:Scythian
4161:, is of
4139:Language
4058:trousers
4033:Clothing
3875:Germanic
3871:Hispania
3857:and the
3832:Parthian
3828:Kang-chü
3758:Seleucid
3739:Margiana
3702:against
3674:Iaxartes
3672:and the
3659:Homarges
3651:Thamyris
3633:Darius I
3621:Darius I
3579:Berossus
3547:Spitaces
3523:Cyrus II
3433:Anatolia
3419:and the
3375:and the
3369:Hyrcania
3350:Iaxartes
3338:Aral Sea
3331:Hyrcania
3319:Iaxartes
3303:Kyzylkum
3299:Khorasan
3287:Aral Sea
3265:Location
3227:Derbikes
3216:Δερβικες
3207:Derbices
3198:Augasioi
3187:Αυγασιοι
2944:Xerxes I
2921:*Āpasakā
2819:𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠
2807:𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼
2689:maṣ̌iia-
2620:Ossetian
2571:*masi̯a-
2294:Scholars
2192:Germanic
2163:Scottish
2128:Thracian
2122:Illyrian
2116:Albanian
2104:European
2097:Armenian
2081:Ossetian
2075:Scythian
2060:Yazidism
2010:Buddhism
2001:Hinduism
1892:Norsemen
1802:Anatolia
1719:Iranians
1712:Iranians
1693:Iron Age
1668:Hittites
1621:Colchian
1614:Caucasus
1572:Iron Age
1541:Lusatian
1536:Urnfield
1460:Srubnaya
1455:Poltavka
1445:Catacomb
1384:Cucuteni
1339:Caucasus
1156:Religion
1141:Homeland
1083:Behistun
1063:Linear B
952:Numerals
947:Pronouns
872:Balkanic
819:Thracian
812:Phrygian
805:Paeonian
791:Messapic
777:Illyrian
689:Hellenic
684:Germanic
653:Armenian
645:Albanian
639:Albanoid
590:a series
588:Part of
537:Iron Age
476:Monarchy
258:Chandman
7167:5337992
7146:Bibcode
7028:(ed.).
6970:14 July
6905:28 July
6824:28 July
6689:(ed.).
6583:(ed.).
6458:"Spear"
6388:July 4,
6175:(ed.).
5967:(ed.).
5806:Sources
5713:skₒyxyn
5707:Skunxa-
5659:Germany
5052:Varkâna
5046:Varkâna
4681:: "The
4293:gorytos
4228:схоыхын
4221:skₒyxyn
4116:Warfare
4006:Culture
3959:Gutians
3932:Avestan
3878:Vandals
3824:Bactria
3805:Scythia
3785:Persian
3746:Parnian
3730:river.
3655:Amorges
3617:Persian
3615:of the
3577:scribe
3551:Sisamas
3549:son of
3531:Ctesias
3527:Tomyris
3516:Persian
3501:Tomyris
3481:Tomyris
3394:History
3354:Bactria
3307:Karakum
3223::
3194::
3178:Augasii
3165::
2885::
2745:Apadana
2718:suffix
2609:masi̯a-
2598:mátsya-
2580:masiia-
2541:suffix
2524:Iranian
2495:is the
2456:Persian
2448:Tomyris
2432:steppes
2422:ancient
2226:Latvian
2184:Cornish
2054:Kurdish
2040:Persian
2032:Iranian
2024:Sikhism
2017:Jainism
1980:Hittite
1919:Iranian
1815:Dacians
1608:Jastorf
1531:Tumulus
1511:Únětice
1440:Yamnaya
1435:Chariot
1373:Usatovo
1314:Yamnaya
1151:Society
1135:Origins
1068:Rigveda
920:Grammar
747:Extinct
737:Romance
716:Iranian
512:•
505:Tomyris
494:•
410:
406:realm (
363:matians
326:DYNASTY
294:culture
233:Pazyryk
222:culture
209:SABEANS
188:culture
173:Subeshi
7261:
7255:UNESCO
7251:France
7214:
7192:Leiden
7174:
7164:
7119:
7092:
7042:
6985:Darius
6898:
6717:
6671:
6661:Kraków
6636:
6622:Boston
6614:Leiden
6597:
6591:UNESCO
6568:
6562:UNESCO
6558:France
6523:11 May
6496:"Iran"
6485:11 May
6381:
6346:
6340:UNESCO
6320:
6284:
6262:Leiden
6245:
6195:
6157:
6135:Leiden
6113:
6091:Leiden
6071:
6065:UNESCO
6061:France
6021:
6007:Oxford
5987:
5949:
5939:Oxford
5919:
5913:UNESCO
5909:France
5869:
5779:
5769:
5673:
5581:India.
5572:
5539:
5503:
5476:
5428:
5227:
5215:
4767:Araxša
4277:Strabo
4270:Mithra
4212:Skuⁿxa
4017:Strabo
3963:Yuezhi
3953:, and
3913:Tatars
3896:Legacy
3863:Crimea
3629:Skuⁿxa
3609:Skuⁿxa
3556:Strabo
3535:Indian
3499:Queen
3479:Queen
3439:, and
3409:Araxes
3346:Tanais
3096:Strabo
3056:Arrian
3003:Arrian
2813:xauda-
2801:tigraʰ
2675:maṣ̌a-
2672:terms
2615:*kapa-
2241:Slavic
2220:Baltic
2170:Breton
2150:Celtic
2134:Dacian
2090:Others
1870:Europe
1743:Europe
1737:Yuezhi
1591:Europe
1578:Steppe
1489:Europe
1346:Maykop
1300:Samara
1256:Kurgan
1073:Avesta
855:Ablaut
851:Accent
798:Mysian
770:Dacian
731:Italic
679:Celtic
671:Slavic
664:Baltic
632:Extant
523:Skuⁿxa
484:
361:Sauro-
315:EMPIRE
199:DONGHU
135:Sargat
125:YUEZHI
7247:Paris
7208:Brill
6876:(PDF)
6651:. In
6630:Brill
6554:Paris
6379:S2CID
6278:Brill
6151:BRILL
6107:Brill
6057:Paris
5905:Paris
5777:S2CID
4819:Dahae
4340:Getae
4234:Digor
4210:king
4169:king
4000:Sacae
3992:Sacae
3982:Getae
3936:massa
3909:Turks
3836:Roman
3812:Alans
3800:Dahae
3775:Alans
3760:king
3728:Uzboy
3715:Dahae
3684:Medes
3619:king
3607:king
3583:Dahae
3568:Abiae
3437:Egypt
3377:Ochus
3361:Atrek
2896:name
2866:name
2864:Latin
2764:name
2656:name
2593:Vedic
2565:*-ka-
2549:Greek
2503:name
2497:Latin
2480:Names
2466:Alans
2452:Cyrus
2212:Norse
2177:Welsh
2156:Irish
2145:Roman
2140:Greek
1995:Vedic
1887:Slavs
1882:Balts
1756:Gauls
1750:Celts
1732:Wusun
1627:India
1403:Baden
1103:Ogham
1078:Homer
965:Other
942:Nouns
937:Verbs
695:Greek
389:Dahae
336:MEROË
313:NANDA
271:Sagly
245:Tagar
220:Ordos
148:khovo
146:Goro-
105:SAKAS
7259:ISBN
7212:ISBN
7172:PMID
7117:ISBN
7090:ISBN
7040:ISBN
6972:2022
6907:2022
6896:ISSN
6826:2022
6745:2018
6715:ISBN
6669:ISBN
6634:ISBN
6595:ISBN
6566:ISBN
6525:2023
6487:2023
6390:2022
6344:ISBN
6318:ISBN
6282:ISBN
6243:ISBN
6193:ISBN
6155:ISBN
6111:ISBN
6069:ISBN
6019:ISBN
5985:ISBN
5947:ISBN
5917:ISBN
5867:ISBN
5767:ISBN
5671:ISBN
5570:ISBN
5537:ISBN
5501:ISBN
5474:ISBN
5426:ISBN
5405:link
5225:ISBN
5213:ISBN
5004:Dahâ
4825:Δάαι
4252:Iron
4060:and
3930:and
3905:Huns
3869:and
3843:Huns
3834:and
3820:Asii
3798:and
3796:Saka
3670:Oxus
3601:The
3573:The
3560:Saka
3446:The
3441:Iran
3388:Oxus
3344:and
3342:Oxus
3317:and
3315:Oxus
3305:and
3293:and
3204:the
3175:the
3146:the
3073:Dahā
3061:Dahā
3050:and
3042:Dahā
3020:Dahā
2997:and
2971:Sakā
2778:Saka
2760:The
2733:Dahā
2721:*-tā
2568:and
2553:-tai
2544:*-tā
2428:Saka
2404:The
2274:Yule
2265:Sati
1554:BMAC
932:Root
404:Saka
324:ZHOU
292:Dian
161:jing
159:Sha-
96:-325
7162:PMC
7154:doi
6888:doi
6416:doi
6371:doi
5759:doi
5667:226
5314:235
5298:297
5209:269
4465:547
4281:Api
4201:).
3888:in
3657:or
2983:by
2700:),
2686:),
2630:kæf
2624:кӕф
2515:).
2434:of
2416:or
2408:or
1559:Yaz
282:JIN
7279::
7253::
7249:,
7245:.
7233:;
7229:;
7210:.
7206::
7202:,
7198:;
7194:,
7190:.
7170:.
7160:.
7152:.
7140:.
7134:.
7111:.
7084::
7072:;
7068:;
7064:;
7056:;
7006:;
7002::
6998:,
6994:.
6988:.
6963:;
6959::
6955:,
6951:.
6945:.
6927:.
6921:.
6894:.
6884:13
6878:.
6858:;
6854::
6850:,
6846:.
6840:.
6817:;
6813::
6809:,
6805:.
6799:.
6777:;
6773::
6769:,
6765:.
6759:.
6736:.
6732:.
6709::
6705:,
6701:;
6697:,
6663::
6659:.
6632:.
6628::
6624:,
6616:,
6612:.
6560::
6556:,
6540:;
6536:;
6516:;
6512::
6508:,
6498:.
6478:;
6474::
6470:,
6466:.
6460:.
6436:.
6412:11
6410:.
6404:.
6377:.
6367:39
6365:.
6361:.
6316:.
6312::
6308:,
6304:.
6276::
6272:,
6268:;
6264:,
6260:.
6241:.
6237::
6233:,
6221:;
6217:;
6213:;
6187::
6183:,
6153:.
6149::
6145:,
6141:;
6137:,
6133:.
6109:.
6105::
6101:,
6093:,
6089:.
6063::
6059:,
6043:;
6039:;
6017:.
6013::
6009:,
6005:.
5983:.
5979::
5975:,
5945:.
5941::
5937:.
5911::
5907:,
5903:.
5891:;
5887:;
5775:.
5765:.
5734::
5669:.
5661::
5657:,
5653:.
5578:.
5551:^
5440:^
5401:}}
5397:{{
5357:^
5248:^
5180:^
5141:^
5114:^
4991:^
4946:^
4927:^
4900:^
4885:^
4852:^
4833:^
4716:^
4653:^
4626:^
4599:^
4584:^
4536:^
4507:^
4472:^
4377:^
4358:^
4283:.
4181::
3949:,
3945:,
3922:,
3911:,
3907:,
3892:.
3752:,
3741:.
3721:.
3686:.
3649:,
3570:.
3443:.
3435:,
3431:,
3251:,
3245:;
3236:,
3230:;
3218:,
3214::
3189:,
3185::
3160:,
3156::
3134:.
3082:.
3014:.
2969:(“
2880:,
2876::
2531:.
2476:.
2461:.
1671:)
1022:·
1003:·
853:,
849:,
845::
592:on
571:c.
556:c.
514:c.
496:c.
416:c.
58:c.
51:c.
7267:.
7220:.
7178:.
7156::
7148::
7142:8
7125:.
7098:.
7048:.
7016:.
6974:.
6931:.
6909:.
6890::
6862:.
6828:.
6787:.
6747:.
6723:.
6677:.
6642:.
6603:.
6574:.
6527:.
6489:.
6448:.
6424:.
6418::
6392:.
6373::
6352:.
6326:.
6290:.
6251:.
6201:.
6163:.
6119:.
6077:.
6027:.
5993:.
5955:.
5925:.
5875:.
5854:.
5839:.
5823:.
5783:.
5761::
5716:/
5692:.
5679:.
5637:.
5545:.
5509:.
5482:.
5434:.
5407:)
5369:.
5352:.
5316:.
5300:.
5272:.
5260:.
5223:(
5221:.
5175:.
5136:.
4985:.
4941:.
4880:.
4847:.
4822:(
4728:.
4579:.
4550:.
4531:.
4490:.
4467:.
4451:.
4439:.
4372:.
4244:(
4224:(
4193:(
4177:(
4149:(
4129:(
3348:/
3277:.
3260:)
3210:(
3201:)
3181:(
3172:)
3152:(
3111:(
3032:/
2946:.
2902:(
2856:/
2816:(
2804:(
2790:(
2770:(
2706:(
2692:(
2678:(
2627:(
2583:(
2509:(
2393:e
2386:t
2379:v
2272:/
2136:)
2131:·
2125:·
2119:·
2114:(
1894:/
1800:/
1665:(
1036:)
1032:(
1026:)
1018:(
1007:)
999:(
993:)
989:(
56:–
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
