275:. The initiative in the act of discipline was taken by Sal·la, whose parishes were the ones concerned, and both the bull of excommunication and the encyclical justifying his actions to his fellow bishops survive. On this occasion he is said to have argued that "excommunication was the weapon of the Church where the sword was the weapon of the layman". Perhaps this drastic measure was designed "to remind his suffragan priests in the affected areas that they had another master as well as the counts".
17:
290:, dated 1001, confirms the churches of Berga and Cerdagne to the see of Urgell. In 1004 Sal·la sold property in Berga, but it may have been the purchaser and not the church who was able to control the land. Neither the papal confirmation of 1001 nor the diocesan sale of 1004 evidence the resolution of the dispute of 991.
100:
There are three surviving charters, the first of their kind in
Catalonia, which show Sal·la selling or giving back land that had first been donated to the cathedral by the one receiving it back, who owed for it an annual render in wax. The amount is uniform across all the donations and is the same as
39:
from 981 to 1010, and "one of the first
Catalan figures whose own words" survive sufficiently "to give colour to his personality and actions", although all of the words attributed to him were written down by scribes. He receives mention in some sixty-three surviving contemporary documents. As bishop,
303:) with the new count of Urgell whereby the latter would support the candidacy of bishop's nephew to succeed him and in return receive a large sum as payment for performing the act of investiture within ten days of being notified by the bishop of his election. The document is undated—as is typical of
298:
The documents recording both Sal·la's will and its execution have survived. They left most of his property either to his cathedral or to his nephew
Ermengol, who succeeded him in the episcopal office. Sometime between 992, when Ermengol, second son of Borrell II, inherited the county of Urgell from
453:
About this
Jarrett, 310, writes: "the numerous early oaths to bishops of Urgell are all preserved only as copies despite the voluminous number of originals in the archive, suggesting that they were not thought important to retain". Kosto, 55, presents a chart of the earliest written oaths from the
205:("this convention"). Clarà was then on the frontier between Catalonia and the depopulated valley of the Ebro, and it belonged in Sal·la's family; his brother Bernat owned the other half of it at his death in 1003. In 995 Sal·la sold Carcolzes to his cathedral's sacristan, Bonhom, for five hundred
76:
and "perhaps the greatest frontier magnate in tenth-century
Catalonia after the counts". Throughout their lives, Sal·la and his brother Bernat endeavoured by exchanges and divisions of their patrimony (inherited estates) to consolidate the former's lands in Urgell and the latter's in Conflent and
96:
to Sal·la personally rather than to the cathedral or its patron, the Virgin. This was commonplace at a later date, but such oaths to the bishop directly are unusual among the documents of tenth-century
Catalonia, and Guillem's may be the earliest a record of which survives.
315:. That the count was expected to perform the investiture suggests that he regarded it as his customary right. Sal·la extracted from the count an oath not to harm the bishop or the bishopric, and the count in turn demanded a future oath from Ermengol—"that I may have faith (
117:, where scribes had already developed formulae (absent in these charters of Urgell) distinct from those for sales and grants of usufruct. In two of these documents the tenant was required to have only one lord (that is, the bishop), which is unlike the case of typical
200:
As bishop, Sal·la acquired the castle of
Carcolze(s) from Count Borrell, whom Sal·la refers to as "my lord" in his charters, in compensation for his half of the castle of Clarà, which Borrell had withheld, contrary to their agreement, which Sal·la refers to as
211:
of produce. Within a year Bonhom had sold it at cost to
Guillem de Castellbò, the viscount of Urgell, who in turn sold it for the same price back to Sal·la, who finally donated it to his diocese and placed it in the hands of his nephew
183:
was sold by
Borrell to the viscount of Barcelona in 976. In 1002 Sal·la made a successful claim of rights to it on behalf of his see, although the origin of these rights is not known. In 1007 Sal·la acquired for Urgell the castle of
492:
Kosto, 40, quotes that passage, which is found only in charters surviving as early modern copies, in full: "Tim and again I granted additional deadlines for him to redeem what he had handed over to me in the agreement"
72:. His brother Bernat and Bernat's son Arnau, both viscounts in succession after Isarn, make no appeal to comital authority in all their surviving documents. Sal·la was perhaps named after his uncle Sal·la, founder of
125:
later developed. By thus attaching free peasants to himself, one historian writes, "Sal·la was creating seigneurial dependants thirty years before this process is usually thought to have properly begun".
335:
instead of those 100 pesas" to be collected from either
Ermengol himself or "Bishop Sal·la or his brother Bernat or any of the kinsmen or friends of that same cleric Ermengol written above".
454:
Catalan counties, showing that only two may pre-date Guillem's: the oath of Count Ermengol I of Urgell to Bishop Sal·la (992x1003) and an oath securely dated to 987 by one Ennec Bonfill to
278:
Whether the ban had the result of rectifying the diocese and the countess is unknown, as there are no surviving acts of Sal·la's in Berga or Cerdagne after 984, and only one act of
192:, in his testament. Most of these grants of castles were made directly to the bishopric and not to the bishop, although this tendency changed after Sal·la's death.
307:—but it was drawn up while Bernat was still alive and it carefully avoids any payment for securing Ermengol's succession to the bishopric, which would have been
48:
movement in Catalonia, his excommunication of high-ranking public figures during a church–state dispute in 991 anticipated it. He also pioneered
738:
733:
668:
E. Magnou-Nortier, “The Enemies of the Peace: Reflections on a Vocabulary, 500–1100”, trans. A. G. Remensnyder in T. Head and R. Landes,
495:
iterum atque iterum dedi ei alios placitos atque alios ut hoc convencione de supradicta omnia quod michi tradidit redimere fecisset
170:, which he had originally purchased from Borrell, and received it back to be held by him and his son against the payment of a
155:
227:
was legitimised in 1003 in a charter issued by Sendred by which he and his wife Ermeriga and their heirs were to hold it in
566:
Sallane episcopo aut Bernatus fratri suo aut aliquis de ex parentibus vel amicis de isto Ermengaude clericus super scripto
223:
at Somont, Sal·la gained his release by claiming the alod belonged to the church. This appropriation of allodial land in
440:
Sal·la's predecessor, Guisad II, was a brother of Guadall II, viscount of Ausona, and the successor of Sal·la's nephew,
219:
Sometime before 993, when Borrell imprisoned Sendred, one of the archdeacons of Urgell, in order to extort from him an
342:. His health may have been ailing, for in that year he drew up his will. That same year, however, he travelled to the
114:
444:, was a son of Ramon, viscount of Ausona, and himself served as viscount there from about 1033, cf. Kosto, 187 n102.
728:
515:
Jarrett, 301–3, who also quotes the charter of 1003 at length. The scribe of this charter was the priest Durabiles.
351:
267:. The cause of the excommunication was the appropriation of ecclesiastical properties in several parishes in
347:
256:
635:
Jeffrey A. Bowman, “Shifting Landmarks: Property, Proof, and Dispute in Catalonia around the Year 1000”,
84:. All the bishops of Urgell from 942 to 1040 were members of this same extended family. By 974 he was an
260:
240:
359:
723:
244:
189:
614:
C. Baraut (ed.), “Set actes més de consagracions d’esglésies del bisbat d’Urgell (segles IX–XII)”,
73:
101:
in a further five charters recording gifts to the cathedral for which the original owner retained
272:
159:
69:
89:
688:
643:
621:
C. Baraut (ed.), “Els documents, dels Anys 981–1010, de l’Arxiu Capitular de la Seu d’Urgell”,
607:
C. Baraut (ed.), “Les actes de consagracions d’esglésies del bisbat d’Urgell (segles IX–XII)”,
506:
Jarrett, 299–301, who quotes the charter of 995 at length. The scribe of this act was Lleopard.
299:
his father, and the death of Viscount Bernat of Conflent in 1003, Sal·la came to an agreement (
143:
16:
628:
Jeffrey A. Bowman, “The Bishop Builds a Bridge: Sanctity and Power in the Medieval Pyrenees”,
355:
343:
57:
346:, where he and "Bishop Ermengol his coadjutor" signed the act of union of the monasteries of
695:
655:
647:
562:
pessas .C., aut pessatas valibiles, aut pigdus valibiles de pessas .CC. pro ipsas pessas .C.
441:
147:
36:
455:
92:. At a date unknown, after Sal·la became bishop, the viscount of Urgell, Guillem, swore an
268:
248:
163:
122:
670:
The Peace of God: Social Violence and Religious Responses in France around the Year 1000
705:
213:
93:
28:
663:
Making Agreements in Medieval Catalonia: Power, Order, and the Written Word, 1000–1200
134:
The earliest fortification known to have been possessed by the see of Urgell was that
717:
459:
252:
644:“Sales, Swindles and Sanctions: Bishop Sal·la of Urgell and the Counts of Catalonia”
287:
279:
45:
150:. How the diocese of Urgell came to possess this site is unknown, but many of the
264:
105:
for life at the price of an annual render in wax. These all appear to be simple
188:, which was left to it by Borrell's son and successor in the county of Urgell,
283:
135:
85:
41:
339:
312:
167:
49:
319:) in him" in the words of the agreement. The price of his support was "100
251:
on Arnau and Radulf, the two advisors of Countess Ermengarda, the widow of
228:
106:
102:
328:
224:
185:
180:
146:(942–79/80), in 951, as mentioned in the confirmation he received from
139:
110:
308:
207:
172:
151:
81:
166:. For example, in 986 one Vidal granted the diocese the fortress at
220:
80:
Sal·la was also related, it is not known how, to the viscounts of
53:
675:
M. Rovira, “Noves dades sobre els vescomtes d’Osona-Cardona”,
20:
Sal·la's signature, from a document in the cathedral archives
524:
Jarrett, 304–5, who quotes from the encyclical extensively.
637:
Conjunctions of Religion and Power in the Medieval Past
354:
north of the Pyrenees, right beneath the signature of
109:
arrangements, then already well known in the rest of
231:
from the Virgin, patron saint of the see of Urgell.
216:, archdeacon of the cathedral since at least 996.
415:
413:
411:
652:Pathways of Power in late-Carolingian Catalonia
44:. Although his episcopate largely preceded the
665:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
427:
425:
401:
399:
397:
387:
385:
383:
68:Sal·la was the son of Isarn, semi-independent
154:acquired under Sal·la originally belonged to
77:Ausona, around their respective power bases.
8:
479:
477:
650:, 11 July 2005, published in the Appendix,
282:performed by him after 990 has survived. A
142:, which was owned by Sal·la's predecessor,
682:
362:and was succeeded by Ermengol as planned.
15:
370:
358:. Sal·la died in 1010 during a raid on
40:Sal·la dated documents by the reign of
533:Jarrett, 313, based on Bowman, 71 n48.
338:By 1007 Sal·la had named Ermengol his
7:
646:, International Medieval Congress,
239:In 991, Sal·la, along with bishops
14:
56:and was frequently "ahead of the
255:and regent for her three sons:
235:Dispute with Berga and Cerdagne
630:The Catholic Historical Review
1:
739:10th-century Catalan bishops
734:11th-century Catalan bishops
560:Quoted in Jarrett, 309 n50:
196:Conflicts with Count Borrell
130:Fortification of the diocese
755:
702:
693:
685:
52:such as the granting of
679:, 9, 98 (1981): 249–60.
352:Notre Dame de la Grasse
672:, Ithaca: 1992, 58–79.
121:and more like that of
32:
21:
632:, 88, 1 (2002): 1–16.
261:Wifred II of Cerdagne
19:
654:, PhD dissertation,
348:Sant Pere de Burgals
294:Episcopal succession
70:viscount of Conflent
618:, 2 (1979): 481–88.
611:, 1 (1978): 11–182.
257:Bernard I of Besalú
90:Cathedral of Urgell
74:Sant Benet de Bages
642:Jonathan Jarrett,
625:, 3 (1980): 7–166.
241:Vives of Barcelona
160:Count of Barcelona
22:
729:Bishops of Urgell
712:
711:
703:Succeeded by
595:Bowman 2002, 3–5.
344:County of Pallars
746:
696:Bishop of Urgell
686:Preceded by
683:
656:Birkbeck College
596:
593:
587:
586:Jarrett, 309–10.
584:
578:
577:Jarrett, 312–13.
575:
569:
558:
552:
549:
543:
540:
534:
531:
525:
522:
516:
513:
507:
504:
498:
490:
484:
481:
472:
469:
463:
451:
445:
438:
432:
429:
420:
419:Jarrett, 296–97.
417:
406:
403:
392:
389:
378:
375:
323:, or equivalent
148:Pope Agapetus II
58:feudalising wave
50:feudal practices
37:Bishop of Urgell
754:
753:
749:
748:
747:
745:
744:
743:
714:
713:
708:
699:
691:
661:Adam J. Kosto,
639:, Ithaca: 2004.
604:
599:
594:
590:
585:
581:
576:
572:
559:
555:
551:Jarrett, 308–9.
550:
546:
541:
537:
532:
528:
523:
519:
514:
510:
505:
501:
491:
487:
482:
475:
470:
466:
452:
448:
439:
435:
430:
423:
418:
409:
404:
395:
390:
381:
376:
372:
368:
350:in Pallars and
296:
249:excommunication
245:Aimeric of Roda
237:
203:hoc convencione
198:
164:Count of Urgell
132:
66:
64:Feudal politics
12:
11:
5:
752:
750:
742:
741:
736:
731:
726:
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
701:
692:
687:
681:
680:
673:
666:
659:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
603:
600:
598:
597:
588:
579:
570:
553:
544:
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
485:
473:
464:
446:
433:
421:
407:
393:
379:
369:
367:
364:
295:
292:
265:Oliba of Berga
236:
233:
197:
194:
179:The castle of
131:
128:
94:oath of fealty
65:
62:
42:Hugh the Great
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
751:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
719:
707:
698:
697:
690:
684:
678:
674:
671:
667:
664:
660:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
631:
627:
624:
620:
617:
613:
610:
606:
605:
601:
592:
589:
583:
580:
574:
571:
567:
563:
557:
554:
548:
545:
539:
536:
530:
527:
521:
518:
512:
509:
503:
500:
496:
489:
486:
480:
478:
474:
471:Jarrett, 312.
468:
465:
461:
460:Bishop of Vic
457:
450:
447:
443:
437:
434:
431:Jarrett, 307.
428:
426:
422:
416:
414:
412:
408:
405:Jarrett, 311.
402:
400:
398:
394:
391:Jarrett, 306.
388:
386:
384:
380:
377:Jarrett, 299.
374:
371:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:convenientiae
302:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:Oliba Cabreta
250:
247:, pronounced
246:
242:
234:
232:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
210:
209:
204:
195:
193:
191:
187:
182:
177:
175:
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
129:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
75:
71:
63:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
18:
694:
676:
669:
662:
651:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
602:Bibliography
591:
582:
573:
565:
561:
556:
547:
538:
529:
520:
511:
502:
494:
488:
467:
449:
436:
373:
356:Count Sunyer
337:
332:
324:
320:
316:
311:and against
304:
301:convenientia
300:
297:
288:Sylvester II
280:consecration
277:
238:
218:
206:
202:
199:
178:
171:
133:
118:
99:
79:
67:
46:Peace of God
24:
23:
724:1010 deaths
483:Kosto, 187.
718:Categories
542:Kosto, 57.
331:worth 200
284:papal bull
190:Ermengol I
156:Borrell II
86:archdeacon
35:) was the
700:981–1010
689:Guisad II
340:coadjutor
317:fidelitas
313:canon law
168:Figuerola
144:Guisad II
119:precariae
107:precarial
706:Ermengol
623:Urgellia
616:Urgellia
609:Urgellia
273:Cerdagne
229:benefice
214:Ermengol
103:usufruct
658:(2006).
360:Córdoba
329:bullion
325:pesetas
225:Andorra
186:Conques
181:Queralt
152:castles
140:Segarra
138:in the
136:Sanaüja
113:and in
111:Francia
88:in the
442:Eribau
309:simony
263:, and
208:solidi
173:census
123:homage
82:Ausona
25:Sal·la
648:Leeds
456:Fruia
366:Notes
333:pesas
327:, or
321:pesas
286:from
269:Berga
221:allod
115:Italy
54:fiefs
33:Sanla
29:Latin
677:Ausa
564:and
271:and
243:and
162:and
60:".
720::
497:).
476:^
458:,
424:^
410:^
396:^
382:^
259:,
176:.
158:,
31::
568:.
493:(
462:.
27:(
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