535:
587:, in moist to wet forests and streambanks, increasing in abundance in areas of high rainfall and decreasing in abundance at higher elevations and continentality. Ecologically speaking, salmonberry tends to spread quickly and needs plenty of room to grow, and is often dominant and fast-growing in early-seral communities. Its size and population growth decline in abundance as the canopy begins to form, and may also be influenced by other factors such as basal area, plant disturbance, and population density. In open areas they often form large thickets, and are found to associate with stands of red alder (
511:
550:
71:
415:, containing 75–100 stamens and many individual pistils with superior ovaries. While fruit production is largely dependent on the environment, there is an estimated growth of 30 fruits per 3m^2 (32 ft^2) and 17-65 seeds per fruit. Salmonberry sprout mainly from the buds found on rhizomes, stumps, and root crowns of the plant. The flowers cannot self-pollinate and are instead pollinated by insects, hummingbirds, and beetles.
523:
49:
58:
631:
In the wild, the fruit are typically eaten by birds, bears, and small mammals, among others, while the leaves, twigs, and stems are grazed on by herbivores such as deer, moose, mountain goats, elk, and rabbits. Populations of dense thicket growth can provide escape habitats for small animals, as well
380:. The leaves are also stipulate and are smooth to slightly hairy on the top surface, compared to the underside, which are typically more pale and hairy. In late fall and winter months, salmonberry leaves will fall, and the plant remains dormant or maintains minimal shoot elongation during the winter.
639:
Salmonberry have several traits that make it highly resistant to fire. Rhizomes and root crowns below the soil surface usually survive, even if top stems are burned. Depending on burial depth, seeds also often remain unharmed. Additionally, the plant tend to quickly sprout after fires, allowing for
565:
635:
In the spring, salmonberry flowering coincides with the migration of certain species of hummingbirds, which is crucial for its pollination. Birds and mammals also help with dispersion of seeds through their feces, while rodents and other burrowing animals may further help with dispersion. Some
474:, as berries are often either red in color or a yellow-orange color. Studies have found that although both red and yellow-orange morphs have similar physical qualities, the red berries are more commonly consumed by birds, although this is likely not a strong enough
643:
Salmonberries are susceptible to many diseases, including mildew, fruit rot, rust, root rot, and viral and bacterial diseases. Their fruits, foliage, canes, roots, and crowns may also be damaged by pests such as beetles, aphids, mites, moths, among others.
830:
indicator known to multiple indigenous people of the
Pacific Northwest Coast to be associated with the ripening of salmonberries. The birdsong itself is even said to make the berries ripen, as is the case of the
534:
336:
shrub growing to 1–4 metres (3–13 feet) tall and 9 metres (30 feet) wide, with a moderate growth rate of 0.3–0.6 metres (12-24 inches) per year. 30-40% of the plant's biomass is underground. It has
478:
to determine color morph distribution alone; factors such as soil type (which affects germination), along with other unstudied factors are more likely responsible for the color polymorphism.
1167:
Sastry, K. Subramanya; Mandal, Bikash; Hammond, John; Scott, S. W.; Briddon, R. W. (2019), "Rubus spp. (Blackberry, Blackraspberry, Caneberry, Raspberry, Redraspberry, Wineberry)",
376:
inches) long and typically ovate in shape, with the terminal leaflet being larger than the two side leaflets, which are sometimes shallowly lobed. The margins of the leaflets are
656:", but depending on ripeness and site, they are good eaten raw – whether red or golden – and when processed into jam, candy, jelly and wine. Native American people ate the young
1357:
1491:
G., R. V.; Ellis, Michael A.; Converse, Richard H.; Williams, Roger N.; Williamson, Brian (November 1992). "Compendium of
Raspberry and Blackberry Diseases and Insects".
411:
and five pinkish-purple petals that surround a cluster of stamens; they are produced between April and July, either singly or in clusters of 2 or 3. The flowers are
668:
grease or salmon roe. They were not dried because of their high moisture content. It is still used as a food source and medicinal plant in regions of Alaska today.
660:
or used it as a medicinal plant. The shoots were harvested during April to early June before they turned woody or tough, and were peeled, then steamed, boiled, or
2145:
636:
notable mammals crucial for the dispersion of seeds are the grizzly and
American black bears, which can deposit 50,000 to 100,000 seeds in one pile of feces.
348:, especially on new growth. The plant has golden or yellowish brown erect or arching stems (also known as "canes") that often form thickets, like many other
2302:
1313:
Gervais, Jennifer A.; Noon, B.; Willson, M. (1999). "Avian selection of the color-dimorphic fruits of salmonberry, Rubus spectabilis: a field experiment".
985:
Tappeiner, John; Zasada, John; Ryan, Peter; Newton, Michael (April 1991). "Salmonberry Clonal and
Population Structure: The Basis for a Persistent Cover".
2054:
2317:
2106:
2067:
1110:
2197:
1867:
881:, called the salmonberry bug, is also seen as an indicator to Northwest Coast indigenous peoples that salmonberry shoots are ready to harvest.
1583:
1547:
1184:
1083:
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2018:
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Boiling the bark in seawater to create a brew to clean infected wounds (especially burns) as well as reduce labor pains (by the
2093:
482:
1640:
703:
Chewing and spitting the leaves (or bark in the winter) onto a burn as a treatment due to their astringent qualities (by the
664:, and eaten (or less commonly, eaten raw). Traditionally, the berries and sprouts were also eaten with salmon or mixed with
2111:
2132:
1667:
549:
412:
564:
345:
31:
1536:
Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert
2223:
1956:
2210:
2150:
1270:
Traveset, Anna; Willson, Mary F. (March 1998). "Ecology of the fruit-colour polymorphism in Rubus spectabilis".
2312:
743:
203:
2215:
1403:
Pojar, Jim (1974-08-01). "Reproductive dynamics of four plant communities of southwestern
British Columbia".
522:
70:
877:
2046:
1207:
868:
418:
Salmonberries ripen approximately 30–36 days after pollination, from early May to late July in most of the
2297:
2041:
1971:
1909:
1835:
1763:""When the Wild Roses Bloom": Indigenous Knowledge and Environmental Change in Northwestern North America"
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1961:
1947:
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864:
676:
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187:
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1992:
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1295:
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727:
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475:
212:
65:
2202:
1871:
313:, the salmonberry plant bears edible fruit, typically yellow-orange or red in color, resembling
1861:
1821:
770:
The salmonberry is important to multiple indigenous people of
America in its native range. The
2171:
1979:
1800:
1782:
1579:
1553:
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918:
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541:
843:" meaning "ripen, ripen, ripen, ripen!" This belief is also widespread and is known to the
2158:
803:
711:
704:
463:
108:
1576:
Plants Of The
Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska
1039:
48:
2287:
2184:
1795:
1762:
872:
832:
783:
657:
459:
377:
341:
95:
57:
1629:
Mulligan, Brian O. (1963). Accession records of the
University of Washington Arboretum
900:
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852:
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292:
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1984:
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2005:
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Using the leaves to line baskets, wipe fish, and cover cooking pits (by the
337:
329:
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1804:
17:
2236:
1926:
1846:
1778:
856:
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288:
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and July to August in cooler
Northern climates. They are 1.5–2 cm (
2059:
1618:
Woody Plants in the
University of Washington Arboretum, Washington Park
1520:
1468:
1439:
1334:
1014:
844:
755:
349:
144:
2085:
1438:
Oleskevich, Carmen; Punja, Zamir K.; Shamoun, Simon F. (1996-01-01).
1362:
The Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy (The Journal of Geobotany)
747:
362:
are alternate, trifoliate (with three leaflets), 7–22 centimetres (3–
359:
296:
134:
1903:
1504:
1416:
1326:
998:
2098:
2010:
919:"Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map"
771:
467:
408:
354:
309:
304:
284:
164:
82:
1620:. University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle.
1997:
1907:
933:"Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map"
652:
Salmonberries are edible. The fruit has been referred to as "
442: in) long and resemble large shiny yellow to orange-red
1606:(1st ed.). Canada: J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 88.
481:
A similar species from Japan, the red-flowered raspberry (
1853:
in Czech with color photos of flowers, fruits, and leaves
1857:
US National Forest Service, Index of Species Information
583:
Salmonberries are typically found in coastal areas with
1882:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
675:
Boiling the leaves with fish as a flavoring (by the
1916:
1071:
Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides)
407: in) in diameter, with a calyx of five hairy
30:"Salmonberry" redirects here. For other uses, see
1647:. University of British Columbia Botanical Garden
1248:. University of British Columbia Botanical Garden
1171:, New Delhi: Springer India, pp. 2111–2133,
946:Calflora taxon report, University of California,
1761:Turner, Nancy J.; Reid, Andrea J. (2022-11-01).
826:, sometimes known as the salmonberry bird, is a
1697:A century of tree-planting in the Faroe Islands
1604:Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington
1842:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
470:. The fruits of the salmonberry plant exhibit
1358:"Rubus vernus FOCKE and R. spectabilis PURSH"
8:
901:"Rubus spectabilis Mercier — The Plant List"
1265:
1263:
1904:
56:
47:
38:
1862:University of Washington plant data sheet
1794:
1569:
1567:
1467:
1169:Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids
344:) woody stems that are covered with fine
722:for its flowers, with a double-flowered
671:Other uses by Native Americans include:
458:speaking, the salmonberry is not a true
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
889:
506:
307:. Like many other species in the genus
1738:"The Gifts of Yetwánaý (Salmon Berry)"
1668:"Risk Assessment of Rubus spectabilis"
1138:
1136:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
206:1813 not E.James 1825 nor Mercier 1861
1880:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1742:Leigh Joseph (Styawat), Ethnobotanist
1731:
1729:
1440:"The biology of Canadian weeds. 105.
1356:Naruhashi, Naruhito (June 15, 1980).
1063:
1061:
1059:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
7:
1578:. Lone Pine Publishing. p. 76.
1574:Pojar, Jim; MacKinnon, Andy (2004).
1117:. Linnet.geog.ubc.ca. Archived from
1699:. Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, Tórshavn.
1677:. National Biodiversity Data Centre
895:
893:
2303:Flora of the Western United States
1695:Højgaard, A. et al., eds. (1989).
25:
1898:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1639:Mosquin, Daniel (23 April 2007).
1456:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
962:"Salmon Berry, Rubus spectabilis"
2216:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:223579-2
1368:: 13 – via ISSN 0388-6212.
950:Pursh, salmon berry, salmonberry
563:
548:
533:
521:
509:
446:. The fruit pulls away from its
69:
1736:Joseph, Leigh (24 April 2017).
1240:Mosquin, Daniel (23 May 2015).
640:rapid growth and regeneration.
2318:Garden plants of North America
1851:Pursh – ostružiník / ostružina
718:It is also widely grown as an
291:, native to the west coast of
1:
1177:10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_805
1111:"Plants of British Columbia:
617:), and threeleaf foamflower (
383:The flowers are 2–3 cm (
632:as nesting sites for birds.
497:. It is now reclassified as
32:Salmonberry (disambiguation)
1616:Mulligan, Brian O. (1977).
1074:. New York: Knopf. p.
2339:
1666:Inland Fisheries Ireland.
1405:Canadian Journal of Botany
835:who give the birdsong the
599:), western skunk cabbage (
450:, differentiating it from
29:
2308:Flora of British Columbia
1068:Whitney, Stephen (1985).
746:in parts of northwestern
570:Colander of salmonberries
218:
211:
193:
186:
66:Scientific classification
64:
55:
46:
41:
2323:Plants described in 1813
875:people. The presence of
841:xwexwelexwelexwelexwesh!
814:, the shoots are called
692:Using the branches as a
579:Distribution and habitat
485:) was once considered a
1894:Moon of the Salmonberry
1284:10.1023/A:1006504317585
878:Elasmostethus cruciatus
822:). The birdsong of the
1900:about the salmonberry.
1714:Mount Pisgah Arboretum
1645:Double-Flowered Group"
1534:Fagan, Damian (2019).
1040:"USDA Plants Database"
1896:YouTube video by the
1773:(11): e2022GH000612.
1214:. Ucjeps.berkeley.edu
602:Lysichitum americanum
540:Salmonberry fruit in
466:made of many smaller
1779:10.1029/2022GH000612
1272:Evolutionary Ecology
905:www.theplantlist.org
596:Athyrium filixfemina
1836:"Rubus spectabilis"
1827:Plants for a Future
1822:"Rubus spectabilis"
1710:"Rubus spectabilis"
1675:nonnativespecies.ie
1380:"Rubus spectabilis"
1144:"Rubus spectabilis"
740:escaped cultivation
620:Tiarella trifoliata
585:nitrogen-rich soils
491:R. spectabilis
303:, inland as far as
287:in the rose family
222:Parmena spectabilis
179:R. spectabilis
1469:10.4141/cjps96-037
863:, Nuu-Chah-Nulth,
608:Oplopanax horridus
476:selective pressure
413:perfect (bisexual)
295:from west-central
283:, is a species of
262:Rubus stenopetalus
245:(Rydb.) J.T.Howell
230:Rubus franciscanus
2275:
2274:
2172:Open Tree of Life
1948:Rubus spectabilis
1918:Rubus spectabilis
1910:Taxon identifiers
1874:Rubus spectabilis
1849:Rubus spectabilis
1643:Rubus spectabilis
1585:978-1-55105-530-5
1549:978-1-4930-3633-2
1450:Rubus spectabilis
1446:Rubus parviflorus
1244:Rubus spectabilis
1210:Rubus spectabilis
1186:978-81-322-3911-6
1121:on March 14, 2017
1113:Rubus spectabilis
1085:978-0-394-73127-8
948:Rubus spectabilis
824:Swainson's thrush
614:Rubus parviflorus
611:), thimbleberry (
605:), devil's club (
528:Branch and flower
462:, but instead an
420:Pacific Northwest
326:Rubus spectabilis
276:Rubus spectabilis
272:
271:
266:
258:
250:Rubus spectabilis
246:
238:Rubus spectabilis
234:
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197:Rubus spectabilis
16:(Redirected from
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1538:. Guilford, CT:
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1411:(8): 1819–1834.
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839:translation of "
810:and the berries
732:British Columbia
720:ornamental plant
567:
555:Mature fruit in
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542:Unalaska, Alaska
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2313:Flora of Alaska
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2159:Observation.org
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1542:. p. 222.
1533:
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1505:10.2307/3760307
1490:
1489:
1485:
1442:Rubus strigosus
1437:
1436:
1432:
1417:10.1139/b74-234
1402:
1401:
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1327:10.2307/3546868
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1307:
1269:
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1261:
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1249:
1239:
1238:
1227:
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1208:"Jepson Flora:
1206:
1205:
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1166:
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1161:
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1150:
1148:www.fs.usda.gov
1142:
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1109:
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1044:plants.usda.gov
1038:
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999:10.2307/2937201
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944:
940:
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926:
917:
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912:
899:
898:
891:
887:
806:call the plant
804:Squamish people
786:call the plant
774:call the plant
768:
712:Quinault people
705:Quileute people
650:
629:
581:
576:
575:
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464:aggregate fruit
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317:in appearance.
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1891:
1864:
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1847:Czech Botany,
1844:
1832:
1816:
1815:External links
1813:
1811:
1810:
1753:
1725:
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1688:
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1609:
1591:
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1548:
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1371:
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1305:
1278:(3): 331–345.
1259:
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1199:
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1055:
1020:
993:(2): 609–618.
977:
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938:
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910:
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886:
883:
873:Straits Salish
833:Saanich people
794:; speakers of
790:and the berry
784:Cowlitz people
778:and the berry
767:
764:
736:R. spectabilis
726:identified in
716:
715:
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701:
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678:Nuu-chah-nulth
649:
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505:
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499:R. vernus
378:doubly serrate
322:
319:
270:
269:
268:
267:
259:
247:
235:
227:
225:(Pursh) Greene
216:
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796:Lower Chinook
793:
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776:ka'k'we'abupt
773:
765:
763:
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760:Faroe Islands
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416:
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352:in the genus
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
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318:
316:
312:
311:
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298:
294:
293:North America
290:
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231:
228:
223:
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198:
192:
189:
188:Binomial name
185:
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171:
168:
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120:
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114:
113:
110:
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104:
101:
100:
97:
96:Tracheophytes
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
72:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
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27:Plant species
19:
1917:
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1879:
1873:
1848:
1839:
1825:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:
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1713:
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1674:
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1642:
1634:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1600:Lyons, C. P.
1594:
1575:
1540:FalconGuides
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1492:
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1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
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1398:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1351:
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1318:
1314:
1308:
1275:
1271:
1250:. Retrieved
1243:
1216:. Retrieved
1209:
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1147:
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1119:the original
1112:
1070:
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1043:
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980:
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966:calscape.org
965:
956:
947:
941:
927:
913:
904:
876:
869:Sḵwx̱wú7mesh
840:
837:onomatopoeic
828:phenological
819:
818:(pronounced
815:
811:
807:
799:
791:
787:
779:
775:
772:Makah people
769:
750:, including
735:
717:
698:Makah people
677:
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651:
642:
638:
634:
630:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
498:
494:
490:
480:
472:polymorphism
452:blackberries
417:
382:
353:
325:
324:
308:
280:
275:
274:
273:
261:
253:
249:
242:franciscanus
241:
237:
229:
221:
196:
194:
178:
177:
165:
128:
115:
102:
89:
42:Salmonberry
36:
2120:NatureServe
2081:iNaturalist
1942:Wikispecies
1448:Nutt., and
1218:December 9,
1125:December 9,
744:naturalized
742:and become
590:Alnus rubra
456:Botanically
444:raspberries
334:rhizomatous
321:Description
315:raspberries
281:salmonberry
109:Angiosperms
18:Salmonberry
2282:Categories
2185:Plant List
1969:Calflora:
1886:2009-06-30
1868:USDA, NRCS
1747:2023-04-08
1719:2023-04-08
1558:1073035766
1499:(6): 953.
1389:2021-12-06
1153:2022-10-22
1049:2021-12-05
971:2022-10-22
885:References
871:, and the
816:stsá7tskaý
728:Washington
662:pit-cooked
557:Washington
487:subspecies
448:receptacle
301:California
2047:250100447
1787:2471-1403
1767:GeoHealth
1513:0027-5514
1493:Mycologia
1478:0008-4220
1425:0008-4026
1292:1573-8477
1195:239272713
1007:0012-9658
694:pipe stem
468:drupelets
338:perennial
330:deciduous
254:menziesii
173:Species:
79:Kingdom:
2249:VASCAN:
2242:27801378
2237:Tropicos
2190:rjp-1093
2125:2.128059
2099:223579-2
1927:Wikidata
1870:(n.d.).
1840:Calflora
1805:36398276
1651:12 April
1602:(1956).
1444:Michx.,
1343:87682589
1300:41661194
1252:12 April
865:Ditidaht
857:Oweekeno
808:yetwánáy
798:call it
788:e'twanac
758:and the
696:(by the
666:oolichan
350:brambles
346:prickles
342:biennial
289:Rosaceae
213:Synonyms
155:Rosaceae
151:Family:
122:Eudicots
2293:Berries
2060:2993761
1933:Q158361
1796:9665002
1521:3760307
1335:3546868
1015:2937201
987:Ecology
845:Tlingit
780:ka'k'we
766:Culture
756:Ireland
689:people)
654:insipid
627:Ecology
516:Foliage
493:subsp.
483:ベニバナイチゴ
437:⁄
427:⁄
402:⁄
388:⁄
371:⁄
285:bramble
161:Genus:
145:Rosales
141:Order:
83:Plantae
2198:PLANTS
2177:714551
2034:rubspe
2031:FEIS:
2024:180773
1998:244454
1962:484463
1803:
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1681:May 1,
1582:
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853:Haisla
820:saskay
812:yetwán
802:. The
792:e'twan
782:; the
748:Europe
680:people
658:shoots
495:vernus
409:sepals
360:leaves
358:. The
297:Alaska
279:, the
135:Rosids
2288:Rubus
2229:96497
2151:59499
2112:25051
2086:47543
2073:32449
2019:EUNIS
2011:RUBSP
1985:4TLR5
1671:(PDF)
1517:JSTOR
1339:S2CID
1331:JSTOR
1315:Oikos
1296:S2CID
1191:S2CID
1011:JSTOR
849:Haida
800:yunts
724:clone
460:berry
355:Rubus
340:(not
328:is a
310:Rubus
305:Idaho
265:Cham.
252:var.
240:var.
233:Rydb.
204:Pursh
166:Rubus
129:Clade
116:Clade
103:Clade
90:Clade
2252:8948
2211:POWO
2203:RUSP
2164:7361
2146:NCBI
2107:ITIS
2094:IPNI
2068:GRIN
2055:GBIF
2006:EPPO
1972:7203
1957:BOLD
1801:PMID
1783:ISSN
1683:2018
1653:2021
1580:ISBN
1554:OCLC
1544:ISBN
1509:ISSN
1474:ISSN
1421:ISSN
1288:ISSN
1254:2021
1220:2014
1181:ISBN
1127:2014
1080:ISBN
1003:ISSN
738:has
730:and
648:Uses
2260:WFO
2224:RHS
2133:NBN
2042:FNA
1993:EoL
1980:CoL
1791:PMC
1775:doi
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