333:(1939–45). and did not resume until 1948. Reconstruction and redevelopment of old buildings were important post-war themes, as were the search for a hygienic and comfortable lifestyle and exploration of new materials such as metal or plastic. The wide availability of gas and electricity inspired new appliances including vacuum cleaners, pressure cookers, irons, washing machines, heaters, refrigerators and hairdryers. However, many of the visitors in the first decade after the war were living in old, cramped accommodations, often without running water, gas or electricity. They preferred to delay purchase of major appliances until they could move into a more modern house or apartment. They visited the
458:
tried to ensure that the products exhibited met these standards. Appliance designs in the early 1950s were often austere and functional, but from 1955 they became more colorful and diverse, so the housewife could demonstrate her good taste in selecting items that would make the kitchen more welcoming and that would showcase the family's prosperity. By the late 1950s there was a return to cleaner designs without decorative moldings, with line and angle replacing rounded forms and a return to white or neutral colors.
216:
341:
to new post-war designs in which the kitchen was moved near to the apartment's entrance, close to the living and dining room. The back stairs disappeared. Water, electricity, gas and sewage were now integrated into the design of buildings. The kitchen was relatively small, with a layout designed to let the housewife perform different tasks without moving. The SAM played an important role in introducing these innovations. In
293:
invention of devices such as dishwashers, presenting new products and materials, and teaching women to use the devices. Gas and electricity companies demonstrated how their products could replace wood and then coal, providing comfort and efficiency while saving time, effort and money. The new products would transform the lives of housewives. Major brands at the show included
Aspiron, Auer, Berger, Calor,
235:(SAM; Domestic Arts Show), again showing domestic appliances but now also showing products and materials needed for their installation and organization in the house. The SAM would remain at the Grand Palais until 1961. The 1926 show had 145,600 visitors and 328 exhibitors. The SAM began to be involved in experiments with new architecture. In 1927 an official monthly magazine was launched,
480:
443:
385:
322:
24:
466:
continued to be the key annual marketing event for consumer appliance manufacturers, dictating the rhythm of new product introduction and advertising. The
Prefect of the Saine noted in 1958 that the SAM generated far more business than was transacted at the event. Many consumers bought products from
457:
Consumer attitudes changed during the 1950s, and appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines came to be seen as necessities rather than luxuries. The SAM organizers played a role in the organization that set standards for appliances, defining essential, desirable and optional features, and
340:
The public status of the SAM helped it maintain its mission as one of social utility and education. Traditionally the
Parisian apartment had a kitchen at the back overlooking a service yard, with food carried through a corridor to the room where the family ate. Experiment in the inter-war period led
137:
The SAM was run by government agencies and served an educational purpose, introducing consumers to new types of appliance and new materials. It also provided a showplace for new commercial products. The exhibition introduced modern concepts of home layout, with the kitchen moved from the back of the
399:
50, Rural
Domestic Arts, Kitchen Furnishings, Collective Living, Food, Wine, Furniture, The Room of the Woman and Child, Cleaning Products and Home Appliances. During the 1950 exhibition there were twenty-eight conferences, including "If Women Designed Home Appliances" by Paulette Bernège and "Joy
292:
The numbers of visitors to the SAM rose steadily, with 410,000 in 1935, 428,000 in 1936, 487,000 in 1937 and 535,000 in 1938. In 1939 there were 608,000 visitors, and the SAM covered 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft). The goals were defined as simplifying the work of housewives through
438:
organizers tried to impose some degree of uniformity on the display stands, but there was naturally competition by the vendors to attract attention through taller and more original stands. To counteract this, all displays had to meet standards and be approved by a committee. There was some social
433:
The number of visitors to the SAM in 1953 was down from the previous year, but sales were up, particularly refrigerators and washing machines. Visits then rose from 1.2 million in 1953 to 1.4 million in 1956. With more than 1,200 exhibitors, a visitor could get lost in the maze. By the mid-1950s
523:
celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1973. From 1976 it was run by the
Secretary of State for Universities. It was dissolved and its staff dismissed on 31 December 1983. It was replaced by the PROMODO domestic appliance show, organized by and for professionals at the
439:
segregation. The displays of inexpensive small items in the basement from 1956 tended to be fairly chaotic, with visitors able to pick up and examine the products, while the booths upstairs showing the larger and more expensive items were calmer and more elegant.
204:. The first show was held in a simple hut. The show gave prizes and medals to the inventors of the best domestic appliances, judged by ORNI and the Ministry of Public Education. The show was a great success, with 100,000 visitors and 200 exhibitors. The second
434:
consumers were more prosperous and more likely to buy, often taking advantage of newly available credit arrangements. Although the SAM supported commerce, by arranging products by type rather than by brand it helped visitors compare features and prices. The
511:
noted that dishwashers seemed to have finally become accepted after fifteen years of false starts, with about thirty brands shown at the SAM. They were still expensive items, but according to the newspaper they were much more hygienic than
461:
The volume of sales seems to have peaked in the 1955–57 period. After this the SAM became more a place where consumers or professionals came to gain information. Purchases would be made at department stores or specialty stores. The
622:
In 1954 only 7.5% of French households owned a refrigerator. This would rise to 20.5% in 1959 and 72.5% by 1968. Similarly, only 8.4% of households owned a washing machine in 1954, rising to 21.4% in 1959 and 49.9% in 1968.
408:
that met the criteria of being everyday objects, handcrafted or made industrially, with good quality, pleasing forms and reasonable prices. The Salon had a restaurant that featured different regional specialties each night.
239:. An annual reader's competition was organized to select the "most beautiful cover". Prizes were given at the show for a cooking competition and for the best housekeeper. There were more competitions in the
972:
138:
apartment to a central position near the entrance and near the dining and living room(s). Ergonomically designed kitchens and labor-saving devices minimized the effort required of housewives. The
867:
356:, opened on 26 February 1948. The economy had not yet recovered and the goods on display could only be ordered with delays of two to six months. There were 795,113 visitors. When the 18th
273:(UAM) in 1929 to promote their views on decorative art, which sought purer harmony in place of ornamentation. The UAM published a manifesto in 1934 and asked to participate in the
285:(Today's Architecture). The first prize for a house for a family of two parents and three children was won by A. and E. Novello. A model was built on the ground floor. The 1936
412:
In 1950 the housing section reappeared, sponsored by the
Ministry of Reconstruction and Urban Development. The Exposition on Habitation in the gardens included an exhibit on
337:
to learn what was available and to decide on what would be most important. A gas water heater above the sink could be a more practical aspiration than a washing machine.
167:(1914–18) and then Minister of Health and Social Welfare. He was the first director of the National Board of Scientific and Industrial Research and Inventions (ORNI:
497:
928:
172:
416:'s new apartment complex in Marseille. In February 1955 a home completely built from plastic drew more than 200,000 visitors. The design was conceived by
848:
495:
included exhibits of complete areas such as the kitchen, bathroom and living room. In 1961 the SAM moved into larger and more modern premises in the
142:
became less relevant as department stores and specialty outlets began to offer broader ranges of products. The last exhibition was held in 1983.
372:
during his inaugural visit and gave close-ups of washing machines, dishwashers and a refrigerator. The narrative was addressed to the ladies (
956:
243:
that followed, and more activities associated with the show including cooking lessons, concerts and conferences on furniture and decoration.
175:(CNRS). The show was financed and supervised by the ORNI, and then from 1938 by the CNRS, which received the profits. Breton's son Paul was
525:
130:; Household Arts Show) was an annual exhibition in Paris of domestic appliances, furniture and home designs. It was first held as the
1021:
194:(Home Appliances Fair) was held between 18 October 1923 and 4 November 1923 in 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) of the
364:
had new sections such as "Woman and Child" and "Gastronomy", There were 951,139 visitors. A cinema news item filmed at the 1949
360:
opened on 25 February 1949 products were more readily available, but prices were too high for most of the visitors. The 1949
134:(Home Appliances Fair) in 1923, with 100,000 visitors. By the 1950s each exhibition attracted up to 1.4 million visitors.
345:'s 8-piece "Logis 1949" display the kitchen played a central role and followed the ergonomic principles spelled out by
269:
596:
The 1946 census found that 31% of urban dwellings had no water or electricity, increasing to 80% in rural communes.
1026:
267:(CFE). In 1933 the SAM hosted new events, such as the Fish Fortnight. Architects and decorators had formed the
992:
23:
422:
310:
346:
289:
presented new housing materials and their applications, such as stainless steel and fiber cement.
306:
160:
952:
944:
886:
215:
609:(Institute for Household Management) in 1923 and played a central role in setting up the
263:. There were 269,000 visitors in 1932. In 1932 organization of the SAM was given to the
905:
342:
196:
1015:
502:
450:
201:
513:
479:
417:
413:
395:
The 1950 exhibition had sections on
Antique Arts in Modern Life, Today's Home, the
330:
228:
220:
505:. It remained at the CNIT from 1961 until it was dissolved in 1983. In March 1965
208:
was held on the Champ de Mars on 21 October 1924 – 9 November 1924. There was no
369:
294:
212:
in 1925, but the government decided that year to make the show an annual event.
171:), created on 29 December 1922 and dissolved on 24 May 1938, predecessor of the
164:
169:
Office national des recherches scientifiques et industrielles et des
Inventions
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298:
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coal companies, who foresaw huge possibilities in making plastics from coal.
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644:
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636:
634:
507:
734:
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design group, created by the UAM in 1949, began to exhibit objects at the
471:. The retailer would provide delivery, installation and repair services.
321:
442:
388:
945:"The Salon des arts ménagers: Learning to Consume in Postwar France"
516:, more economical of water and soap and produced brighter results.
384:
478:
441:
383:
320:
214:
929:"Maison tout en plastiques, Salon des Arts ménagers, Paris, 1956"
183:
from 1929 to 1976, and Paul's brother André was director of the
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163:, who had been Undersecretary of State for Inventions during
868:"La nouvelle offensive de charme des "laveuses à vaisselle""
738:
849:"Les nouveautés présentées au Salon des Arts ménagers 1949"
750:
778:
776:
774:
761:
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420:, Y. Magnant and R.A. Coulon and was financed by the
376:) who would benefit from the labor-saving devices.
108:
98:
84:
76:
68:
60:
52:
44:
36:
949:Women and Mass Consumer Society in Postwar France
906:"Le Salon des arts ménagers dans les années 1950"
259:, a robot housemaid who became the symbol of the
557:L'art d'autrefois dans la demeure d'aujourd'hui
498:Centre des nouvelles industries et technologies
573:Jacqueline Pecquet, avocate à la cour (1956).
352:The first exhibition after the war, the 17th
8:
281:was organized with the help of the magazine
173:Centre national de la recherche scientifique
16:
391:colored glass plates and bowls, around 1958
277:. The resulting home design exhibit in the
709:
400:and Comfort through Color and Light." The
22:
15:
916:(91). Presses de Sciences Po (P.F.N.S.P.)
80:Display new home appliances and furniture
765:
467:retailers that they had selected at the
630:
589:
231:on the Champs-Élysées, now called the
818:
806:
782:
721:
7:
541:published several titles including:
325:1940s pressure cooker by Autothermos
831:La nouvelle offensive ... Le Figaro
613:(League for Household Management).
910:Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire
795:Maison tout en plastiques ... FRAC
669:Salons des Appareils Ménagers, LAD
526:Parc des Expositions de Villepinte
251:In 1930 Francis Bernard portrayed
14:
368:showed the Minister of Education
739:Le Salon des Arts Ménagers, CNRS
607:Institut d'Organisation Ménagère
227:In 1926 the SAM was held in the
223:housed the SAM from 1926 to 1961
973:"Salons des Appareils Ménagers"
751:Salon des Arts Ménagers, Oxford
564:Marie-Louise Cordillot (1954).
265:Comité Français des Expositions
951:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
994:A Dictionary of Modern Design
943:Pulju, Rebecca (2011-02-14).
847:Gracieux, Christophe (2015).
611:Ligue d'Organisation Ménagère
605:Paulette Bernège founded the
575:Notre maison et ses problèmes
329:The SAM was suspended during
887:"Le Salon des Arts Ménagers"
283:L’Architecture d’aujourd’hui
206:Salon des Appareils Ménagers
192:Salon des Appareils Ménagers
132:Salon des appareils ménagers
30:Salon des Appareils Ménagers
991:"Salon des Arts Ménagers".
904:Leymonerie, Claire (2006).
483:The CNIT, which housed the
449:, cooking pots designed by
270:Union des Artistes Modernes
1043:
874:(in French). 10 March 1965
548:Le blanchissage domestique
997:. Oxford University Press
546:Paulette Bernège (1950).
380:1950s: Growing prosperity
349:in the inter-war period.
21:
1022:Cultural venues in Paris
539:Salon des Arts Ménagers
521:Salon des Arts Ménagers
233:Salon des Arts Ménagers
124:Salon des arts ménagers
17:Salon des arts ménagers
555:Maurice Loyer (1954).
488:
454:
423:Charbonnages de France
392:
326:
224:
482:
445:
387:
324:
218:
151:1920s: Establishment
28:Poster for the 1924
977:Les Arts Décoratifs
447:Coquelle Le Creuset
255:on posters for the
18:
566:Les cours ménagers
489:
455:
428:Houillères du Nord
393:
327:
225:
161:Jules-Louis Breton
100:Official language
958:978-1-107-00135-0
712:, pp. 43–56.
487:from 1961 to 1983
247:1930s: Innovation
120:
119:
64:Annual exhibition
1034:
1027:Home improvement
1005:
1003:
1002:
987:
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984:
968:
966:
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939:
937:
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924:
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892:. CNRS. May 2000
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347:Paulette Bernège
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710:Leymonerie 2006
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317:1940s: Recovery
253:Marie Mécanique
249:
159:was created by
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111:
101:
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32:
12:
11:
5:
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821:, p. 185.
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809:, p. 184.
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785:, p. 180.
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343:Marcel Gascoin
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197:Foire de Paris
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978:
974:
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950:
946:
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931:. FRAC Centre
930:
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915:
912:(in French).
911:
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766:Gracieux 2015
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453:, around 1958
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451:Raymond Loewy
448:
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407:
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402:Formes utiles
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313:and Spontex.
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237:L’Art Ménager
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202:Champ de Mars
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187:publication.
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185:Arts Ménagers
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115:L’Art Ménager
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91:Paris, France
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39:
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31:
25:
20:
1009:
999:. Retrieved
993:
981:. Retrieved
976:
962:. Retrieved
948:
933:. Retrieved
918:. Retrieved
913:
909:
894:. Retrieved
876:. Retrieved
871:
857:. Retrieved
852:
826:
814:
802:
790:
746:
717:
618:
610:
606:
601:
592:
577:(in French).
574:
568:(in French).
565:
559:(in French).
556:
550:(in French).
547:
538:
536:
532:Publications
520:
518:
514:hand washing
506:
496:
492:
490:
484:
468:
463:
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446:
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432:
427:
421:
418:Ionel Schein
414:Le Corbusier
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331:World War II
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229:Grand Palais
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221:Grand Palais
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69:Legal status
37:Abbreviation
29:
979:(in French)
370:Yvon Delbos
295:De Dietrich
177:commissaire
165:World War I
1016:Categories
1001:2015-05-29
983:2015-05-28
964:2015-05-29
935:2015-05-29
920:2015-05-28
896:2015-05-29
878:2015-05-29
859:2015-05-29
819:Pulju 2011
807:Pulju 2011
783:Pulju 2011
722:Pulju 2011
584:References
503:La Défense
501:(CNIT) in
475:Last years
303:Frigidaire
299:Electrolux
190:The first
110:Main organ
872:Le Figaro
508:Le Figaro
491:The 1960
53:Dissolved
45:Formation
374:mesdames
85:Location
840:Sources
389:Duralex
311:Johnson
309:, Jex,
200:on the
179:of the
146:History
77:Purpose
72:Defunct
955:
853:Jalons
307:Hoover
241:Salons
104:French
890:(PDF)
855:. INA
493:Salon
485:Salon
469:Salon
464:Salon
436:Salon
406:Salon
366:Salon
362:Salon
358:Salon
354:Salon
335:Salon
287:Salon
279:Salon
275:Salon
261:Salon
257:Salon
210:Salon
181:Salon
157:Salon
140:Salon
953:ISBN
537:The
519:The
426:and
397:Cité
219:The
155:The
122:The
61:Type
56:1983
48:1923
128:SAM
40:SAM
1018::
975:.
947:.
908:.
870:.
851:.
773:^
758:^
729:^
676:^
633:^
528:.
305:,
301:,
297:,
1004:.
986:.
967:.
938:.
923:.
914:3
899:.
881:.
862:.
833:.
797:.
768:.
753:.
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671:.
126:(
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