42:
529:
842:
2676:
1079:
by the physician Thomas Latta in treating people with cholera to beneficial effect. In the following decades, variations and alternatives to Latta's solution were tested and used in treating people with cholera. These solutions contained a range of concentrations of sodium, chloride, potassium, carbonate, phosphate, and hydroxide.
907:(CPM), and so requires constant monitoring of the person's response. Water privation combined with diuretic block does not produce as much risk of CPM as saline administration does; however, it does not correct hyponatremia as rapidly as administration of hypertonic saline does. Due to hypertonicity, administration may result in
622:(a correction for non-ideal solutions) is taken into account, then the saline solution is much closer to isotonic. The osmotic coefficient of NaCl is about 0.93, which yields an osmolarity of 0.154 × 1000 × 2 × 0.93 = 286.44. Therefore, the osmolarity of normal saline is a close approximation to the osmolarity of blood.
602:
58.4 grams of sodium chloride equals 1 mole. Since normal saline contains 9 grams of NaCl, the concentration is 9 grams per litre divided by 58.4 grams per mole, or 0.154 mole per litre. Since NaCl dissociates into two ions – sodium and chloride – 1 molar NaCl is 2 osmolar. Thus, NS contains 154
594:. NS is also used for aseptic purpose. NS is typically the first fluid used when hypovolemia is severe enough to threaten the adequacy of blood circulation, and has long been believed to be the safest fluid to give quickly in large volumes. However, it is now known that rapid infusion of NS can cause
1078:
to inject people infected with cholera with highly oxygenated salts to treat the "universal stagnation of the venous system and rapid cessation of arterialisation of the blood" seen in people with severely dehydrated cholera. He found his treatment harmless in dogs, and his proposal was soon adopted
1086:
in the early 1880s, when he determined the optimal salt concentrations to maintain the contractility of frog heart muscle tissue. Normal saline is considered a descendant of the pre-Ringer solutions, as Ringer's findings were not adopted and widely used until decades later. The term "normal saline"
601:
The solution is 9 grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in water, to a total volume of 1000 ml (weight per unit volume). The mass of 1 millilitre of normal saline is 1.0046 grams at 22 °C. The molecular weight of sodium chloride is approximately 58.4 grams per mole, so
697:
Sterile isotonic saline is also used to fill breast implants for use in breast augmentation surgery, to correct congenital abnormalities such as tuberous breast deformity, and to correct breast asymmetry. Saline breast implants are also used in reconstructive surgery post-mastectomy.
930:
Hypertonic NaCl solutions that are less commonly used are 7% (1200 mEq/L) and 23.4% (approx 4000 mEq/L), both of which are used (also via central line), often in conjunction with supplementary diuretics, in the treatment of
684:. The solution exerts a softening and loosening influence on the mucus to make it easier to wash out and clear the nasal passages for both babies and adults. In very rare instances, fatal infection by the amoeba
1094:
Normal saline has become widely used in modern medicine, but due to the mismatch with real blood, other solutions have proved better. The 2018 publication of a randomized, controlled trial with 15,000 people in
645:, intravenously supplying extra water to rehydrate people or supplying the daily water and salt needs ("maintenance" needs) of a person who is unable to take them by mouth. Because infusing a solution of low
895:
Hypertonic saline may be used in perioperative fluid management protocols to reduce excessive intravenous fluid infusions and lessen pulmonary complications. Hypertonic saline is used in treating
1967:
Principi T, Komar L (2011). "A critical review of "a randomized trial of nebulized 3% hypertonic saline with epinephrine in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in the emergency department."".
2052:
1103:
reduced the combined risk of mortality, need for additional dialysis, or persistent kidney problems from 15% to 14%, which given the large number of patients is a significant reduction.
903:. Rapid correction of hyponatremia via hypertonic saline, or via any saline infusion > 40 mmol/L (Na+ having a valence of 1, 40 mmol/L = 40 mEq/L) greatly increases risk of
2706:
950:
Quarter-normal saline (0.22% NaCl) has 39 mEq/L of Na and Cl and almost always contains 5% dextrose for osmolality reasons. It can be used alone in neonatal intensive care units.
127:
1601:
661:) added to maintain a safe osmolality while providing less sodium chloride. The amount of normal saline infused depends largely on the needs of the person (e.g. ongoing
1758:
Eisenberg T (2019). "One-Stage
Correction of Tuberous Breast Deformity Using Saline Implants: Without the Need for Radial Scoring or Lowering the Inframammary Fold".
574:
to blood serum, which makes it a physiologically normal solution). Although neither of those names is technically accurate because normal saline is not exactly like
1091:; these in vitro studies of red cell lysis suggested incorrectly that 0.9% was the concentration of salt in human blood (rather than 0.6%, the true concentration).
1932:
Reeves EP, Williamson M, O'Neill SJ, Greally P, McElvaney NG (June 2011). "Nebulized hypertonic saline decreases IL-8 in sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis".
1671:
2334:
57:
380:
2260:
1709:"Does Overfilling Smooth Inflatable Saline-Filled Breast Implants Decrease the Deflation Rate? Experience with 4761 Augmentation Mammaplasty Patients"
2044:
919:, also known as a 'central line'. Such hypertonic saline is normally available in two strengths, the former of which is more commonly administered:
694:
must not be used for nasal irrigation. Water is only appropriate for this purpose if it is sterile, distilled, boiled, filtered, or disinfected.
2589:
2543:
2208:
509:
746:
1969:
Journal of
Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology = Journal de la Therapeutique des Populations et de la Pharmacologie Clinique
1565:
Hamer WJ, Wu YC (1 October 1972). "Osmotic
Coefficients and Mean Activity Coefficients of Uni-univalent Electrolytes in Water at 25°C".
1277:
1216:
1357:
1146:
638:. However, research indicates that it is no more effective than potable tap water. Normal saline will not burn or sting when applied.
2327:
2168:"Proposal for a new method of treating the blue epidemic cholera by the injection of highly-oxygenated salts into the venous system"
1351:
1271:
1210:
1183:
400:
1490:
1030:
1679:
2402:
1996:"Nebulized hypertonic saline via positive expiratory pressure versus via jet nebulizer in patients with severe cystic fibrosis"
1114:
has been used in place of normal saline in areas without access to normal saline. Its use, however, has not been well studied.
1065:
75:
1238:
1061:
2453:
551:
483:
94:
1633:
2648:
2371:
1100:
2448:
2420:
2320:
2124:
1520:
969:
904:
494:
242:
2701:
2696:
2632:
1048:
120:
1834:
Achilles N, Mösges R (April 2013). "Nasal saline irrigations for the symptoms of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis".
2666:
2538:
2497:
2430:
984:
947:
Half-normal saline (0.45% NaCl), often with "D5" (5% dextrose), contains 77 mEq/L of Na and Cl and 50 g/L dextrose.
874:
892:
and has an effect on the nasal pathogenic bacteria. This has been used in complementary and alternative medicine.
2653:
2518:
1651:
1371:
1012:
979:
1611:
1069:
2281:
Campbell-Falck D, Thomas T, Falck TM, Tutuo N, Clem K (January 2000). "The intravenous use of coconut water".
2604:
2584:
1036:
2574:
2553:
916:
471:
105:
2579:
2594:
2469:
1451:"Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is a predictable consequence of intraoperative infusion of 0.9% saline"
1088:
932:
869:. Inhalation of hypertonic saline has also been shown to help in other respiratory problems, specifically
603:
311:
1087:
itself appears to have little historical basis, except for studies done in 1882–83 by Dutch physiologist
862:
459:
366:
41:
528:
2489:
1574:
1018:
974:
2547:
2440:
2375:
2343:
1096:
734:
642:
619:
447:
157:
2025:
1859:
1775:
754:
635:
595:
586:(IVs) for people who cannot take fluids orally and have developed or are in danger of developing
1907:
825:
Concentrations lower and higher than normal also exist. High concentrations are used rarely in
2609:
2298:
2241:
2204:
2198:
2144:
2105:
2017:
1976:
1949:
1851:
1816:
1740:
1472:
1347:
1322:
1267:
1206:
1179:
830:
788:
738:
686:
513:
475:
291:
1693:
1261:
1200:
861:). 3% hypertonic saline solutions are also used in critical care settings, acutely increased
2394:
2290:
2233:
2179:
2136:
2095:
2087:
2007:
1941:
1894:
It happens when a mixture of ink and saline is injected into the eye through a small needle.
1843:
1806:
1767:
1730:
1720:
1582:
1498:
1462:
1379:
1341:
1312:
1304:
850:
770:
673:
583:
479:
327:
1138:
653:, intravenous solutions with reduced saline concentrations (less than 0.9%) typically have
251:
67:
2680:
2412:
2383:
2379:
878:
775:
There is tentative evidence that saline nasal irrigation may help with long term cases of
726:
555:
501:. Higher and lower concentrations may also occasionally be used. Saline is acidic, with a
490:
455:
431:
231:
166:
1024:
1578:
841:
516:
was the 274th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1
438:. It has a number of uses in medicine including cleaning wounds, removal and storage of
2716:
2711:
2599:
2513:
2474:
2100:
2075:
1735:
1708:
1317:
1292:
900:
800:
776:
463:
2294:
2183:
1877:
2690:
2569:
2358:
2140:
1779:
1606:
1467:
1450:
1111:
1083:
915:. As such, concentrations greater than 3% NaCl should normally be administered via a
870:
742:
722:
710:
666:
579:
575:
2029:
1994:
O'Connell OJ, O'Farrell C, Harrison MJ, Eustace JA, Henry MT, Plant BJ (June 2011).
2627:
2091:
1863:
1424:
1230:
896:
866:
810:
757:. Eye drops sometimes do not have medications in them and are only lubricating and
730:
439:
140:
135:
1878:"A Model Almost Lost Her Eye After Getting a Sclera Tattoo. Here's Why She Did It"
1399:
1637:
191:
2366:
2125:"Administering hypertonic saline to patients with severe traumatic brain injury"
2045:"Intranasal Xylitol, Recurrent Otitis Media, and Asthma: Report of Three Cases*"
1139:"Sodium Chloride Injection - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses"
858:
750:
681:
591:
587:
451:
112:
17:
2237:
1945:
1725:
1082:
The breakthrough in achieving physiological concentrations was accomplished by
2479:
1847:
1656:
1074:
646:
607:
559:
342:
222:
2152:
1771:
1528:
2074:
Shrum B, Church B, McArthur E, Burns KE, Znajda T, McAlister V (June 2016).
908:
779:. Evidence for use in cases of rhinosinusitis of short duration is unclear.
706:
691:
650:
61:
2302:
2245:
2148:
2109:
2021:
2012:
1995:
1980:
1953:
1855:
1820:
1744:
1476:
1376:
World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
1326:
956:(glucose) 4% in 0.18% saline is used sometimes for maintenance replacement.
562:/L or 9.0 g per liter. Less commonly, this solution is referred to as
953:
912:
826:
677:
662:
654:
571:
443:
202:
89:
2224:
Awad S, Allison SP, Lobo DN (April 2008). "The history of 0.9% saline".
1384:
1231:"Hypertonic Saline - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses"
211:
1178:(69th ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 683, 770.
889:
885:
814:
718:
658:
177:
116:
33:
2312:
1811:
1794:
1586:
1308:
1008:
And in cell biology, in addition to the above the following are used:
1602:"When is wound cleansing necessary and what solution should be used?"
806:
611:
582:
with minimal hypotonicity or hypertonicity. NS is used frequently in
302:
2167:
1015:(PBS) (recipes from Dulbecco = D-PBS, Galfre, Kuchler, Ausubel etc.)
271:
1042:
854:
840:
758:
631:
615:
527:
467:
435:
365:
356:
282:
1045:-buffered saline (HBS) (recipes from Dittmar, Liu, Ausubel etc.)
990:
262:
2316:
84:
2076:"Hypertonic salt solution for peri-operative fluid management"
714:
2049:
Nasal xylitol, from
Clinical Practice of Alternative Medicine
717:. Depending on the condition being treated, they may contain
690:
can occur if it enters the body through the nose; therefore
2261:"Why Did Sterile Salt Water Become The IV Fluid Of Choice?"
1908:"OK, I'll Say It: I Regret Getting My Eyebrows Microbladed"
502:
1934:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
508:
The medical use of saline began around 1831. It is on the
1388:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
510:
1293:"Why is saline so acidic (and does it really matter?)"
606:/L of Na and the same amount of Cl. This points to an
578:, they convey the practical effect usually seen: good
550:) is the commonly used phrase for a solution of 0.90%
2664:
497:
9 g of salt per litre (0.9%) solution, known as
493:
family of medications. It is most commonly used as a
873:. Hypertonic saline is currently recommended by the
2641:
2620:
2562:
2531:
2506:
2488:
2462:
2439:
2411:
2393:
2357:
2350:
849:Hypertonic saline—7% NaCl solutions are considered
354:
341:
326:
321:
301:
281:
261:
241:
221:
201:
176:
156:
151:
126:
104:
74:
56:
51:
1060:Saline was believed to have originated during the
857:) in order to make it easier to cough up and out (
1266:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 11.
1205:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 54.
505:of 5.5 (due mainly to dissolved carbon dioxide).
1694:"Sinus Rinsing For Health or Religious Practice"
888:with 0.65% saline stimulates the washing of the
190:
1567:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
1263:Fluids and Electrolytes in the Surgical Patient
853:and thus are used to hydrate thick secretions (
610:of 154 + 154 = 308, which is higher (i.e. more
165:
1799:International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology
965:In medicine, common types of salines include:
630:For medical purposes, saline is often used to
2707:World Health Organization essential medicines
2328:
1793:Succar EF, Turner JH, Chandra RK (May 2019).
8:
1795:"Nasal saline irrigation: a clinical update"
1072:, proposed in an article to medical journal
1021:(TBS) (recipes from Goldsmith, Ausubel etc.)
943:Other concentrations commonly used include:
791:, coloring the white part of the human eye.
93:
32:
2080:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1552:Principles of Renal Physiology, 5th edition
1002:10% dextrose in half-normal saline (D10HNS)
2354:
2335:
2321:
2313:
2283:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
2276:
2274:
1340:Bozzetti F, Staun M, van Gossum A (2014).
230:
40:
2155:on 19 November 2010 – via Medscape.
2099:
2011:
1810:
1734:
1724:
1466:
1383:
1316:
1297:International Journal of Medical Sciences
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
999:5% dextrose in half-normal saline (D5HNS)
250:
1600:Brown A (20 August 2018). Ford S (ed.).
1176:British national formulary : BNF 69
46:Saline solution for intravenous infusion
2671:
1360:from the original on 18 September 2017.
1280:from the original on 18 September 2017.
1219:from the original on 18 September 2017.
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1123:
1099:showed that compared to normal saline,
405:
385:
210:
2544:Peripherally inserted central catheter
1425:"Sodium Salts - Drug Usage Statistics"
1202:Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials
31:
2203:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1652:"Blocked Nose in Babies ('Snuffles')"
1378:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
996:10% dextrose in normal saline (D10NS)
747:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
618:(approximately 285). However, if the
310:
290:
66:
7:
1760:American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery
1241:from the original on 18 January 2017
1149:from the original on 18 January 2017
139:
2129:The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing
2123:Mortimer DS, Jancik J (June 2006).
926:5% NaCl has 856 mEq/L of Na and Cl.
923:3% NaCl has 513 mEq/L of Na and Cl.
676:to relieve some of the symptoms of
270:
181:
1836:Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
1064:that swept across Europe in 1831.
25:
1634:"Cure a cold: Saline Nasal drops"
1346:(2nd ed.). CABI. p. 4.
68:FDA Professional Drug Information
27:Saline water for medical purposes
2674:
2141:10.1097/01376517-200606000-00002
1906:Dall'Asen N (18 February 2022).
1468:10.1097/00000542-199905000-00003
1449:Prough DS, Bidani A (May 1999).
961:Solutions with added ingredients
813:tattoos) through the process of
332:
2055:from the original on 8 May 2014
1678:. 30 March 2011. Archived from
413:Key:FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M
2092:10.1002/14651858.CD005576.pub3
1199:Marini JJ, Wheeler AP (2010).
1031:Earle's balanced salt solution
989:5% dextrose in normal saline (
672:Saline is also often used for
532:Saline solution for irrigation
484:osmotic demyelination syndrome
482:, excessive use may result in
478:. In those with long-standing
462:. Large amounts may result in
335:
1:
2649:Needle and syringe programmes
2295:10.1016/s0735-6757(00)90062-7
2184:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)94163-2
1610:. Vol. 114, no. 9.
1025:Hank's balanced salt solution
845:Vial of 23.4% sodium chloride
570:(because it is approximately
408:InChI=1S/ClH.Na/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
2197:Sutin KM, Marino PL (2007).
1707:Eisenberg T (October 2021).
1672:"Tixylix saline nasal drops"
1066:William Brooke O'Shaughnessy
1062:Indian Blue cholera pandemic
1049:Gey's balanced salt solution
905:central pontine myelinolysis
985:Intravenous sugar solutions
939:Less concentrated solutions
649:can cause problems such as
2733:
2539:Peripheral venous catheter
2259:Dalton C (31 March 2018).
2238:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.01.008
1946:10.1164/rccm.201101-0072OC
1726:10.1007/s00266-021-02198-3
1521:"Water Density Calculator"
1491:"Fluid Density Calculator"
1101:lactated Ringer's solution
975:Acetated Ringer's solution
875:Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
805:Saline is used to lighten
798:
768:
322:Chemical and physical data
2654:Supervised injection site
1848:10.1007/s11882-013-0339-y
1713:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
1372:World Health Organization
1343:Home Parenteral Nutrition
1013:Phosphate buffered saline
980:Oral rehydration solution
970:Ringer's lactate solution
396:
376:
39:
2166:O'Shaugnessy WB (1831).
1772:10.1177/0748806819841466
1696:. CDC. 28 February 2017.
1612:Metropolis International
1070:Edinburgh Medical School
614:per litre) than that of
2605:Thermodilution catheter
2554:Central venous catheter
2051:. Alonzo H. Jones, DO.
1495:Earthwardconsulting.com
1068:, a recent graduate of
1037:Standard saline citrate
917:central venous catheter
877:as a primary part of a
641:Saline is also used in
520:million prescriptions.
2470:Immunoglobulin therapy
2013:10.4187/respcare.00866
1554:. Springer. p. 6.
1089:Hartog Jacob Hamburger
933:traumatic brain injury
846:
761:-replacing solutions.
731:beta receptor blockers
709:are saline-containing
533:
450:, it is used to treat
1400:"The Top 300 of 2020"
863:intracranial pressure
844:
531:
460:diabetic ketoacidosis
448:injection into a vein
2595:Implantable catheter
2490:Parenteral nutrition
1501:on 16 September 2009
1097:intensive care units
1019:TRIS-buffered saline
821:Other concentrations
735:parasympathomimetics
564:physiological saline
524:Normal concentration
2548:Seldinger technique
2376:Fresh frozen plasma
2359:Blood-based product
2344:Intravenous therapy
1884:. 29 September 2017
1682:on 1 November 2012.
1640:on 16 January 2013.
1579:1972JPCRD...1.1047H
1107:Society and culture
884:An 11% solution of
881:treatment regimen.
755:topical anesthetics
620:osmotic coefficient
36:
2702:Intravenous fluids
2697:1831 introductions
2454:Sodium bicarbonate
2351:Infused substances
2226:Clinical Nutrition
1531:on 22 January 2010
1260:Pestana C (2000).
847:
829:but frequently in
787:Saline is used in
739:parasympatholytics
596:metabolic acidosis
534:
454:such as that from
430:) is a mixture of
2662:
2661:
2610:Dialysis catheter
2527:
2526:
2210:978-0-7817-4802-5
1940:(11): 1517–1523.
1812:10.1002/alr.22330
1587:10.1063/1.3253108
1309:10.7150/ijms.5868
1291:Reddi BA (2013).
851:mucoactive agents
837:Hypertonic saline
831:molecular biology
795:Tattoo lightening
789:scleral tattooing
783:Scleral tattooing
687:Naegleria fowleri
584:intravenous drips
489:Saline is in the
476:high blood sodium
421:
420:
367:Interactive image
95:Hypertonic_Saline
87:
16:(Redirected from
2724:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2449:Ringer's lactate
2421:Ringer's lactate
2403:Hemoglobin-based
2395:Blood substitute
2355:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2151:. Archived from
2120:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2015:
2000:Respiratory Care
1991:
1985:
1984:
1975:(2): e273–e274.
1964:
1958:
1957:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1719:(5): 1991–1999.
1704:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1636:. Archived from
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1614:. pp. 42–45
1597:
1591:
1590:
1573:(4): 1047–1100.
1562:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1527:. Archived from
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1497:. Archived from
1487:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1461:(5): 1247–1249.
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1172:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1135:
771:Nasal irrigation
727:sympathomimetics
519:
480:low blood sodium
442:, and help with
369:
349:
337:
334:
314:
294:
274:
254:
234:
214:
194:
184:
183:
169:
143:
97:
86:
83:
70:
44:
37:
35:
21:
18:Saline injection
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2637:
2616:
2563:Other equipment
2558:
2523:
2502:
2484:
2458:
2435:
2413:Volume expander
2407:
2389:
2384:Cryoprecipitate
2380:Cryosupernatant
2346:
2341:
2311:
2310:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2178:(432): 366–71.
2165:
2164:
2160:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2086:(6): CD005576.
2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2042:
2041:
2037:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1354:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1274:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1213:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1125:
1120:
1109:
1058:
963:
941:
879:cystic fibrosis
839:
823:
803:
797:
785:
773:
767:
704:
628:
568:isotonic saline
526:
517:
456:gastroenteritis
432:sodium chloride
428:saline solution
426:(also known as
417:
414:
409:
404:
403:
392:
389:
384:
383:
372:
347:
317:
297:
277:
257:
237:
217:
197:
180:
172:
147:
107:
100:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2621:Specific risks
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2514:Drug injection
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2475:Gamma globulin
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2431:Sugar solution
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2289:(1): 108–111.
2270:
2251:
2232:(2): 179–188.
2216:
2209:
2189:
2158:
2115:
2066:
2035:
2006:(6): 771–775.
1986:
1959:
1924:
1898:
1869:
1842:(2): 229–235.
1826:
1785:
1766:(4): 191–196.
1750:
1699:
1685:
1663:
1643:
1625:
1592:
1557:
1542:
1525:Csgnetwork.com
1512:
1482:
1455:Anesthesiology
1441:
1416:
1391:
1363:
1352:
1332:
1303:(6): 747–750.
1283:
1272:
1252:
1222:
1211:
1191:
1184:
1160:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1108:
1105:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
982:
977:
972:
962:
959:
958:
957:
951:
948:
940:
937:
928:
927:
924:
901:cerebral edema
838:
835:
822:
819:
801:Tattoo removal
799:Main article:
796:
793:
784:
781:
777:rhinosinusitis
769:Main article:
766:
763:
743:prostaglandins
723:antihistamines
703:
700:
627:
624:
525:
522:
464:fluid overload
440:contact lenses
419:
418:
416:
415:
412:
410:
407:
399:
398:
397:
394:
393:
391:
390:
387:
379:
378:
377:
374:
373:
371:
370:
362:
360:
352:
351:
345:
339:
338:
330:
324:
323:
319:
318:
316:
315:
307:
305:
299:
298:
296:
295:
287:
285:
279:
278:
276:
275:
267:
265:
259:
258:
256:
255:
247:
245:
239:
238:
236:
235:
227:
225:
219:
218:
216:
215:
207:
205:
199:
198:
196:
195:
187:
185:
174:
173:
171:
170:
162:
160:
154:
153:
149:
148:
146:
145:
132:
130:
124:
123:
110:
108:administration
102:
101:
99:
98:
80:
78:
72:
71:
64:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2729:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2668:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2633:Extravasation
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:Infusion pump
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:Access points
2530:
2520:
2519:Ascorbic acid
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Normal saline
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1805:(S1): S4–S8.
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1607:Nursing Times
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1353:9781780643113
1349:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1273:9780781724258
1269:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1253:
1240:
1236:
1235:www.drugs.com
1232:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1212:9780781798396
1208:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1185:9780857111562
1181:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1148:
1144:
1143:www.drugs.com
1140:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1112:Coconut water
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1084:Sydney Ringer
1080:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
988:
987:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
960:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
944:
938:
936:
934:
925:
922:
921:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
871:bronchiolitis
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
843:
836:
834:
832:
828:
820:
818:
816:
812:
808:
802:
794:
792:
790:
782:
780:
778:
772:
764:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
701:
699:
695:
693:
689:
688:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
667:heart failure
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:fluid balance
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
538:
537:Normal saline
530:
523:
521:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
499:normal saline
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
411:
406:
402:
395:
386:
382:
375:
368:
364:
363:
361:
358:
353:
346:
344:
340:
331:
329:
325:
320:
313:
312:ChEMBL1200574
309:
308:
306:
304:
300:
293:
289:
288:
286:
284:
280:
273:
269:
268:
266:
264:
260:
253:
249:
248:
246:
244:
240:
233:
229:
228:
226:
224:
220:
213:
209:
208:
206:
204:
200:
193:
189:
188:
186:
179:
175:
168:
164:
163:
161:
159:
155:
150:
142:
137:
134:
133:
131:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
111:
109:
103:
96:
91:
82:
81:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
55:
52:Clinical data
50:
43:
38:
30:
19:
2628:Air embolism
2425:
2286:
2282:
2264:
2254:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2200:The ICU book
2199:
2192:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2153:the original
2135:(3): 142–6.
2132:
2128:
2118:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2048:
2038:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:
1901:
1893:
1886:. Retrieved
1881:
1872:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1688:
1680:the original
1675:
1666:
1655:
1646:
1638:the original
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1605:
1595:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1524:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1494:
1485:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:
1394:
1385:10665/325771
1375:
1366:
1342:
1335:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1262:
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1234:
1225:
1201:
1194:
1175:
1151:. Retrieved
1142:
1110:
1093:
1081:
1073:
1059:
1007:
964:
942:
929:
897:hyponatremia
894:
883:
867:hyponatremia
865:, or severe
848:
824:
811:microblading
804:
786:
774:
713:used on the
705:
696:
685:
674:nasal washes
671:
643:I.V. therapy
640:
632:flush wounds
629:
600:
567:
563:
547:
543:
540:
536:
535:
507:
498:
488:
427:
423:
422:
121:subcutaneous
76:License data
29:
2463:Medications
2367:Whole blood
1618:26 December
1535:27 February
1505:27 February
911:and tissue
890:nasopharynx
859:expectorate
809:(including
751:antibiotics
682:common cold
592:hypovolemia
588:dehydration
576:blood serum
512:. In 2020,
491:crystalloid
452:hypovolemia
434:(salt) and
350: g·mol
292:CHEBI:26710
152:Identifiers
113:Intravenous
2691:Categories
2480:Interferon
1657:Patient UK
1245:14 January
1153:14 January
1118:References
1075:The Lancet
749:(NSAIDs),
647:osmolality
608:osmolarity
355:3D model (
343:Molar mass
252:451W47IQ8X
223:ChemSpider
158:CAS Number
2043:Jones A.
1780:145932734
1676:Netdoctor
1550:Lote CJ.
1434:7 October
1409:7 October
909:phlebitis
707:Eye drops
692:tap water
651:hemolysis
636:abrasions
634:and skin
167:7647-14-5
106:Routes of
62:Drugs.com
2681:Medicine
2642:See also
2303:10674546
2246:18313809
2149:16817665
2110:27271480
2053:Archived
2030:26080152
2022:21333079
1981:21633141
1954:21330456
1917:28 April
1888:28 April
1856:23354530
1821:31087631
1745:33712871
1477:10319767
1429:ClinCalc
1404:ClinCalc
1374:(2019).
1358:Archived
1327:23630439
1278:Archived
1239:Archived
1217:Archived
1147:Archived
954:Dextrose
913:necrosis
827:medicine
719:steroids
680:and the
678:rhinitis
663:diarrhea
655:dextrose
572:isotonic
472:acidosis
468:swelling
444:dry eyes
203:DrugBank
128:ATC code
90:DailyMed
2441:Buffers
2265:NPR.org
2101:8627702
1864:9798807
1736:8481168
1575:Bibcode
1318:3638298
1056:History
886:xylitol
815:osmosis
807:tattoos
659:glucose
495:sterile
328:Formula
212:DB09153
178:PubChem
144:)
138: (
136:B05XA03
117:topical
92::
2667:Portal
2301:
2244:
2207:
2172:Lancet
2147:
2108:
2098:
2028:
2020:
1979:
1952:
1912:Allure
1862:
1854:
1819:
1778:
1743:
1733:
1475:
1350:
1325:
1315:
1270:
1209:
1182:
1051:(GBSS)
1033:(EBSS)
1027:(HBSS)
612:solute
558:, 308
518:
514:sodium
474:, and
424:Saline
381:SMILES
303:ChEMBL
272:C13563
88:
34:Saline
2717:Water
2712:Salts
2507:Other
2498:Sugar
2059:7 May
2026:S2CID
1860:S2CID
1776:S2CID
1043:HEPES
1039:(SSC)
855:mucus
711:drops
626:Usage
616:blood
446:. By
436:water
401:InChI
357:JSmol
348:58.44
283:ChEBI
2600:Port
2590:PICC
2372:PF24
2299:PMID
2242:PMID
2205:ISBN
2145:PMID
2106:PMID
2084:2016
2061:2014
2018:PMID
1977:PMID
1950:PMID
1919:2024
1890:2024
1882:TIME
1852:PMID
1817:PMID
1741:PMID
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