386:
31:
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43:
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129:
292:. The company was founded in 1815 when John Doulton formed a partnership with the owner, Martha Jones and foreman, John Watts, of an existing pottery in Lambeth. Initially the factory specialised in utilitarian salt glazed stoneware, similar to that produced by the Fulham factories. During the 1830s and 1840s, considerable amounts of
393:
The salt glaze is formed on the unglazed body by reaction of common salt with the clay body constituents, particularly silica, toward the end of firing. The body should ideally be richer in silica than normal stoneware, and iron impurities can help produce good salt glazes. A reduction atmosphere can
413:
and soda. These vapors react with the silica in the body and other body constituents. A glaze of fairly high alumina content (0.6 molecular parts) and a relatively low silica content (2.6 molecular parts), and in which the main base is soda, is formed. Salt glazes have been improved by the addition
357:
One of the first potteries in the US was on Bean Hill in
Norwich, Connecticut. They manufactured yellow-brown, salt glazed earthenware. According to a rather dubious local legend, their salt glaze technique was discovered in about 1680 by a servant. There was an earthenware vessel on the fire with
215:. Salt glazed pottery was also popular in North America from the early 17th century until the early 19th century, indeed it was the dominant domestic pottery there during the 19th century. Whilst its manufacture in America increased from the earliest dated production, the 1720s in
308:
systems. Also, from about 1830, they started production of salt glaze stoneware vessels, which were valued for their acid resistance, for the emerging chemical industries. From the 1850s
Doulton & Co.'s decorative stoneware, that was produced in association with the nearby
112:, the process is obsolete. Before its demise, in the face of environmental clean air restrictions, it was last used in the production of salt-glazed sewer-pipes. The only commercial pottery in the UK currently licensed to produce salt glaze pottery is Errington Reay at
572:
solution to create salted patterns. Rope and other textiles can also be soaked in brine and wrapped around biscuit ware. Salt can also be added, in solution, to coloured clay slips and can be sprinkled onto biscuit ware in protective, ceramic containers called
245:
Due to concerns of significant amount of air pollution resulting from the process environmental clean air restrictions led to the demise of widespread use of salt glazing. It was last used on any large scale for the production of salt-glazed
269:, which he founded in 1672. In a related patent application, which was granted in 1671, he also claimed to have "discovered the mystery of transparent earthenware commonly knowne by the name of porcelaine or China and Persian ware."
330:. Doulton’s Lambeth factory closed in 1956, due largely to new clean air regulations that prohibited the production of salt glaze in the urban environment. Production, but not of salt glazing, was transferred to their factory in
370:
325:
in 1893. Their salt glaze decorative products became known as 'Doulton Ware'. By 1890 their decorative stoneware were so successful that 350 designers and artists were employed at the
Lambeth factory, including the famous
358:
brine in it to cure salt pork. While the servant was away the brine boiled over, the pot became red hot, and the sides were found to be glazed. A local potter utilized the discovery and salt-glaze became established.
585:
for common salt. Whilst the application method is a little different, the alternatives need to be sprayed into the kiln, results are similar to salt glazing but for subtle differences in texture and colour.
497:
vapour on contact with moisture in the air or kiln exhaust gases. Any remaining sodium oxide will form salt by reacting with hydrochloric acid vapour as the gases exit the kiln. The sodium oxide (Na
409:, or salt can be placed inside the kiln prior to firing. As the kiln reaches higher temperatures, typically 1100–1200 °C, the sodium chloride vaporizes and reacts with steam to form
1632:
377:
375:
373:
371:
376:
385:
258:
Experiments in stoneware production began in
England during the second part of the 17th century. The earliest evidence has been dated 1650–1700 at the site of a kiln at
288:
in London had become a centre for the production of salt glaze stoneware, and most especially after the establishment of
Doulton and Watts Pottery, which later became
1665:
671:'Development Of A Low-Emission Salt-Glazing Procedure Using NaOH Instead Of NaCl' R.Knodt, A.Normann, S.Blasner, J.Denissen, J. de Jong Keram.Z. 53, No.4, 2001.
509:. The general reaction is shown below, with the values for x and y varying dependent on the amounts of sodium oxide, alumina and silica composing the glaze:
374:
880:
250:, and other than limited use by some studio potters the process is obsolete, although there are reports of it still being used for sewer-pipes in India.
341:
and Sons and
Stephen Green's Imperial pottery. The former having started his pottery career at Doulton in 1830, before opening his own factory in 1843.
405:
The salting mixture of sodium chloride and water is introduced into the kiln when the appropriate temperature is reached, typically around 900
181:
1753:
1748:
372:
681:
729:
1287:
1256:
1242:
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1218:
1208:
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793:
422:, to the salting mixture. Colouring oxides can be incorporated in the salting mixture to give decorative effects, such as a kind of
322:
805:
1670:
1237:
Minogue, Coll & Robert
Sanderson, "Wood-Fired Ceramics: Contemporary Practices", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.
262:, London. The similarity of the ware to German products of a similar era has led it to be attributed to immigrant potters.
30:
1117:
1675:
1596:
1738:
1606:
1650:
1601:
1306:
644:’The ABC of English salt-glaze stoneware from Dwight to Doulton.’ Blacker J.F. S.Paul & Company, London 1922.
337:
Several other stoneware potteries also operated in
Lambeth between the mid-18th & 19th centuries, including
891:
956:'John Dwight's Fulham Pottery, 1672-1978: A Collection of Documentary Sources.' D.Haselgrove & J.Murray.
933:
1743:
1365:
272:
1710:
1571:
301:
242:
in New York in 1959, and it subsequently spread to other
American universities with ceramic art programs.
381:
Pouring salt into a wood-fired kiln, using a carved-out piece of bamboo filled with salt soaked in water.
1655:
1280:
318:
310:
806:"Production strategies in the Nottingham salt-glazed stoneware industry - The University of Nottingham"
199:
In the UK during the 17th century and 18th century, high quality salt-glazed stoneware was produced in
42:
1561:
1521:
1438:
1433:
1183:
574:
314:
305:
300:'s advocacy of improved sanitary conditions. Doultons were also one of the earliest manufacturers of
70:
157:
1611:
1566:
1380:
582:
454:
In soda firings the reaction is a little more direct, not requiring the presence of water vapor:
216:
185:
1072:
662:'If You Believe What You Read About Salt Glazing Read On ...' I.Lewis. Interceram 45, No.4, 1996
842:
230:. In the 1950s, it was introduced into Japanese craft pottery through Leach's association with
1546:
1514:
1509:
1493:
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1468:
1252:
1238:
1228:
1214:
1204:
1190:
789:
565:
494:
478:
410:
361:
The earliest known production of salt glaze pottery in
Australia has been dated to 1850–1883.
239:
1660:
1408:
1398:
1273:
983:
578:
1092:
144:
around 1400; it was effectively the only significant innovation in pottery of the European
1690:
1685:
1418:
1355:
737:
327:
204:
102:
90:
1171:
Rado, P. An Introduction to the Technology Of Pottery. 2nd edition. Pergamon Press, 1988.
231:
349:
1705:
1541:
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761:
482:
419:
297:
293:
266:
259:
247:
223:
117:
109:
1154:
1008:
493:
and other components of the clay body. Hydrogen chloride leaving the kiln will form a
1732:
1680:
1591:
1581:
1531:
506:
395:
289:
277:
227:
212:
62:
219:, significant amounts were imported from Britain until around the mid-19th century.
1488:
653:'Dictionary of Ceramics' 3rd ed. A.Dodd, D.Murfin. The Instiutue of Materials. 1994
621:
486:
399:
173:
98:
35:
313:, enjoyed significant success at various international exhibitions, including at
1642:
1616:
1403:
1325:
338:
265:
A significant English manufacturer of salt glaze pottery was John Dwight at the
149:
145:
113:
74:
66:
1134:
611:. Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals. 1994.
93:. The glaze may be colourless or may be coloured various shades of brown (from
1450:
1423:
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423:
200:
193:
153:
94:
1695:
1483:
1478:
1445:
1428:
1360:
1345:
235:
137:
128:
58:
908:
564:
Salt can also be used as a decorative element on selected individual pots.
17:
1586:
1556:
1413:
1350:
1335:
1320:
192:
oxide based colorant for decoration. Production of salt glaze pottery in
169:
176:
a typical product. In the 17th century, salt glaze gained popularity in
1700:
1576:
1526:
1460:
1390:
1296:
1265:
502:
406:
331:
285:
177:
161:
141:
1213:
Nichols, Gail. "Soda, Clay and Fire". American Ceramic Society, 2006.
830:
University Press of New England & Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
828:'Salt-glazed Stoneware in Early America.' J.E.Skerry, S.Findlen Hood.
1551:
490:
208:
189:
165:
86:
82:
1136:
A German Potter In the Barossa Valley, South Australia, c.1850-1883
705:
569:
415:
384:
368:
348:
271:
136:
The earliest known production of salt glazed stoneware was in the
127:
41:
29:
1251:
A & C Black Publishers, Limited, London, Third Edition 1991.
1717:
1536:
1340:
1330:
984:"Industries: Pottery, Fulham stoneware | British History Online"
78:
1269:
505:
and silica in the clay body to form a sodium alumino-silicate
429:
Salt fumes in a firing atmosphere react in the following way:
604:
602:
600:
598:
81:
during the higher temperature part of the firing process.
188:
was characterized by stamped medallions and the use of a
222:
During the 20th century, the technique was promoted for
196:
ceased because of environmental considerations in 1983.
1062:
Royal Doulton, McKeown J. Shire Publications Ltd. 2004.
865:'A Guide To Artifacts Of Colonial America.' I.N.Hume.
1633:
Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery
1249:
The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques.
1641:
1625:
1502:
1459:
1389:
1313:
304:, initially using salt glaze stoneware and for the
172:, were producing a salt-glazed stoneware, with the
1227:1966, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New York.
152:. By the 15th century, small pottery towns of the
1142:. Australian Historical Archaeology. p. 33.
577:. A related technique, soda firing, substitutes
706:"Errington Reay - Outstanding Handmade Pottery"
353:Salt glazed pipe vent. New Zealand, 1910 - 1936
238:introduced salt glazing into the curriculum at
1122:. Faith Trumbull Chapter of D.A.R. p. 19.
1281:
784:G.C.Nelson. 'Ceramics: A Potter's Handbook.'
762:"Salt Glazed 'Bartmann' Jug, German, 1594 CE"
89:in the clay body to form a glassy coating of
8:
881:"Salt Firing, Science, and the Environment"
73:-like texture which was formed by throwing
1288:
1274:
1266:
971:Transactions of the English Ceramic Circle
843:"Subscribers Only | Maine Antique Digest"
296:were produced by Doultons following Sir
594:
27:Pottery with ceramic glaze made of salt
485:are gases; they do not react with the
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
934:"Projects on PIPE & TUBES | NPCS"
756:
754:
148:. Initially, the process was used on
7:
932:Services, NIIR Project Consultancy.
334:which had been established in 1877.
1155:"Sources of Sodium as Vapor Glaze"
389:Modern salt-glazed porcelain piece
25:
867:University of Pennsylvania Press
786:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
1119:Norwich Early Homes and History
730:"What´s on North East - Venues"
1225:Ceramics: A Potter's Handbook.
1:
1597:Northern Black Polished Ware
1116:Tyler, Sarah Lester (1906).
254:English salt glaze stoneware
132:Salt glaze jug, 19th century
108:Except for its use by a few
1754:Ceramics of medieval Europe
1749:Types of pottery decoration
1189:'. A&C Black Ltd. 1992
1009:"Doulton history 1854-2005"
394:be employed as the reduced
120:which was founded in 1878.
1770:
1247:Hamer, Frank & Janet.
958:Journal of Ceramic History
847:www.maineantiquedigest.com
85:from the salt reacts with
1314:Base minerals, and glazes
1307:Glossary of pottery terms
1304:
1040:"Royal Doulton Potteries"
988:www.british-history.ac.uk
969:'John Dwight.' M.Bimson.
1503:Processes and decoration
1133:Ioannou, Norris (1987).
1073:"Doulton ware | pottery"
1013:www.potteryhistories.com
734:www.whatsonnortheast.com
710:www.erringtonreay.co.uk
319:Philadelphia Exhibition
294:salt-glazed sewer-pipes
609:Dictionary Of Ceramics
390:
382:
354:
281:
133:
47:
46:Salt glazed containers
39:
1666:Pre-conquest Americas
1203:Crowood Press, 2002.
388:
380:
352:
321:in 1876, and also at
311:Lambeth School of Art
302:electrical insulators
275:
131:
45:
33:
1199:Cochrane, Rosemary.
1044:www.thepotteries.org
810:www.nottingham.ac.uk
626:www.thepotteries.org
489:that binds with the
315:The Great Exhibition
306:electrical telegraph
57:is pottery, usually
1391:Main types, by body
1201:Salt-Glaze Ceramics
766:www-01.glendale.edu
568:can be soaked in a
501:O) reacts with the
276:Salt glazed jug by
101:), or purple (from
1739:Glass compositions
1643:History of pottery
1567:Black and red ware
1461:Forming techniques
1097:www.mernick.org.uk
888:Ceramic Arts Daily
788:, New York. 1966.
583:sodium bicarbonate
398:are very powerful
391:
383:
355:
282:
186:Westerwald Pottery
134:
55:salt glaze pottery
48:
40:
1726:
1725:
1602:Painted Grey Ware
1515:biscuit porcelain
1223:Nelson, Glenn C.
913:www.dcmsme.gov.in
622:"Salt Glaze ware"
495:hydrochloric acid
479:hydrogen chloride
411:hydrogen chloride
378:
240:Alfred University
16:(Redirected from
1761:
1409:Egyptian faience
1399:Asbestos-ceramic
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1007:Perry, Michael.
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890:. Archived from
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736:. Archived from
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437:O → 2NaOH + 2HCl
418:, and sometimes
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182:Colonial America
158:Höhr-Grenzhausen
21:
1769:
1768:
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1711:list of potters
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1178:Further reading
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909:"SSI Circulars"
907:
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686:North East Life
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328:George Tinworth
280:. England, 1875
256:
205:Nottinghamshire
126:
103:manganese oxide
91:sodium silicate
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:Ceramic glazes
1741:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1706:Studio pottery
1703:
1698:
1693:
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1651:Ancient Greece
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1572:Blue and white
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1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1510:Biscuit firing
1506:
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1494:Wheel throwing
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1184:Rogers, Phil.
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999:
975:
973:5, no.2 (1961)
962:
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900:
897:on 2016-10-08.
879:Stegnel, Gil.
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483:carbon dioxide
475:
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451:
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420:sodium nitrate
396:iron silicates
366:
363:
346:
343:
298:Edwin Chadwick
267:Fulham Pottery
260:Woolwich Ferry
255:
252:
224:studio pottery
180:as well as in
125:
122:
118:Northumberland
110:studio potters
97:), blue (from
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14:
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2:
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1271:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1257:0-8122-3112-0
1254:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1243:0-8122-3514-2
1240:
1236:
1234:
1233:0-03-086000-8
1230:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1219:1-57498-167-6
1216:
1212:
1210:
1209:1-86126-435-6
1206:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1195:0-7136-4821-X
1192:
1188:
1187:
1186:Salt Glazing'
1182:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1159:Studio Potter
1156:
1149:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1109:
1098:
1094:
1093:"Stiff Dates"
1088:
1085:
1074:
1068:
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795:
794:0-03-086000-8
791:
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781:
778:
767:
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751:
740:on 2016-04-02
739:
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711:
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333:
329:
324:
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316:
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307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Royal Doulton
287:
284:By the 1800s
279:
274:
270:
268:
263:
261:
253:
251:
249:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:Bernard Leach
225:
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213:Staffordshire
210:
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72:
69:and slightly
68:
64:
63:ceramic glaze
60:
56:
52:
44:
37:
32:
19:
1656:Ancient Rome
1626:Conservation
1562:Black-figure
1489:Slip casting
1484:RAM pressing
1375:
1299:and claywork
1262:
1248:
1224:
1200:
1185:
1167:
1158:
1153:Troy, Jack.
1148:
1135:
1128:
1118:
1111:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
1087:
1076:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
987:
978:
970:
965:
957:
952:
941:. Retrieved
938:www.niir.org
937:
927:
916:. Retrieved
912:
903:
892:the original
887:
874:
866:
861:
850:. Retrieved
846:
837:
829:
824:
813:. Retrieved
809:
800:
785:
780:
769:. Retrieved
765:
742:. Retrieved
738:the original
733:
724:
713:. Retrieved
709:
700:
689:. Retrieved
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
640:
629:. Retrieved
625:
616:
608:
566:Biscuit ware
563:
487:sodium oxide
476:
453:
428:
404:
392:
360:
356:
336:
283:
264:
257:
244:
232:ShĹŤji Hamada
221:
198:
174:Bartmann jug
160:, Siegburg,
156:, including
135:
107:
99:cobalt oxide
54:
50:
49:
36:Bartmann jug
1617:Sea pottery
1404:Earthenware
1376:Salt glazed
1366:Lead-glazed
1326:China stone
339:James Stiff
248:sewer-pipes
150:earthenware
146:Middle Ages
114:Bardon Mill
75:common salt
71:orange-peel
67:translucent
65:of glossy,
1733:Categories
1612:Red-figure
1607:Rang Mahal
1522:Burnishing
1451:Terracotta
1439:soft-paste
1434:hard-paste
1424:Jasperware
1381:Tin-glazed
1371:Lustreware
1102:2016-07-01
1078:2016-07-01
1049:2016-07-01
1018:2016-07-01
993:2016-07-01
960:11 (1979).
943:2016-07-01
918:2016-07-01
852:2016-07-01
815:2016-07-01
771:2016-07-01
744:2016-07-01
715:2016-07-01
691:2016-07-01
631:2016-07-01
590:References
442:2NaOH → Na
433:2NaCl + 2H
424:aventurine
201:Derbyshire
194:Westerwald
154:Westerwald
95:iron oxide
51:Salt-glaze
18:Salt glaze
1696:Delftware
1547:Pit fired
1446:Stoneware
1429:Porcelain
1419:Ironstone
1361:Ash glaze
1346:Kaolinite
477:Both the
345:New world
317:in 1851,
236:Don Reitz
138:Rhineland
77:into the
61:, with a
59:stoneware
38:, c. 1600
1718:Tilework
1587:Kakiemon
1557:Slipware
1542:Painting
1479:Pinching
1474:Moulding
1414:Fritware
1351:Petuntse
1336:Feldspar
1321:Bone ash
579:soda ash
481:and the
217:Yorktown
170:Flanders
1701:Faience
1686:Islamic
1577:Celadon
1532:Glazing
1469:Coiling
1297:Pottery
869:. 2001.
581:and/or
575:saggars
517:O + SiO
503:alumina
426:glaze.
365:Process
332:Burslem
323:Chicago
286:Lambeth
278:Doulton
226:use by
178:England
142:Germany
124:History
34:German
1691:Persia
1552:Saggar
1527:Firing
1255:
1241:
1231:
1217:
1207:
1193:
832:. 2009
792:
682:"Home"
491:silica
470:O + CO
400:fluxes
209:London
190:cobalt
166:Raeren
164:, and
87:silica
83:Sodium
1676:Korea
1671:Japan
1661:China
1592:Malwa
1582:Jorwe
1140:(PDF)
895:(PDF)
884:(PDF)
570:brine
553:·(SiO
537:→ (Na
529:·(SiO
507:glaze
446:O + H
416:borax
1681:Maya
1537:Kiln
1356:Slip
1341:Frit
1331:Clay
1253:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1191:ISBN
790:ISBN
521:+ Al
466:→ Na
211:and
162:Köln
79:kiln
545:·Al
414:of
168:in
140:of
116:in
105:).
53:or
1735::
1157:.
1095:.
1042:.
1027:^
1011:.
986:.
936:.
911:.
886:.
845:.
808:.
764:.
753:^
732:.
708:.
684:.
624:.
597:^
541:O)
513:Na
462:CO
458:Na
407:°C
402:.
234:.
207:,
203:,
184:.
1289:e
1282:t
1275:v
1259:.
1161:.
1105:.
1081:.
1052:.
1021:.
996:.
946:.
921:.
855:.
818:.
774:.
747:.
718:.
694:.
634:.
559:y
557:)
555:2
551:3
549:O
547:2
543:x
539:2
535:2
533:)
531:2
527:3
525:O
523:2
519:2
515:2
499:2
472:2
468:2
464:3
460:2
450:O
448:2
444:2
435:2
20:)
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