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layer, which can be compared to other early
Christian icons that display 'Pompeian' illusionistic qualities. The areas of linear stylization, such as Christ's garment which is rendered in golden hatching producing a flat effect, seem to go back to the 8th century, and can be compared with a very early icon of
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states, "After the
Council of Ephesus (431) in which the Mother of Jesus was acclaimed as Mother of God, Pope Sixtus III erected at Rome on the Esquiline Hill, a basilica dedicated to the honor of the Holy Mother of God. It was afterward called Saint Mary Major and it is the oldest church in the West
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had formerly put an end to parts of the assumption procession, the reason being unruly crowds that were thought reduced the sacredness of the procession, the portrait itself continued to have a noteworthy function in
Catholicism. Since 1613 it has been located in the altar tabernacle of the Cappella
443:
image in the 10th century, where she points to Christ with her right hand. "Rather than offering the Child, she keeps his body closer to hers and seeks physical and tactile contact with him." However the few other examples of this type do not have the Virgin's hands folded together â the right hand
427:
panel. Mary wears a gold-trimmed, dark blue mantle over a purple/red tunic. The letters in Greek at the top identify Mary as "Mother of God" (ÎÎźÏÎ·Ï ÎΔοῊ in lower case and ÎH΀HÎĄ ÎÎÎ΄ in upper case), as is usual in
Byzantine art (Christ may originally have had an inscription under later re-painting).
513:
The image type itself suggests it is not a medieval invention, but rather an Early
Christian concept dating from antiquity: a majestic, half-length portrait showing a frank outward gaze of the rulerlike Virgin, with her upright, stately pose and folded hands gently clasping the Child, unique among
497:
The icon in its current state of overpainting seems to be a work of the 13th century (as witnessed by the features of the faces), but other layers visible under the top one suggest it is a repainting of a much earlier piece; especially revealing is the modeling of Child's right hand in the first
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or "Queen of Heaven". In addition, the Virgin also wears a plain, golden, ring band in her middle finger of her right hand, later obscured by a gemstone. The image no longer wears its
Canonical crowns and jeweled regalia, which has now been transferred in the treasury of the sacristy of
522:
Marian icon from 609, which already shows the Mother slightly subordinated to the Child by the imploring gesture and the turn of the head, and where the interaction of the bodies exists only in a flat plane. These comparisons suggest a date of the 7th century for the icon.
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prevailed upon St. Luke to paint a portrait of the Mother of God, it was the top of this table that was used to memorialize her image. While applying his brush and paints, St. Luke listened carefully as the Mother of Jesus spoke of the life of her son, facts which the
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later recorded in his Gospel. Legend also tells us that the painting remained in and around
Jerusalem until it was discovered by Saint Helena in the 4th century. Together with other sacred relics, the painting was transported to Constantinople where her son, Emperor
1251:
Issued a pontifical decree of coronation to the image on 11 October 1954. He later carried out the rite of coronation in person without a proxy on 1 November 1954, and ordered the image into Saint Peters
Basilica to accompany his personal speech and the
1482:, Maria VasilakÄ, ed.: "the dates proposed by various authors (often in an apodictic way) stretch from the fifth to the thirteenth century"; Wolf gives a bibliography; his date, based on a close examination in 1987 of the icon, a "
548:
influenced the art of that country from the 17th century onwards, repeating "every detail of her own and the Child's posture, the position of the hands being especially characteristic." More far flung apparent copies include a
1227:â also venerated the image in 1837 to pray for the end of the cholera epidemic. Gergory XVI would crown the image a year later on 15 August 1838, the Marian feast of the Assumption whilst issuing his Papal bull
490:
The image "has been confidently dated to almost every possible period between the fifth century and the thirteenth". The recent full-length study by
Gerhard Wolf says, cautiously, that it is "probably
506:. A second restoration process started around 1100 and came to an end in the 13th century. The Virgin's blue mantle which is wrapped over her purple dress was severely altered in the outline; the red
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383:(352-366) and was restored and enlarged by Sixtus III. ⊠Pope Liberius selected a venerated picture that hung in the pontifical oratory. It had allegedly been brought to Rome by
1188:
1833:
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The image is five feet high by three and a quarter feet wide (117 x 79 cm) â very large for an icon, especially one with an early date. It is painted on a thick
518:
of the two bodies, which suggests direct observation, can be compared with a 5th-century Mount Sinai icon of the Virgin and Child in Kiev, and contrasted with the
1821:
1291:â undertook the task of restoring and conserving the image, and celebrated a pontifical Mass in her honor on 28 January 2018 on the anniversary of the icon's
1791:
1490:" icon, is "relatively early": "I have no hesitation in seeing it as part of the group of icons extant by the late sixth or early seventh centuries" pp31-33.
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544:) was moved in a procession to Santa Maria Maggiore to 'meet' with it. Monneret de Villard has shown that engravings of this icon brought by Jesuits to
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was tasked with the full restoration and conservation process of the venerated image. The restoration process included the following conservations:
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The image adorned with its
Canonical crowns and jewel regalia, no longer attached today. The crowns are stored within the treasury department of
1309:
next to the icon that shall be his final resting place upon his death. Francis will be the first Pope to be buried outside of the Vatican since
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290:(English: "Queen of Heaven") in an official document. Later it was moved to the nave, and from the 13th century it was preserved in a marble
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The folded together position of Mary's hands distinguishes this image as a version of the earlier type from before the development of the
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of Santa Maria Maggiore (considered the third of the Roman patriarchal basilicas) where in the year 1240 it began to be called
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seems to have reproduced it already in the 8th century), and the role it played in the ritual on the feast of the Virgin's
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1212:â in 593 had the icon carried throughout Rome during the Easter festivals and prayed for an end to a plague at that time.
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all icons. Lively turning of the maturely developed and attired Child also attests to the painting's antiquity. The vivid
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Topographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages By Mayke de Jong, F. (Frans) Theuws, Carine van Rhijn, p64
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Livy, Book 7: "Nobis deum benignitate, felicitate tua populique Romani, et res et gloria est integra..."
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432:. His right hand is raised in a blessing, and it is Mary not he who looks directly out at the viewer.
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which was purchased by the Schoenstatt Sisters in Switzerland in 1964 and has since been called the
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blessing. Francis visits the icon before and after trips outside the Vatican, calling the icon his â
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on 28 January 2018, on the anniversary of the translation of the icon to its new permanent shrine.
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From at least the 15th century, it was honored as a miraculous image, and it was later used by the
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The repainting of the hands and forehead cross, once obscured by gemstones and various ornaments.
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Refilling of insect holes and various damage to the image, to the mantle, faces and background.
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1902:"Pope Francis trip to Iraq 2021: Pope Francis entrusts Iraq trip to Virgin Mary's protection"
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Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren
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symbol, later an imperial one, means this image is probably one of the type showing Mary as
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Paolina that was built specifically for it, later known to English-speaking pilgrims as the
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The process was completed within a year and was given the honor of a Pontifical Mass by
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to its new permanent shrine. In 2020 Francis presented the icon during an extraordinary
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The early fame of the icon can be gauged from the production of replicas (a fresco in
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274:, who welcomed the image in person on its arrival borne with a floral boat from the
1997:, ed. Maria Vassilaki, 23â49. Aldershot, England and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005.
1917: âș newsPope Francis thanks Our Lady upon return from Iraq visit - Vatican News
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1993:
Wolf, Gerhard. âIcons and Sites: Cult Images of the Virgin in mediaeval Rome.â In
1979:
K Noreen, "The icon of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome: an image and its afterlife" in
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The brightening of the faces of the image, re-highlighting its facial structures.
1285:â also venerated the image on various occasions under that specific Marian title.
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by the Jesuits, and copies in China, of which a 16th-century example is in the
2013:
2007:
1928:"The pope says he wants to be buried in the Rome basilica, not in the Vatican"
1529:"The pope says he wants to be buried in the Rome basilica, not in the Vatican"
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in Ingolstadt, in 1604. According to the Schoenstatt, on 6 April 1604, Father
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The restoration of its golden halo, from the corroded red lacquer (oxidized).
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crowned the image again and ordered a public religious procession during the
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The varnishing of the back of the image, strengthening its original frame.
303:. The church and its Marian shrine are under the special patronage of the
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and is also associated with another well known Madonna, namely the 1898
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the most. He reported that after meditation and looking at the image of
1405:
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796:
1995:
Images of the Mother of God: Perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium
1667:
Images of the Mother of God: Perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium
1480:
Images of the Mother of God: Perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium
379:"The Liberian basilica, today called Saint Mary Major, was founded by
1343:
888:
499:
456:
1773:
by Irénée Henri Dalmais, Aimé Georges Martimort, Pierre Jounel 1985
1722:
Likeness and Presence: a history of the image before the era of art
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in particular to foster devotion to the Mother of God through the
263:
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2014:
Video of the 2017 restoration of the icon by the Vatican Museum.
322:
304:
185:
142:
135:
455:, a sort of embroidered ceremonial handkerchief), originally a
238:
in 313 AD, the phrase was sanctioned as a Marian title for the
226:
goes back to the legal system and pagan rituals of the ancient
215:
of 1 November 1954. The image was cleaned and restored by the
1914:
1201:
The image has been venerated by several Popes and acted as a
408:
on 1 November 1954, accompanied by a personal speech at the
1953:"Thrice Admirable: Why? : University of Dayton, Ohio"
1400:, SJ, desired to know which of the invocations from the
428:
Christ is holding a book in his left hand, presumably a
181:
near the icon, intended to be his final resting place.
1748:"Salus Populi Romani : University of Dayton, Ohio"
1627:"Salus Populi Romani : University of Dayton, Ohio"
1669:, p.196, Ashgate publishing Co, Burlington, Vermont,
368:
dedicated to the honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary."
278:. For centuries it was placed above the door to the
325:" believed to have been painted from real life by
219:, then given a Pontifical Mass on 28 January 2018.
93:
79:
69:
61:
51:
21:
1988:Die Geschichte römischer Kultbilder im Mittelalter
1878:"Pope: Mary is a mother who helps Christians grow"
1865:Benedict XVI's Message to Rome Conference on Laity
130:title associated with the venerated image of the
1237:â honored the image in the following occasions:
377:
331:
1822:Homage To The Immaculate At The Spanish Steps
1607:in Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase, eds.
1346:blue paint and its diagonal checkered border.
1182:
8:
2008:Short video of the 1954 Canonical Coronation
1205:symbol for the city of Rome and its people.
230:. After the legalisation of Christianity by
1374:is also said to be the source of the title
1661:
1659:
1259:, which also established the feast of the
1189:
1175:
568:
1603:(Weinheim, 1991) pp161-70; J. Linderski,
1271:â highlighted its iconography during the
510:are also not part of the original image.
1724:, The University of Chicago Press, 1996.
1500:
1498:
1496:
359:, erected a church for its enthronement.
1621:
1619:
1617:
1599:Gerhard Wolf, "Salus Populi Tomani" in
1471:
1378:(Mother Thrice Admirable) used for the
589:
540:(the panel painting of Christ from the
262:The image is held to have arrived from
1986:Wolf, Garhard. "Salus populi Romani",
1595:
1593:
1551:
1549:
1244:at the Borghese chapel of the icon on
553:, presumably based on a copy given to
447:The Virgin holding in her left hand a
18:
1876:Service, Catholic News (2013-05-06).
1709:Rome 1300: on the path of the pilgrim
1342:The restoration of the mantle to its
1218:â in 1571 to pray for victory at the
337:, when Our Lady moved to the home of
7:
1523:
1521:
1459:Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)
1261:Queenship of the Blessed Virgin Mary
1013:Approved, with widespread liturgical
1478:Gerhard Wolf, "Icons and sites" in
1015:veneration endorsed by the Holy See
321:The image is one of the so-called "
2039:Paintings of the Madonna and Child
1565:. November 8, 1954. Archived from
329:himself. According to the legend:
14:
1737:(New York: Praeger, 1970), p. 148
1601:Die Geschicte römische Kultbilder
1158:
849:
848:
602:
572:
188:in 590 A.D. during the reign of
36:
1440:Mother Thrice Admirable Madonna
559:Field Museum of Natural History
1711:, Yale University Press, 2000.
1611:p 2256 (this paper in English)
929:Congregation of Marian Fathers
677:Consecrations and entrustments
266:in the year 590 AD during the
200:on 15 August 1838 through the
65:590 AD (first arrival in Rome)
27:Protectress and Health of the
1:
2059:Paintings in churches in Rome
1651:Miraculous Images of Our Lady
1423:has since become part of the
1305:â. He has also constructed a
619:
375:gives the following account:
232:Emperor Constantine the Great
42:The image as restored by the
1834:Visit at the Capitoline Hill
939:Marianists (Society of Mary)
258:before restoration from 2018
171:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
98:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
56:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
1990:1990, - VCH, Acta Humaniora
1430:Refugium Peccatorum Madonna
1392:was the centerpiece of the
1384:Schoenstatt Marian Movement
1361:In the Schoenstatt Movement
1203:Roman Catholic Mariological
2075:
2049:Shrines to the Virgin Mary
1915:https://www.vaticannews.va
1846:Benedict XVI on the Rosary
1507:by Joan Carroll Cruz 1984
1364:
992:Queen of Angels Foundation
982:Marian Movement of Priests
964:World Apostolate of FĂĄtima
934:Company of Mary (Montfort)
272:Pope St. Gregory the Great
1649:Cruz OCDS, Joan Carroll.
740:Our Lady, Star of the Sea
615:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
35:
2010:, commentary in Italian.
1796:, December 9, 1939, p.8"
1792:""Salus Populi Romani",
1486:" of restorations of a "
987:Fatima Family Apostolate
977:Our Lady's Rosary Makers
894:Seven Joys of the Virgin
725:Our Lady of Mount Carmel
720:Our Lady of Good Counsel
494:" in its original form.
474:Dating by art historians
345:. When pious virgins of
169:(Pauline) Chapel of the
2044:Pope Pius XII Mariology
1557:"The Queenship of Mary"
1421:Mother Thrice Admirable
1414:Mother Thrice Admirable
1029:Three Secrets of FĂĄtima
917:Movements and societies
565:Pontifical approbations
410:Basilica of Saint Peter
16:Icon of the Virgin Mary
1433:by the Italian artist
1165:Catholicism portal
487:
484:Saint Peterâs Basilica
468:Saint Peterâs Basilica
420:
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259:
2029:6th-century paintings
1653:, Tan, 1993, p. 137f.
1416:was revealed to him.
1376:Mater ter Admirabilis
1367:Mater ter admirabilis
1240:Celebrated his first
1145:Immaculate Conception
1081:Key Marian feast days
899:Seven Sorrows of Mary
832:Mary, Mother of Grace
610:Immaculate Conception
481:
444:holds Christ's knee.
399:
357:Constantine the Great
253:
184:The image arrived in
1771:The Church at Prayer
1569:on November 16, 2010
1425:Schoenstatt Movement
972:Mariological Society
954:Schoenstatt Movement
924:Sodality of Our Lady
879:Consecration to Mary
868:Devotional practices
715:Mother of the Church
662:Devotional practices
402:Canonical Coronation
316:Sodality of Our Lady
198:canonical coronation
196:granted the image a
114:, or more literally
1981:Renaissance Studies
1410:Salus Populi Romani
1394:Colloquium Marianum
1390:Salus Populi Romani
1380:Blessed Virgin Mary
1372:Salus Populi Romani
842:Sub tuum praesidium
763:(Refuge of Sinners)
761:Refugium Peccatorum
735:Our Lady of Victory
730:Our Lady of Sorrows
528:Santa Maria Antiqua
256:Salus Populi Romani
240:Blessed Virgin Mary
224:Salus Populi Romani
132:Blessed Virgin Mary
124:of the Roman People
107:Salus Populi Romani
23:Salus Populi Romani
1851:2008-10-23 at the
1802:on August 26, 2014
1453:Our Lady of Ć iluva
874:Acts of Reparation
488:
421:
260:
190:Pope St. Gregory I
177:has constructed a
1707:Herbert Kessler,
1665:VasilakÄ, Maria.
1404:would please the
1283:Pope Benedict XVI
1269:Pope John Paul II
1220:Battle of Lepanto
1199:
1198:
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822:Immaculata prayer
817:Hail Mary of Gold
165:, is kept in the
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1257:Ad CĂŠli Reginam
1248:, 2 April 1899.
1229:CĂŠlestis Regina
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768:Untier of Knots
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1210:Pope Gregory I
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750:Queen of Peace
747:
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737:
732:
727:
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695:Titles of Mary
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365:Roman Breviary
282:chapel of the
247:
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236:Edict of Milan
228:Roman Republic
217:Vatican Museum
161:, now heavily
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81:
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74:Pope Gregory I
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1311:Pope Leo XIII
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1089:Mother of God
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381:Pope Liberius
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88:Pope Pius XII
85:
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60:
57:
54:
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30:
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20:
2054:Books in art
1994:
1987:
1980:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:
1947:
1936:. Retrieved
1934:. 2023-12-13
1931:
1922:
1910:
1896:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:
1871:
1859:
1840:
1832:Vatican web
1828:
1820:Vatican web
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1793:
1786:
1770:
1766:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1681:
1666:
1650:
1645:
1634:. Retrieved
1630:
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1600:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:the original
1560:
1537:. Retrieved
1535:. 2023-12-13
1532:
1504:
1488:Late Antique
1479:
1474:
1457:
1438:
1435:Luigi Crosio
1428:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:, the title
1409:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1355:Pope Francis
1352:
1321:
1298:Urbi et Orbi
1296:
1289:Pope Francis
1277:Jubilee Year
1256:
1228:
1200:
1147:(8 December)
1137:Presentation
1105:Annunciation
1099:(2 February)
855:Marian hymns
854:
807:Flos Carmeli
760:
702:
608:
561:in Chicago.
535:
534:, where the
525:
516:contrapposto
512:
496:
492:Late Antique
489:
462:Regina coeli
460:
452:
448:
446:
434:
422:
416:
385:Saint Helena
378:
370:
362:
343:Saint Joseph
332:
320:
312:Jesuit Order
309:
300:
288:Regina Caeli
287:
261:
255:
234:through the
223:
221:
204:
183:
179:burial vault
175:Pope Francis
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
105:
104:
29:Roman People
22:
1957:udayton.edu
1752:udayton.edu
1698:, p64, n.33
1631:udayton.edu
1406:Virgin Mary
1382:within the
1318:Restoration
1293:translation
1216:Pope Pius V
1115:(15 August)
1091:(1 January)
1005:Apparitions
967:(Blue Army)
623: 1675
504:Mount Sinai
437:iconography
430:Gospel Book
404:granted by
400:The second
392:Description
335:Crucifixion
323:Luke images
301:Lady Chapel
276:Tiber river
268:Pontificate
222:The phrase
213:Marian year
163:overpainted
159:gold ground
155:Gospel book
151:Child Jesus
112:Protectress
2023:Categories
1962:2020-01-21
1938:2023-12-13
1887:2020-01-21
1806:August 22,
1794:The Tablet
1757:2020-03-28
1636:2020-01-21
1539:2023-12-13
1484:palimpsest
1419:The title
1113:Assumption
1107:(25 March)
1061:Walsingham
1046:La Salette
827:Magnificat
682:Veneration
532:Assumption
441:Hodegetria
414:Papal bull
352:Evangelist
333:After the
327:Saint Luke
318:movement.
294:. In 1566
292:tabernacle
280:baptistery
202:papal bull
153:holding a
1398:Jakob Rem
1129:Holy Name
1097:Candlemas
1036:Guadalupe
812:Hail Mary
710:Mediatrix
703:Theotokos
672:Societies
647:Antiphons
591:Mariology
347:Jerusalem
140:Byzantine
120:salvation
1849:Archived
1781:page 135
1694:de Jong
1447:See also
1313:in 1903.
1279:of 2000.
1275:for the
1121:Nativity
837:Memorare
635:Overview
583:a series
581:Part of
546:Ethiopia
520:Pantheon
457:consular
412:and his
284:Basilica
167:Borghese
138:. This
128:Catholic
80:Approval
52:Location
1983:, 2005.
1932:AP News
1573:May 29,
1533:AP News
1515:page 96
1051:Lourdes
797:Angelus
786:Prayers
642:Prayers
594:of the
453:mappula
439:of the
246:History
147:Madonna
145:of the
126:) is a
70:Witness
46:in 2018
1844:Zenit
1777:
1696:op cit
1673:
1511:
1505:Relics
1344:indigo
1024:FĂĄtima
889:Rosary
667:Saints
652:Titles
585:on the
500:Elijah
296:Pius V
254:Icon
116:health
94:Shrine
1466:Notes
1041:Knock
790:hymns
555:Akbar
508:halos
502:from
449:mappa
425:cedar
305:popes
264:Crete
157:on a
1808:2014
1775:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1575:2018
1562:Time
1509:ISBN
1307:tomb
788:and
451:(or
387:..."
371:The
363:The
186:Rome
149:and
143:icon
136:Rome
62:Date
613:by
270:of
134:in
118:or
2025::
1955:.
1930:.
1880:.
1750:.
1658:^
1629:.
1616:^
1592:^
1559:.
1548:^
1531:.
1520:^
1495:^
1443:.
1386:.
620:c.
486:.
470:.
307:.
242:.
207:.
192:.
173:.
122:,
1965:.
1941:.
1904:.
1890:.
1810:.
1760:.
1639:.
1577:.
1542:.
1263:.
1231:.
1190:e
1183:t
1176:v
1017::
625:)
618:(
419:.
110:(
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