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with a crooked trunk, typically 6–7 metres (20–23 ft) in height. Its bark is scabrous and cracked, whitish with pendulous extremities. The root bark of the tree is similar in colour to sand, and the inner surfaces are an even lighter shade of brown. It has a pleasant fragrance, of cress or
390:
Toothbrushes made from roots and small branches of about 3-5 mm diameter have been used for over 1000 years, especially by
Islamic populations in India, Arabia and Africa. Several agents occurring in the bark and wood have been suggested as aids in prevention of
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403:. The flowers are small and fragrant and are used as a stimulant and are mildly purgative. The berries are small and barely noticeable; they are eaten both fresh and dried. The wood of the
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mustard, as well as a warm and pungent taste. The leaves break with a fine crisp crackle when trodden on. The tree produces small red edible fruits, juicy but pungent, in clusters.
601:
Aumeeruddy MZ, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF (March 2018). "A review of the traditional and modern uses of
Salvadora persica L. (Miswak): Toothbrush tree of Prophet Muhammad".
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is a small evergreen tree native to the Middle East, Africa and India. Its sticks are traditionally used as a natural toothbrush called
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World Health
Organization. Prevention of oral diseases. WHO offset publication No. 103. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1987. p. 61.
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in 1749 after a
Spanish apothecary, Juan Salvador y Bosca. The type specimen was collected in Persia, hence the species name
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and can tolerate as little as 200 millimetres (7.9 in) or less of mean annual rainfall, but it prefers ready access to
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395:, such as antimicrobial agents that suppress bacterial growth and the formation of plaque.
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Sadhan RI, Almas K (1999). "Miswak (chewing Stick): A Cultural And
Scientific Heritage".
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Orwa, Caleb; Mutua, A.; Kindt, Roeland; Jamnadass, Ramni; Simons, Anthony (2009).
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19:"Toothbrush tree" redirects here. For plant native to Southeast Asia, see
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The fresh leaves can be eaten as part of a salad and are used in
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for cattle. The seeds can be used to extract a detergent oil.
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Agroforestree
Database: a tree reference and selection guide
580:. Delhi: Asia Pacific Business Press. pp. chapter 2.
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576:National Institute of Industrial Research (2003).
245:Pollen grains of Salvadora persica or Miswak plant
415:, the mustard bush is used as drought-resistant
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378:, is popular for teeth cleaning throughout the
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299:The genus was named by the French botanist
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578:Herbs Cultivation & Their Utilization
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660:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
1007:IUCN Red List least concern species
555:Rothauge, Axel (25 February 2014).
14:
557:"Staying afloat during a drought"
948:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:779348-1
496:(4th ed.). Nairobi, Kenya:
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1:
237:Birds and pilu shrub in India
1012:Fruits originating in Africa
603:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1047:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
335:The plant is native to the
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615:10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.030
498:World Agroforestry Centre
357:tolerance for salty soils
343:, and is found on desert
266:World Health Organization
264:and are mentioned by the
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79:Scientific classification
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331:Distribution and ecology
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426:has a total of eight
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535:Saudi Dental Journal
401:traditional medicine
275:Other names include
488:"Salvadora persica"
49:Conservation status
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229:Shrub with berries
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917:Open Tree of Life
733:salvadora-persica
709:Salvadora persica
679:Salvadora persica
671:Taxon identifiers
655:Salvadora persica
587:978-81-7833-064-8
428:Salvadora persica
411:and firewood. In
405:Salvadora persica
380:Arabian Peninsula
372:Salvadora persica
316:Salvadora persica
251:Salvadora persica
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32:Salvadora persica
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501:. Retrieved
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422:As of 2009,
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289:mustard tree
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935:kew-2581806
852:iNaturalist
703:Wikispecies
609:: 409–444.
541:(2): 80–88.
361:groundwater
345:floodplains
337:Middle East
318:is a small
311:Description
158:Brassicales
122:Angiosperms
1001:Categories
930:Plant List
503:2021-06-29
456:References
349:riverbanks
883:138472280
808:220011923
353:savannahs
295:Etymology
186:Species:
179:Salvadora
92:Kingdom:
961:28400008
956:Tropicos
870:779348-1
740:BioLib:
688:Wikidata
623:29196134
450:Pilu oil
434:See also
409:charcoal
164:Family:
135:Eudicots
69:IUCN 3.1
922:1012296
909:1546829
831:5580727
782:2900520
764:Ecocrop
694:Q143525
413:Namibia
305:persica
254:or the
174:Genus:
154:Order:
96:Plantae
67: (
1032:Shrubs
857:197082
818:SALPER
815:FoIO:
743:501763
728:ARKive
720:153391
717:APDB:
621:
584:
445:Meswak
440:Miswak
417:fodder
376:miswak
341:Africa
287:, and
261:miswak
148:Rosids
968:WoI:
844:32819
795:SVDPE
756:6XFS8
324:shrub
272:use.
142:Clade
129:Clade
116:Clade
103:Clade
971:1954
943:POWO
904:OBIS
896:4326
891:NCBI
878:IUCN
865:IPNI
839:GRIN
826:GBIF
790:EPPO
769:9506
619:PMID
582:ISBN
339:and
320:tree
285:pīlu
281:jhak
277:arak
268:for
979:WFO
803:FNA
777:EoL
751:CoL
658:in
611:doi
607:213
322:or
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
