1997 Albanian civil unrest - Knowledge (XXG)

1958:, rebels attacked the police building and took control of the streets in Fier. Berat fell into the hands of gangs and became a major center of rebellion, alongside Vlora. Poliçan, Këlcyra, and Skrapar were also seized. In Kuçovë, rebels took control of 19 MiG aircraft. The "Vlora Rescue Committee" welcomed the agreement reached on 9 March. The American Foundation for Eastern Europe sent a letter to the Albanian Embassy in the U.S., stating, "It is great naivety to not understand that the Committee of Vlora and its leaders are inspired by a communist mafia-type organization like the KGB." The letter concluded: "Mr. Berisha must decide, by any means necessary, to restore the rule of law, including the use of military force if needed." On the evening of 10 March, the U.S. Embassy also welcomed the agreement. Unopposed on the battlefield, the rebels in the south continued their wave of destruction. They attacked a local police station in Gramsh, took control of the streets in 1889:, and claiming they were ordered to attack civilians. Gazidede's plan to isolate the insurgency in Vlora failed as it spread across the south. After fierce fighting in Delvina, the rebels forced the army to pull back. In Saranda, rebels set up roadblocks. More depots exploded in the south. Rebels placed snipers in mansions, locked the Mifoli Bridge, and raised barricades to prevent military and SHIK entry. In Shkodra, the army capitulated, and the hunger strike ended. In Saranda, organized gangs raided an Albanian Navy base, capturing thousands of weapons. The 925:, could no longer make payments, leading to their collapse. By then, the number of investors lured by the promise of getting rich quickly had grown to include two-thirds of Albania's 3 million population. It is estimated that close to $ 1.5 billion was invested in companies offering monthly interest rates ranging from 10% to 25%, while the average monthly income in the country was around $ 80. A significant number of Albanians had sold their homes to invest, and emigrants working in Greece and Italy transferred additional resources to the schemes. 358: 347: 336: 324: 777: 478: 299: 142: 103: 1921:

Party (DAP) denied any responsibility or obligation toward the statement they had previously described as a "political success." Greek TV channel "Sky" News reported, "A few minutes after the meeting, the leaders of armed groups in Saranda emerged, announcing their decision to attack Gjirokastër that night. They will not leave and are anxiously awaiting the popular trial of three prisoners captured in Saranda's main square, who allegedly attacked SHIK employees and northern ethnic groups, increasing the victim count in Vlora."

42: 179: 1658: 1086:. Instead of quelling the protests, this move backfired and increased public suspicion. A check for $ 550,000 paid by the "Gjallica" firm on 7 January to the Socialist Party accelerated the firm's collapse. On 5 February, Gjallica declared bankruptcy, and on 6 February, violent protests resumed in Vlorë. On 9 February, state police were attacked in Vlorë, and a day later, in the south, a group of 50 Special Forces troops attacked and brutally dispersed protesters. 5814: 1407: 456: 5078: 2051:

in Bosnia not be repeated in Albania. At a hearing in the Albanian Parliament, the head of Gazidede Union accused anti-Albanian Greek circles, Albanian Socialists, the military, and criminals. He stated, "The integrity of Albania no longer exists" and "the rebellion was directed towards the destruction of any historic and cultural facility, with the long-term goal of eradicating any historical evidence of Albanian autochthony."

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compound in Gjirokastra was raided. Masked raiders captured a warship, and rebels attacked Saranda, burning police and government buildings. Criminals engineered a prison break, releasing hundreds of prisoners, seizing 400 weapons, and setting fire to the town library. In Kuçovë, a bread shortage was announced. The army regained control of Fier and began disarming the population.

1364: 221: 1263: 434: 412: 273: 247: 1067:, where he was also assaulted. Albanian Special Forces intervened to extract Shehu. By the morning of 26 January, every government institution in the city had been looted and destroyed, except for the Interior Ministry building, which was protected by the Director of Communications, seven of his engineers, and a guard who refused to abandon his post. 2198:, a crowd of approximately 4,000 gathered to protest. The protest, initiated by the Committee of Public Salvation, included demands for Berisha's resignation, reform of the electoral process, emergency parliamentary elections scheduled for 2001, and reimbursement of 100% of all financial losses. Leaders of the Committee joined the rally. 831:, was appointed prime minister. However, the transfer of power did not halt the unrest, and protests spread to northern Albania. Although the government quelled revolts in the north, its ability to maintain order began to collapse, especially in the southern half of the country, which fell under the control of rebels and criminal gangs. 1862:

voluntarily armed themselves to defend the city from a potential attack by armed gangs. Italian news agency ANSA commented: "The whole scenario is emerging as a politico-military strategy rather than a manifestation of spontaneous popular action. Special machines have been used for days to gather people in Flag Square."

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occurred when an Albanian ship operated by a Vlora gang was mistakenly rammed and sunk by an Italian naval vessel in the Otranto Channel. Eighty-two refugees died. A "National Assembly of Committees of the South" was held, with opposition political figures participating. They demanded the President's

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21 March: Greece sought to enter Albanian territory under the pretext of protecting minorities. Berisha requested Turkish military aid. The Turkish government stated that if Greek troops entered Albania, Turkey would immediately invade Greece and capture Athens. Turkey demanded that the mistakes made

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13 March: President Berisha and Prime Minister Fino requested international military assistance as Tirana faced imminent invasion by the rebels. A curfew was declared, and several hundred volunteers, mainly from the North, protected the capital. Berisha described it as the most dangerous night of his

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was blocked and mined, becoming a symbol of the rebellion as it separated the two parts of Albania. As students ended their hunger strike, gunmen in Saranda used navy craft to plunder weapons caches. Gangs patrolled the sea using Albanian Navy ships. Outside Saranda, one SHIK member was burned alive,

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26 January: A demonstration by the Socialist Party in downtown Tirana escalated into a violent clash between police and opposition supporters. Some Socialist leaders were injured by the police. The opposition destroyed the National History Museum, the Palace of Culture, the Et'hem Bey Mosque, and the

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The pyramid schemes began operations in 1991. Their activity was based on making payments to old investors using money contributed by new investors. The first scheme was that of Hajdin Sejdisë, who later fled to Switzerland with several million dollars. It was followed by "Sudja," run by shoe factory

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to direct relief efforts and restore order in Albania. The UN feared that the unrest could spread beyond Albania's borders and send refugees throughout Europe. Consequently, the US and NATO provided assistance by managing refugee camps, airlifting displaced populations across Europe, and securing the

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Following the February/March 1997 looting of Albanian Army barracks and depots, weapons became even more readily available. The current price for a Kalashnikov is barely US$ 300, and the most conservative estimates of Albanians' stocks now start at 25,000 hidden AK assault rifles. Also available are

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6 March: President Berisha held a meeting with representatives of political parties to sign a statement condemning the massive plunder and destruction of military warehouses and calling for the surrender of weapons. Six hours later, the leaders of the Socialist Party (SP) and the Democratic Alliance

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into the air as a sign of victory. Parliament appointed the chief of the Gazideden Union to restore order. Gazidede immediately ordered the indefinite closure of schools throughout the country and imposed restrictions on the press and consumer goods. In Kavaja, a bastion of the PD, over 5,000 people

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Later, the thieves were seen by several witnesses meeting on the outskirts of Shkodër, where they divided the money among themselves. After the robbery, police and investigators began their inquiries in Shkodër. In the spring of 1998, more than a year later, the investigators closed the file, and it

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5 March: Warehouses in Memaliaj and other locations were blown up. Rebels burned police buildings in these cities. Greek TV channel "Mega" reported, "Today, armed groups in southern Albania raised the banner of Northern Epirus for the first time. They demand the separation of the southern part from

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to prevent it from spreading further. Destruction and killings continued throughout southern Albania. The seven million dollar Vocational Training Centre in Vlora was destroyed, costing the Albanian government heavily. A group of approximately 100 "Adipetrol" members was held responsible, and their

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28 February: Forty-six students at the University of Gjirokastër joined a hunger strike, with demands similar to those of students in Vlora. Armed crowds attacked and burned a SHIK branch, resulting in the deaths of three agents who were burned alive and three others who were attacked and killed by

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collapse, including "Kamberi," "Cenaj," "Silva," "Malvasia," "Kambo," "Grunjasi," "Dypero," "Bashkimi," "Beno," "Pogoni," "B&G," "Kobuzi," "Arkond," "Adelin," "A. Delon," "Agi," "M. Leka Company," "Global Limited Co.," "Çashku," and "Sudja." The city of Vlora, a major hub for these schemes, was

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By January 1997, Albanian citizens, who had lost a total of $ 1.2 billion, took their protest to the streets. Beginning in February, thousands of people launched daily protests demanding reimbursement from the government, which they believed had profited from the schemes. On 1 March, Prime Minister

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army had crossed the border. The revolt spread northward; the army capitulated in many areas, and a large weapons depot was captured in Shkodra. Prominent organized-crime figures escaped from prison, formed gangs, and effectively took control of numerous regions. Gangs looted banks, took hostages,

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11 February: Artur Rustemi, the first victim of the rebellion, was buried in Vlora. His funeral turned into an anti-government demonstration that resulted in the burning of the ADP headquarters in Vlora. Alarm spread over the lack of bread in the city. The "Forum for Democracy" called for dialogue

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Between 8 and 16 January 1997, the schemes finally collapsed. On 22 January, the government froze the assets of the Xhaferri and Populli firms. "Gjallica," another firm, was on the verge of bankruptcy, while "Vefa," which had invested in Albanian hotels, the fuel industry, and factories, continued

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20 February: A hunger strike began at the University Ismail Kamal in Vlora, with approximately 50 students demanding the resignation of the government. The Forum for Democracy organized a violent demonstration in Tirana, resulting in five policemen being seriously injured. A group of students met

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When southern Albanian bases were looted, it was estimated that, on average, every male aged ten and older had at least one firearm and ample ammunition. During the rebellion, 656,000 weapons of various types, 1.5 billion rounds of ammunition, 3.5 million hand grenades, and one million land mines

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wrote, "Surely, this is the work of Hajdin Sejdia. He left with several million dollars in 1991 but returned unexpectedly in 1996 and began distributing money to creditors. The truth is that he received $ 3 million from 'Xhaferri' and 'People,' which led to increased confidence among citizens in

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22 January: The trial began against the so-called "charitable donations" (which were actually pyramid schemes) "People's Democracy-Xhaferri" and "People," both run by individuals with close ties to the Communist State Security (Rrapush Xhaferri and Bashkim Driza). Kërxhaliu, the administrator of

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11 March: The "Committee of the South" was established, rejecting Berisha and calling for the return of lost funds. The Committee proposed forming a new state separate from Tirana. Army depots in Kukës were looted, and armed looters damaged state institutions. The citizens of Kukës temporarily

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8 March: President Berisha organized a meeting with all parties concerned about the creation of the new government. The leaders of the Gjirokastër division had surrendered and taken control of the rebellion in that city. Gangs kidnapped several auxiliary military forces from Tirana and blocked

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was captured by rebels, with fighters from Vlora arriving by boat and burning every government building in the city, including the library. In Vlora, a local detention facility was broken into, and more than 400 guns were seized. Gunmen also burned down the Vocational Training Centre in Vlora.

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Each night brought attacks involving explosives and gunfire, leaving dozens dead. In Berat, Altin Dardha's rule was particularly harsh. In Lushnjë, Aldo Bare's gang held control, with one of their worst crimes being the beheading of an opponent. The cities ruled by gangs included Vlorë, Berat,

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25 January: Demonstrators from surrounding villages attacked and destroyed state institutions in Lushnja. Tritan Shehu was held hostage for several hours at the City Stadium. The city of Lushnja was set on fire by the crowd, led by local Socialist Party leaders. Additional clashes occurred in

947:(PS) accused the government of election fraud and rejected the results. They proceeded to leave the ballot-counting process and boycott the parliament. Five months later, local elections were held on 20 October. The Democratic Party won again, but the Socialists rejected this result as well. 2013:

14 March: Franz Vranitski was appointed to address the Albanian crisis. The U.S. Ambassador appeared on VAT, stating that the diplomatic mission would not leave and that the American people supported the Albanian people. In Tirana, the population began to disarm. A tobacco plantation and a

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Taking advantage of the chaotic situation, criminal groups armed themselves and took control of entire cities. Most leaders had been imprisoned in Greece but suddenly escaped and returned to Albania. The most notable case is that of Zani Caushi, who escaped from the high-security prison in

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The next day was a decisive moment in Albanian history. After strengthening their perimeter around the university building, the rebel forces, without warning, attacked the SHIK building. In the ensuing fighting between the rebels and government forces, nine people—six officers and three

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4 March: The Committee of Public Salvation was formed in Vlora, headed by Albert Shyti. This committee began to act as a parallel government. Snipers occupied every building in Vlora, and barricades were erected on every street to prevent attacks by SHIK. The Mifoli Bridge over the

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In March 1997, several nations launched evacuation missions to remove their nationals, embassy personnel, and numerous other civilians by air and sea. Italy conducted a series of rescue flights and evacuations by sea without assigning an overarching operation name to these actions.

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As part of a peacekeeping mission based on UN Security Council Resolution 1101, a multinational protection force of more than 7,000 troops was sent to Albania in mid-April. By mid-August 1997, it had largely restored public order and secured new elections under OSCE supervision.

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outside Tirana, contained 340 kg of gold ingots, banknotes, and other items. The perpetrators, who were later tried and received prison sentences, were: Arian Bishqemi (7 years), Blerim Haka (3 years), Pellumb Dalti (6 years), Enver Hyka (8 years), and Ahmet Hyka (4 years).

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and the government for allowing the schemes to continue despite IMF advice. As allegations grew that Berisha and others in the government had personally profited from the schemes, many became convinced that the Democratic Party had to be removed by force, particularly in Vlorë.

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26 February: As part of a presidential tour of areas affected by the crisis, Berisha met with citizens in Gjirokastër and promised to make all efforts to resolve the situation. Thousands surrounded the University Ismail Kamal to protect against a rumored "attack" by state

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Damage from the rebellion was estimated at $ 200 million, with approximately 3,700 to 5,000 people wounded. Lawsuits were filed against the leaders of the rogue firms. Various members of the government, including Safet Zhulali and Agim Shehu, were sentenced in absentia.

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1 March: The city of Vlora had no functioning government and was controlled by gangs and traffickers. A mass exodus began. In Lushnje, police were brutally beaten. News of the massacre of SHIK officers shocked the government. Rebels took control of the Albanian Navy's

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to supervise commercial banks. The IMF revised its advice two years later, after the consequences of the schemes had become apparent. Despite the IMF's recommendation to shut down these schemes, the government continued to allow them, often participating in them.

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17 March: A presidential decree released Fatos Nano, the opposition leader who had been jailed since 1993 on corruption charges. The President left the country in a U.S. military helicopter. Fatos Nano held a press conference, expressing his support for the new

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and saw themselves as protectors of democracy against authoritarian, one-man rule. The Albanian government, however, perceived them as reminiscent of Communist-era local party organizations and, therefore, as a potential threat of a return to Communist rule.

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did not participate in the protest. The Students' Union there declared that while "the students share the pain of the citizens of Vlorë in losing money in pyramid schemes, they believe that freedom and democracy, homeland, and nation have a higher price."

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10 February: Violence continued in the south. Armed groups burned the Democratic Party of Albania (DPA) headquarters, and both the President and government resigned. A group of about 50 Special Forces troops was viciously attacked by a mob of thousands.

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to listen to the Committee of Rescue, and ended at 1:00 p.m. After that hour, the streets were deserted, with only gang members remaining active. The gangs announced through speakers and flyers that others should stay indoors due to impending fighting.

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6 February: Thousands joined violent protests in Vlora. Kukës formed a "Committee" with the firm's creditors, seeking a legal solution to the issue and aiming to become shareholders of the firm. Similar committees were established in Gjirokastër and

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No progress was made in structural reforms. In early 1997, Albania plunged into deep economic crisis. Rioting triggered by the collapse of the pyramid schemes intensified to near civil war, with the government losing control over large parts of the

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4 February: Partial returns of deposits began as per a government decision. The opposition criticized the Democrats for delaying the start of the process. The "Forum for Democracy" proposed the creation of a technical government to resolve the

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worker Maksude Kadëna in 1993, and then by the "Populli" foundations, run by an opposition politician, and "Xhaferri." By the end of 1996, the schemes had peaked, with very tempting interest rates; for example, Sudja offered 100% interest.

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16 March: A massive rally in Tirana called for peace and cooperation. A day of national mourning was declared in honor of the victims of the rebellion. In Fier, radioactive material was looted. President Berisha decreed an amnesty for 51

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marched on city hall in protest against the government's support of the schemes, and the protest quickly descended into violence. Police forces were subsequently routed, and both the city hall and the adjoining cinema were burned down.

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from the Albanian Helsinki Committee (known for anti-Berisha positions), and Kurt Kola, president of the Association of the Politically Persecuted (also associated with "the people"). The Forum soon began organizing anti-government

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3 March: President Berisha was re-elected with votes from DP members of parliament alone, which led to massive riots in southern and central Albania. Warehouses exploded, and remaining military bands formed committees. The city of

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16 January: Maksude Kadëna, owner of "Sudja," was arrested. The Socialist newspaper "Voice of the People" wrote, "From Tirana to Vlora, the country is in revolt," referring to the protests by about 6,000 people in Vlora's Flag

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31 March: National mourning was declared in honor of the Otranto victims. Ismail Kadare stated in the Italian media that he was "shocked by this tragedy" and that the authority of the government and the President needed to be

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began to arrive and withdrew on 12 August. Approximately 7,000 soldiers from the multinational, Italian-led UN mission were deployed to Albania to restore order and the rule of law. The first forces were stationed in

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also came to show their support. They were then brought by FRESSH (the Youth Wing of the Socialist Party) activists from Vlorë to the capital, Tirana. In contrast, the students of the University of Luigj Gurakuqi in

1932:(later appointed Defense Minister in 2009) and Ridvan Pëshkëpia. With the fall of Gjirokastër, the entire south of the country was out of government control. Weapons continued to spread across the country. Tirana's 1763:

5 February: The bankrupt firm "Gjallica" was taken over by the former State Security. The cities most affected by the firm's bankruptcy were Vlora ($ 145 million USD) and Kukës ($ 16 million USD). Protests began in

1123:(Shërbimi Informativ Kombëtar), the national intelligence service. On the same day, a group of strikers requested additional medical assistance, raising doubts about the doctors available to them. On 27 February in 2372:

According to Christopher Jarvis, there were 2,000 people killed. Fred C. Abrahams reported that between March and May 1997, approximately 1,600 people were killed, most of them in shootouts between rival gangs. An

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In early 1997 Albanian society was at the brink of collapse and only narrowly escaped civil war when pyramid investment schemes collapsed, taking with them the savings of a majority of the already poor Albanian

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9 February: An armed crowd attacks the police station in Vlora, resulting in one death and one injury. The "Forum for Democracy" declares that the only solution to the crisis is continued protests against the

1228:. Although the building contained a total of $ 8 million, the robbers managed to escape with $ 6 million. The few police still in the city soon arrived at the scene and took control of the remaining assets. 1566:), based in Vlorë, was led by Myrteza Çaushi, known as "Partizan" and "Zani". Named after the Çole neighborhood in the eastern part of the city, which it controlled, the gang supported the Socialist Party. 1699:

these schemes. As a result of Sejdia's arrival, there was an increase of tens of millions of dollars in deposits to these schemes within 2–3 months. This prevented the premature failure of these schemes."

800:'s government in January 1997. The conflict, which lasted until August 1997, resulted in the deaths of more than 2,000 people. The establishment of a new government occurred as revolutionaries surrounded 2040:

18 March: A Committee for the Rescue of North and Middle Albania threatened the new government if it recognized the committees of the South. As a result, the government did not recognize any committees.

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the rest of the country, ranging from Tepelena, thus proclaiming the autonomy of southern Albania. Albania's longstanding issue has been North-South autonomy, which is divided along the Shkumbin River."

3854: 6443: 1249:, and normality began to return to Tirana. An element of the Operation Alba forces remained in place to retrain the military to modern standards. From mid-May, this unit was joined by members of the 1951:. The new government called on former army members to help restore peace and order. President Berisha appeared on VAT in a statement to the nation, urging "reconciliation, faith, unity, and calm." 1632:. They were particularly influential in the south, where, early in the crisis, local Salvation Committees merged to form the National Salvation Committee, which demanded the removal of President 1998:

life. Fatos Nano and Ramiz Alia were among the last to emerge from prison. Revolts continued in the South, with rebels burning a police building in Lezha. Ismail Kadare addressed Albanians via

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Kritsiotis, D., 1999. Security Council Resolution 1101 (1997) and the Multinational Protection Force of Operation Alba in Albania. Leiden Journal of International Law, 12(3), pp. 511–547.

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on campus, demanding the government's resignation and the full return of invested money. On 22 February, the opposition Forum for Democracy declared its support for the strike. Students from

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1 April: Leaders of the Democratic Party debated the resignation of Berisha and Shehu. Fino urged the Socialist Party to withdraw from the 28 March agreement with the Committee of the South.

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24 July: Berisha resigned, having promised that if the Socialists won, he would step down because he could not endure "institutional cohabitation" with them. The National Assembly elected

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27 March: The Democratic Party claimed that relations between the Greek and Albanian peoples had always been excellent, and that Greek extremist groups did not represent all Greek people.

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30 March: President Berisha and Prime Minister Fino sent condolences to the families of the Otranto victims. Albania requested an international investigation into the incident.

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15 March: Rinas Airport was recovered by the government. Parliament approved the "Government of National Reconciliation." A "Committee for the Protection of Durrës" was formed.

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18 February: President Berisha met with citizens of Lushnja, promising to do everything to resolve the crisis. The National Front demanded the resignation of the government.

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on 29 April after a group of villagers broke into the facility. The blast resulted in the deaths of 22 of the 200 village residents, most of whom were from the same family.

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demanded the disarmament of "illegal" Salvation Committees. Four children were injured by a bomb in Gjirokastra. In Shpërthehen, 35 meters of train tracks were demolished.

1590:, Vlorë, and other southern cities. It was formed in March 1997 in Vlorë and was a primary rival of the Çole gang. The Gang of Gaxhai supported the Democratic Party (DP). 1063:, the leader of the Democratic Party, was sent to Lushnjë to resolve the situation. Upon arrival, he was captured by protesters and held hostage for several hours at the 3887: 2897: 6503: 4602: 4987: 2131:

7 April: Dozens of people were wounded and 5 killed, including two children, in Fier. The Haklaj family led the riots. Additionally, 3 people were killed in Durrës.

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In Vlorë, five gangs emerged, but two dominated the city: the gang of Zani and the gang of Gaxhai. The city's activity began at 10:00 a.m., when people gathered in

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Nicholson, B., 1999. The beginning of the end of a rebellion: southern Albania, May–June 1997. East European Politics and Societies, 13(3), pp. 543–565.

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29 June: Parliamentary elections were held. The Socialist Party allies won, while the Democrats suffered their biggest loss in history. Many members of the "

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By 13 March, all major population centers were engulfed in demonstrations, and foreign countries began evacuating their citizens. These evacuations included

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15 January: Hundreds gathered at the residence of Maksude Kadëna, the owner of "Sudja." Among the crowd were opposition leaders. They confronted the police.

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From Exchanging Weapons for Development to Security Sector Reform in Albania: Gaps and Grey Areas in Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People

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urged the creditors of "Gjallica" to visit the firm on 6 February to retrieve their money. The goal was to incite violent demonstrations at "Gjallica."

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18 January: An emergency meeting of the Democratic National Council resulted in the creation of a parliamentary committee to investigate the situation.

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21 April: Multinational forces were deployed in Vlora. Criminal gangs attacked and devastated the city of Gramsh and terrorized citizens in Çorovodë.

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resolutions provide the basis for the establishment and execution of the mission (Resolution 1101) and its limited extension (Resolution 1114).

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The period has been described as a civil war, on the brink of civil war, or near civil war, and as anarchy, while others argue that it was not.

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Perlmutter, T., 1998. The politics of proximity: The Italian response to the Albanian crisis. International Migration Review, pp. 203–222.

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broadcast footage of the police siege. The rebellion spread throughout southern Albania, and a state of emergency was proposed for the region.

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La Crisi albanese del 1997: l'azione dell'Italia e delle organizzazioni internazionali : verso un nuovo modello di gestione delle crisi?

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An example of a situation which features aspects of anarchy rather than civil war is the case of Albania after the outbreak of chaos in 1997.

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was unable to conduct a normal campaign in southern Albania. Their campaign was marred by riots in those cities, resulting in over 60 deaths.

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12 March: President Berisha decreed the formation of a Government of National Reconciliation. Meanwhile, the revolt intensified in the South.

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10 May: Special Forces clashed with armed gangs in Gramsh. The Gramsh Rescue Committee prevented the distribution of newspapers in the city.

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19 January: A protest against "Sudes" was held in the square. Opposition leaders attempted to direct the protest against the government.

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Jarvis, 1999, "The Rise and Fall of the Pyramid Schemes in Albania," IMF Working Paper 99/98 (International Monetary Fund: Washington)

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July: Gangs continued to rule cities with fear and terror. Murders, robberies, and trafficking in weapons, people, and drugs increased.

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23 March: Control of the Port of Durrës was reestablished. Berat was under gang rule, with numerous attacks attempted using explosives.

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17 February: The Legality Movement condemned the violence and refused dialogue with the "Forum for Democracy." Ministers met in Tirana.

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26 March: The American evacuation of civilians, Operation Silver Wake, ended, and most U.S. Marines returned to their ships offshore.

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claimed that 65.7% had voted in favor. Meanwhile, the parliamentary elections resulted in an overwhelming victory for the opposition

1047:

The first public protests occurred on 16 January in the south of the country. On 19 January, demonstrators protested in the capital,

6268: 6203: 6177: 5635: 5551: 5429: 5212: 5022: 4962: 4932: 3997: 2818: 2340: 2159:. Normalcy returned to Tirana, and a successful operation was conducted in Gramsh to apprehend criminals and collect looted weapons. 1937: 1495: 1014: 721: 633: 4982: 2087:

resignation and rejected the "Government of National Reconciliation." The leaders of these committees were former exponents of the

1857:'s government resigned after failing to resolve the crisis. The event was celebrated in Vlora and the south, with thousands firing 1928:

and took some Albanian Special Forces troops hostage. The leaders of the revolt in Gjirokastër were members of the PAD, including

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22 February: The trial of the leaders of Gjallicës began. The Forum for Democracy supported the student hunger strike in Vlora.

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12–15 February: Multiple kidnappings occurred. Schools were closed, and shops were allowed to sell goods only until 9 o'clock.

1082:

On 4 February, the government began distributing reimbursements for some of the lost money at subsidiaries of the state-owned

6223: 6218: 6172: 5777: 5195: 4937: 4421: 3989: 3188: 2155:, an international force of 7,000 troops under Italian command, began arriving in Albania. The first forces were deployed in 992: 147: 2389:

In the elections of June and July 1997, Berisha and his party were voted out of power, and the leftist coalition led by the

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8 April: In Gramsh, clashes broke out between local gangs and those from Laçi. The city had become a center for arms sales.

2095:

and a gang, bringing the total death toll to over 110. The United Nations adopted Resolution No. 1101 for humanitarian aid.

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regime. In the village of Levan, the largest massacre of the conflict occurred, with 24 people killed in clashes between

2054:

22 March: Armed gangs ruled Saranda and Gjirokastra under a regime of violence and terror, resulting in dozens of deaths.

2026:

to evacuate civilians and embassy staff from the port of Durrës, despite the presence of thousands of gunmen in the area.

943:

won by a large margin, securing 122 out of 140 seats in Parliament. The voter turnout was 89.1%. However, the opposition

6453: 6228: 5978: 5582: 5317: 5239: 5224: 5105: 5058: 4997: 4669: 4592: 4560: 2406: 1850:. A massive explosion destroyed an arms storage facility. Himarë was on fire, including police buildings in Gjirokastër. 586: 1885:

another was taken hostage, and two others escaped. Fifty soldiers joined the rebels, and two Albanian Air Force pilots

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factory were attacked. The chief of SHIK resigned. Rebels occupied the port of Durrës. The German evacuation mission,

1933: 1198:) refers to the theft of gold from the Albanian state treasury on 24 April 1997. The treasury, hidden in tunnels near 1119:

On 26 February, thousands of people surrounded the university building in Vlorë to defend it from a rumored attack by

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After the rebellion ended, some of the weapons looted from Albanian army barracks and stockpiles were acquired by the

797: 154: 5032: 4340: 1083: 1051:, over the Sudja scheme. On 24 January, open rebellion effectively began. Thousands of people in the western town of 977: 4077: 1586:), based in Vlorë and led by Gazmend "Gaxhai" Braka, was named after its leader. The gang consisted of members from 1232:

was handed over to the police for further investigation. The perpetrators of this crime remain unknown to this day.

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and robbed businesses. The chaos resulted in the complete paralysis of the country, except for the capital, Tirana.

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The schemes were not criticized immediately due to a banking law adopted in 1994, which, based on advice from the

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30 April: An explosion at a weapons depot in Burrel left 27 people dead. Three warehouses also exploded in Berat.

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as the new president. Massive gunfire in Tirana marked Berisha's resignation, and major fighting came to an end.

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demanded the removal of Berisha and proposed the creation of a Federation of the South. Rinas Airport reopened.

1944:

several tanks and a helicopter. At midnight, they attacked and sabotaged a milk processing factory in Libohovë.

1036: 4182:

Foster, E., 1998. Ad Hoc in Albania: Did Europe Fail? A Rejoinder. Security Dialogue, 29(2), pp. 213–217.

4161:

Miall, H., 1997. The OSCE role in Albania: A Success for Conflict Prevention. Helsinki Monitor, 8, p. 74.

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Municipality of South Tiranë. An angry mob also burned the city hall. In Patos, terrorist groups set fire to

1240:

On 28 March, the United Nations adopted Resolution 1101 to provide humanitarian aid to Albania. On 15 April,

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24 January: Demonstrators in Lushnja, angry about the arrest of Xhaferri, burned the City Hall and a cinema.

1687:

20 January: 1,500 people gathered at the bankrupt "People-Xhaferri Democracy" scheme to reclaim their money.

1128: 41: 2855:...first half of 1997 was not a civil war, its impact on production and trade might well have been similar. 6325: 6301: 5916: 5572: 5460: 5434: 5244: 5130: 4952: 4537: 4480: 2308: 1250: 863: 776: 570: 4570: 438: 6320: 6263: 6034: 6019: 5577: 5455: 5384: 5302: 4597: 4505: 4438: 4111: 2118:

3 April: The police made gains in restoring order in Tirana, while Special Forces took control of Berat.

2007: 1947:

9 March: A Government of National Reconciliation was established in Tirana, headed by Gjirokastër mayor

1461: 1416: 1349: 1311: 1287: 839: 796:. The large sums of money siphoned from the government to fund these schemes led to the collapse of the 706: 654: 119: 47: 3089:(report) (in Italian). Rome, Italy: Università Roma Tre - Facoltà di Scienze Politiche – via HAL. 2277: 591: 6111: 4237: 4195: 3105: 2023: 2003: 1465: 843: 659: 6145: 6049: 5936: 5727: 5379: 5254: 5207: 5086: 4876: 2493: 2322: 2122: 1890: 1330: 1267: 1135:

civilians—were killed. This incident marked the beginning of a year of violence in southern Albania.

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These riots, and the state of anarchy which they caused, are known as the Albanian civil war of 1997

6313: 6039: 5968: 5675: 5525: 5419: 5359: 5354: 5339: 5176: 4972: 4911: 4510: 4279: 4158:

Kalra, M.S., 1998. Inflation and money demand in Albania (No. 98-101). International Monetary Fund.

1796:

13 February: Kurt Kola was accused of being a traitor and collaborator with communist executioners.

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Salehyan, Idean; Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (April 2006). "Refugees and the Spread of Civil War".

6396: 6389: 6361: 5737: 5512: 5493: 5470: 5439: 5138: 4886: 4846: 4800: 4697: 4689: 4628: 4495: 4485: 4450: 4266: 4252: 2923:"Kur opozita rrihej barbarisht/ 28 maj 1996, socialistët protestonin për zgjedhjet e manipuluara" 2622:

anti-tank weapons, rifle and hand grenades and even small-calibre mortars and anti-aircraft guns.

2608: 1839: 1298: 817: 612: 4826: 4335: 4292: 4174: 3021: 2999: 4318: 4072: 2989:

UNDP, Albanian Human Development Report 1998. Tirana: United Nations Development Program, 1999.

2654: 2635: 2522: 2467: 6335: 6291: 6273: 6044: 5963: 5944: 5875: 5870: 5860: 4871: 4836: 4795: 4475: 4433: 4139: 4087: 4035: 4014: 3993: 3968: 3947: 3797: 3325: 3302: 3292: 3247: 3241: 3163: 2844: 2814: 2783: 2752: 2710: 2680: 2188: 2019: 1987: 1579: 1559: 1457: 1392: 1213: 1191: 1175: 1152: 835: 664: 3888:"Masakra e Cërrikut, Ish-gardisti: "Met Bozi urdhëroi djegien e kufomave" Albania 2010-06-02" 3745: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 2808: 2746: 2704: 2141:

arrived in Tirana with the royal court. Dozens of mentally ill patients escaped from Elbasan.

1070:

On 26–27 January, violence erupted in other southern towns, including the major port city of

6412: 6258: 6102: 5889: 5880: 5813: 5800: 4927: 4901: 4443: 2777: 2586: 2022:, was carried out for civilians and embassy staff in Tirana. The Greek government conducted 1999: 1835: 1657: 1541: 922: 918: 340: 2965: 6296: 6135: 6082: 5865: 5722: 4831: 4724: 4633: 4547: 4345: 4124: 2901: 2083: 2075: 1955: 1898: 1854: 1549:

Tepelenë, Memaliaj, Ballsh, Sarandë, Gjirokastër, Lushnjë, Pogradec, Çërrik, and Tropojë.

1225: 899: 165: 1553: 1537:

in February 1997 and, with a group of associates, established the gang of Çole in Vlorë.

804:. Various sources also describe the ensuing violence as a rebellion or even a civil war. 560: 5465: 4891: 4403: 2945:"Refworld | Albania: Information from 1990 to present on the ShIK (secret police)" 2874: 2430: 2394: 2350: 2247:

exploded, injuring 14 people and killing 4 others. An entire family was also killed in

2152: 1925: 1480: 1373: 1354: 1335: 1316: 1292: 1272: 1241: 1103: 911: 895: 856: 793: 792:

experienced widespread civil unrest due to economic problems caused by the collapse of

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14 May: Kakavisë was attacked at the border. Remnants of the attack blocked the Berat-

6427: 6140: 6029: 4638: 4520: 4206: 3155: 3128: 2283: 2092: 1902: 1736: 1504:

On 29 June 1997, Albania held a referendum on restoring the monarchy alongside early

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severely impacted. The government froze the assets of "Vefa Holding" and "Gjallica."

1572:, based in Vlorë and led by Fredi Nehbiu, controlled the western district of Babicë. 17: 6115: 5898: 5517: 4643: 4305: 2201:

29 April: Schools reopened in the North. Vlora remained under the control of gangs.

2181:

23 April: International forces chose not to work with any "Committee of the South."

2145: 1948: 1694:

23 January: Police arrested 50 employees of "People" and "Xhaferri." The newspaper

1633: 1509: 1075: 1060: 907: 891: 828: 813: 460: 328: 6120: 3192: 2070: 1975: 1744: 1587: 846:, conducted by the German, American, and Greek military forces, respectively. The 4133: 4049: 4029: 4008: 3962: 3941: 2838: 2674: 2280:

were killed in grenade attacks, and three others were captured and taken hostage.

1220:) was the theft of approximately $ 6 million from the Albanian state treasury in 4565: 4555: 3084: 2397:

as President of the Albanian Republic. All UN forces left Albania by 11 August.

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Many of these committees were rooted in local organizations affiliated with the

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and that the only legitimate institutions are the government and the president.

2006:

reported, "The riots in Albania were a military coup." The United States began

1924:

7 March: Rebels from Saranda, in collaboration with local army forces, entered

6072: 6003: 4744: 4582: 4500: 4355: 4350: 3983: 3834:"Procesi, Met Bozi rrëzon dëshminë e gardistit të plagosur Albania 2010-05-12" 3086:

L'attività di peacekeeping della Forza Multinazionale di Protezione in Albania

2590: 2547: 2411: 1971: 1967: 1725: 1387: 1221: 1124: 1112: 1052: 867: 3306: 2258:, the police and the Rescue Committee joined forces against one of the gangs. 2184:

24 April: The police station in Elbasan was attacked. Leka Zog visited Vlora.

1838:, a significant symbol of resistance. In response, the government declared a 1224:

in March 1997. A group of six people attacked the fortified building with an

1174:, a town 90 km north of the capital Tirana, an explosion occurred at an 5848: 4967: 4764: 4739: 4706: 2254:

19 May: Violence continued in the south, with ongoing killings in Vlora. In

2015: 1809:

with President Berisha in Vlora and agreed to resolve the crisis peacefully.

1711: 2339:

organized a demonstration accusing the electoral commission of rigging the

2273: 2261:

21 May: Attacks on bridges in Gjirokastra continued. Violence persisted in

2227: 2156: 1846:. Rebels set up cannons at the entrance of the city, pointing them towards 1246: 1199: 3940:

Tripodi, Paolo (2016). "The Collapse of Albania". In Rich, Paul B. (ed.).

1871:

Meanwhile, SHIK attempted to contain the rebellion to Vlora, Saranda, and

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Schmidt, F., 1998. Upheaval in Albania. Current History, 97, p. 127.

3768:"Politicians to Be Punished If Cerrik Massacre Fully Investigated, Shehu" 2377:

document claimed that more than 2,000 people were killed in March alone.

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was looted. Albanian Army soldiers defected to the rebels in Gjirokastër.

1906: 1881: 1843: 1783: 1718: 1071: 781: 2165:

18 April: A bomb exploded in the courtyard of the University of Elbasan.

6067: 5958: 5077: 4749: 4719: 4714: 4685: 3985:

Decoding Albanian Organized Crime: Culture, Politics, and Globalization

2691:

For a detailed chronological course of events in the Albanian civil war

2676:

Albania's democratic elections, 1991-1997: analyses, documents and data

2552:"Evacuation of 240 Foreign Dignitaries from Albania Operation "Kosmas"" 2262: 2237: 2215: 2195: 1872: 1867: 1629: 1534: 1422: 1398: 1382: 1344: 1306: 1107: 789: 422: 389: 367: 357: 346: 335: 323: 265: 226: 200: 72: 3794:"Arsim, Histri, Turizemi, Politika. > Shqiperia Masakra e Cerrikut" 3000:"No full confirmation on the number of the victims in Selite - Burrel" 2276:, gangs attacked a Special Forces armored vehicle. Six members of the 6125: 6087: 2374: 2223: 2178:

22 April: A bomb exploded near the former "Flora" location in Tirana.

1847: 1363: 1325: 1282: 1048: 801: 444: 400: 378: 291: 239: 213: 4103: 4073:

Fondi Monetar Ndërkombëtar, Ngritja dhe rënia e piramidave shqiptare

1913:," a pattern that was replicated in other southern towns and cities. 859:, which helped restore the rule of law in the country by late July. 4654: 1815:

24 February: Angry crowds attacked state institutions in the south.

1508:. The referendum was rejected by 66.7% of the voters, while former 894:

became president. In the mid-1990s, Albania was transitioning to a

6130: 2363:

11 August: The military forces of Operation Alba left the country.

2266: 2219: 2069: 1963: 1894: 1858: 1656: 1262: 1137: 939:

On 26 May 1996, general elections were held, and the conservative

855:

borders. On 15 April, a multinational peacekeeping force launched

775: 433: 411: 278: 252: 2779:

Reforms in Albanian Agriculture: Assessing a Sector in Transition

2148:

visited Vlora with Albanian Zani Çaushi serving as his bodyguard.

2121:

4 April: The U.S. Embassy stated that it would not meet with any

1728:

for involvement in violent demonstrations and illegal activities.

1519:, which won 100 of the 151 seats, with a voter turnout of 72.6%. 5312: 2162:

17 April: Political parties agreed to hold elections on 29 June.

1959: 1823:

the crowd. Additionally, three members of the crowd were killed.

1164: 1120: 159: 4658: 4364: 4346:

Documentary of Cerrik Massacre with footage of hostage officers

1138: 497:

2,000 civilians and members of army, police, and secret police.

6340: 1979: 1721:

and the police station. Four policemen were seriously injured.

960: 4186:

Anarchy in Albania: Collapse of European Collective Security?

4104:"Albania's Transformation since 1997: Successes and Failures" 1936:

was attacked by villagers from the surrounding area, and the

2098:

29 March: Five people were killed in the South and in Berat.

1982:

combat aircraft. The rebellion began to spread to the north.

917:

By January 1997, the schemes, many of which were fronts for

906:. The rudimentary financial system soon became dominated by 4031:

Albania in Crisis: The Predictable Fall of the Shining Star

2472:

Finance & Development: A Quarterly Magazine of the IMF

1724:

29 January: Police arrested 140 people in Berat and 20 in

2431:"ALBANIA: parliamentary elections Kuvendi Popullor, 1997" 4088:

Banka Botërore, Shqipëria nën hijen e skemave piramidale

3964:

Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy in Europe

3322:

Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy in Europe

2010:

to evacuate civilians and embassy personnel from Tirana.

1799:

14 February: Anti-government protests developed in Fier.

3267: 3265: 3263: 1774:

8 February: Anti-government protests continue in Vlora.

1986:

abandoned the town following an announcement that the

1735:

was formed by opposition parties, led by Daut Gumeni,

6444:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe

1901:

crime bosses and former members of the Communist-era

1142:

Angry protesters throwing stones at government forces

910:, and even government officials endorsed a series of 3129:"Delegated Peacekeeping: The Case of Operation Alba" 2840:

Albania's Economy in Transition and Turmoil, 1990-97

2837:

Anthony Clunies Ross; Petar Sudar (1 January 1998).

2706:

CCT-The Eye of the Storm: Volume II – The GWOT Years

2444: 2442: 2440: 6349: 6282: 6251: 6196: 6165: 6158: 6101: 6058: 6012: 5935: 5897: 5888: 5847: 5834: 5745: 5736: 5668: 5644: 5600: 5591: 5565: 5544: 5505: 5492: 5448: 5410: 5372: 5326: 5262: 5253: 5188: 5175: 5129: 5098: 5085: 5046: 4910: 4809: 4773: 4705: 4696: 4611: 4546: 4402: 4175:

The rise and fall of the pyramid schemes in Albania

4054:. Vol. 4. Open Media Research Institute. 1997. 2745:Florian Bieber; Zidas Daskalovski (2 August 2004). 1842:and sent more troops to the areas around Vlora and 2873:. On War article. 27 November 2003. Archived from 2168:19 April: A rocket exploded at a weapons depot in 1771:7 February: Protesters block the road in Memaliaj. 1277:, with Italy as the lead nation for Operation Alba 4315:Viti ‘97, Prapaskenat e krizës që rrënuan shtetin 2865: 2863: 2240:road. A military post in Berat was also attacked. 3046:. Info Arkiva. 25 September 2008. Archived from 2515: 2513: 2511: 2468:"The Rise and Fall of Albania's Pyramid Schemes" 1094:On 20 February 1997, roughly 50 students at the 46:Evacuation of the United States citizens during 4533:Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) 2060:25 March: Three policemen were killed in Vlora. 1440:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1114 1436:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1101 1163:were looted from army depots, according to the 186: 34: 4336:Albanian Civil War (1997) - GlobalSecurity.org 4203:False Apocalypse: From Stalinism to Capitalism 4192:Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy 2128:5 April: Armed gangs took control of Pogradec. 1717:27 January: An angry crowd burned the hall of 866:, with many making their way into the ensuing 4670: 4376: 3746:"Albanian Telegraphic Agency (ATA), 97-10-18" 757: 63:(6 months, 3 weeks and 5 days) 8: 4588:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) 3289:The Albanian question: reshaping the Balkans 3022:"Explosion of army depot in Burrel kills 22" 1131:declared his support for the hunger strike. 3866:"I penduari: Ju tregoj masakren e Cerrikut" 3235: 3233: 3231: 2813:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 69. 2810:Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination 2605:"Kosovo: Background to crisis (March 1999)" 1035:(IMF), did not include a provision for the 995:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 890:won the nation's first free elections, and 6162: 5894: 5844: 5840: 5742: 5597: 5502: 5498: 5259: 5185: 5181: 5095: 5091: 4702: 4677: 4663: 4655: 4383: 4369: 4361: 4356:The Pyramid Scheme that Collapsed a Nation 4132:Andrea De Guttry; Fabrizio Pagani (1999). 2925:(in Albanian). Top-Channel.tv. 28 May 2019 1974:were taken over by criminal gangs, and in 1602:, based in Berat, was led by Altin Dardha. 827:achieved a major victory when its leader, 764: 750: 502: 40: 31: 3291:. Vickers, Miranda. London: I.B. Tauris. 3070:"Rihetime per vjedhjen e arit te Krrabes" 3044:"Vjedhja e thesarit ne tunelet e Krrabes" 2461: 2459: 2457: 1978:, the rebels commandeered 19 Soviet-made 1608:, based in Lushnje, was led by Aldo Bare. 1015:Learn how and when to remove this message 850:authorized a force of 7,000 troops under 113:Armed civilians who lost their properties 4561:Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) 3908: 3271: 2776:Kodderitzsch, Severin (1 January 1999). 1090:Hunger strike at the University of Vlorë 6504:Attacks on police stations in the 1990s 5008:Albanian resistance during World War II 4603:Macedonian inter-ethnic violence (2012) 3920: 3392:* Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3344:* Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 2422: 1151:The so-called "opening of the depots" ( 729: 698: 677: 646: 625: 604: 578: 548: 517: 510: 5994: 4120: 4109: 4013:. United Nations Publications UNIDIR. 3191:. Albanian Royal House. Archived from 2782:. World Bank Publications. p. 7. 2732: 2448: 2045:Assembly of Public Salvation Committee 1897:police largely due to the support and 1891:Committee of Public Salvation in Vlore 1887:defected, flying their planes to Italy 1209:Robbery of the Northern State Treasury 904:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 4412:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) 4062:”, Afrim Krasniqi, 1998, Eurorilindja 3732:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3720:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3708:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3696:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3684:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3672:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3660:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3648:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3636:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3618:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3608:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3596:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3584:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3572:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3560:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3548:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3536:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3524:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3512:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3500:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3488:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3476:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3464:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3452:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3440:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3428:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3416:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3404:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3380:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3368:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3282: 3280: 536:Government of National Reconciliation 7: 6514:Attacks on police stations in Europe 6494:Organized crime conflicts in Albania 4556:Slovenian War of Independence (1991) 4471:Russian constitutional crisis (1993) 4439:Transnistria conflict (1990–present) 3222: 3160:Elections in Europe: A data handbook 2634:Robert Bideleux (11 November 1998). 1500:1997 Albanian parliamentary election 1147:Looting and opening of weapon depots 993:adding citations to reliable sources 935:1996 Albanian parliamentary election 812:resigned, and on 2 March, President 784:, men broke rocks to hurl at police. 717:1997 Albanian parliamentary election 6479:Riots and civil disorder in Albania 4516:Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) 4341:AP Video Archive on 1997 in Albania 4177:. Finance & Development, 37(1). 3943:Warlords in International Relations 3243:Warlocks in International Relations 1706:Elbasan, Memaliaj, Laç, and Kuçovë. 639:Stealing of Northern State Treasury 6484:Political controversies in Albania 4511:Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) 3890:. Lajme.shqiperia.com. 2 June 2010 3836:. Lajme.shqiperia.com. 12 May 2010 2466:Jarvis, Christopher (March 2000). 25: 4948:Principality of Albania (1914–25) 4933:Provisional Government of Albania 4028:Daniel Vaughan-Whitehead (1999). 3868:. Tiranachat.net. 28 January 2009 3072:. Info Arkiva. 25 September 2008. 2393:won. The Socialist Party elected 2144:13 April: Italian Prime Minister 1938:Agricultural University of Tirana 1496:1997 Albanian monarchy referendum 722:1997 Albanian monarchy referendum 485: 6110: 5993: 5812: 5656: 5655: 5235: 5234: 5149: 5148: 5076: 4078:Impakti i piramidave në Shqipëri 3770:. Albanian Times. Archived from 3104:. eleftherotypia. Archived from 3024:. Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare 3002:. Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare 2703:Adcock, Gene (31 October 2012). 2335:3 July: Pretender to the throne 1405: 1381: 1362: 1343: 1324: 1305: 1281: 1261: 965: 780:During the riots in the city of 476: 454: 443: 432: 421: 410: 399: 388: 377: 366: 356: 345: 334: 322: 297: 284: 271: 258: 245: 232: 219: 206: 193: 177: 140: 101: 4624:List of ongoing armed conflicts 4466:East Prigorodny conflict (1992) 4249:Unë e pashë kush e dogji Vlorën 4067:Unë e pashë kush e dogji Vlorën 2748:Understanding the War in Kosovo 1170:At the village of Selitë, near 848:United Nations Security Council 6509:Attacks in Europe in the 1990s 6331:Orders, decorations and medals 4938:Albania during the Balkan Wars 4593:Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) 4486:Second Chechen War (1999–2009) 4451:Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) 3990:University of California Press 3814:. Sot.com.al. 12 November 2008 2807:D. Rai*c (25 September 2002). 2721:trapped by Albania's civil war 1059:One day later, on 25 January, 1: 4978:Albanian Republic (1925–1928) 4852:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 4619:List of Post-Soviet conflicts 4571:Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) 4538:Wagner Group rebellion (2023) 4476:First Chechen War (1994–1996) 4434:Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) 4069:”, Gëzim Zilja, 2000, Pelioni 3240:Paul B. Rich (27 July 2016). 3136:Scuola superiore S. Anna Pisa 3127:Ettore Greco (7 March 1998). 2214:4 May: Dozens were killed in 1626:Committee of Public Salvation 1218:Grabitja e Thesarit të Veriut 4983:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) 4958:Autonomous Province of Korçë 4506:Revolution of Dignity (2014) 4491:Tuzla Island conflict (2003) 4444:Transnistria War (1990–1992) 2709:. Author House. p. 47. 2407:List of massacres in Albania 1127:, Mayor Bahri Borici of the 587:Massacre of 28 February 1997 5018:Orthography Congress (1972) 5013:Communist Albania (1946–91) 4993:Italian invasion of Albania 4943:Republic of Central Albania 4923:Declaration of Independence 4867:Albanian National Awakening 4526:Russian invasion of Ukraine 4461:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 4456:South Ossetia War (1991–92) 3246:. Springer. pp. 115–. 3158:& Philip Stöver (2010) 2523:"Albanian Civil War (1997)" 2490:Public Broadcasting Service 1934:Rinas International Airport 1899:organization of local crime 1033:International Monetary Fund 888:Democratic Party of Albania 84:New parliamentary elections 61:16 January – 11 August 1997 6530: 6434:1997 Albanian civil unrest 4988:Union with Italian kingdom 3961:Abrahams, Fred C. (2016). 3796:. May 2007. Archived from 3748:. Hri.org. 19 October 1997 3178:Nohlen & Stöver, p.137 2579:International Organization 2288:Excessive citations inline 1743:31 January: The newspaper 1641:Socialist Party of Albania 1517:Socialist Party of Albania 1493: 1478: 1455: 1433: 1412:United States Armed Forces 1236:International intervention 957:Pyramid schemes in Albania 954: 932: 825:Socialist Party of Albania 738:Pyramid schemes in Albania 512:1997 Albanian civil unrest 35:1997 Albanian civil unrest 6489:Modern history of Albania 6469:Pyramid and Ponzi schemes 6383: 5843: 5501: 5184: 5094: 5074: 4578:Albanian Civil War (1997) 4496:Russo-Georgian War (2008) 4007:Mugumya, Geofrey (2005). 3213:Nohlen & Stöver, p140 2912:Nohlen & Stöver, p139 2751:. Routledge. p. 83. 2656:Albanian Civil War (1997) 2591:10.1017/S0020818306060103 2309:Massacre at Ura Vajgurore 2172:. Fino met with Leka Zog. 1691:"Gjallica," was arrested. 712:Desertion of 4 March 1997 597:Massacre of Ura Vajgurore 496: 491: 466: 312: 93: 53: 39: 5003:The Holocaust in Albania 4862:Uprising of Dervish Cara 4634:List of frozen conflicts 4173:Jarvis, C., March 2000. 3287:James, Pettifer (2007). 2900:23 December 2011 at the 2843:. Ashgate. p. 241. 1668:Multiple pyramid schemes 1084:National Commercial Bank 1037:National Bank of Albania 912:pyramid investment funds 6464:20th-century rebellions 4842:Islamization of Albania 4832:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini 4786:Principality of Arbanon 4598:Unrest in Kosovo (2004) 4566:Bosnian War (1992–1995) 4276:Kryengritje e tradhtuar 4240:, 1997, Zëri i Kosovës 3982:Arsovska, Jana (2015). 3324:. New York: NYU Press. 3320:Abrahams, Fred (2015). 2673:Barjaba, Kosta (2004). 2293:considered for deletion 2243:15 May: A warehouse in 1790:with President Berisha. 1506:parliamentary elections 27:1997 conflict in Europe 6474:Wars involving Albania 5023:Post-Communist Albania 4998:German Nazi occupation 4953:World War I in Albania 4822:Skanderbeg's rebellion 4583:Kosovo War (1998–1999) 4501:Maidan Uprising (2013) 4481:War in Abkhazia (1998) 4119:Cite journal requires 3083:Alì, Maurizio (2003). 2269:, Shkodra, and Durrës. 2078: 1662: 1661:Money lenders in Vlora 1583: 1563: 1217: 1195: 1156: 1143: 864:Kosovo Liberation Army 785: 571:Gang of Pusi i Mezinit 313:Commanders and leaders 6321:Epitaph of Gllavenica 4220:, 1998, Eurorilindja 2073: 2008:Operation Silver Wake 1660: 1462:Operation Silver Wake 1452:Evacuation operations 1417:Operation Silver Wake 1350:Austrian Armed Forces 1312:Romanian Armed Forces 1141: 840:Operation Silver Wake 779: 707:Opening of the depots 655:Operation Silver Wake 492:Casualties and losses 48:Operation Silver Wake 6459:Massacres in Albania 5753:Archaeological sites 5263:Vetting Institutions 4963:Italian protectorate 4877:Congress of Manastir 4857:Revolts of 1833–1839 4209:, 2014, Istros Books 3800:on 3 September 2011. 2959:"Profile of Albania" 2323:Salvation Committees 1911:Salvation Committees 1618:Salvation Committees 1613:Salvation Committees 1600:Gang of Altin Dardha 1331:Turkish Armed Forces 1268:Italian Armed Forces 1044:operating as usual. 989:improve this section 531:Salvation Committees 417:Oscar Luigi Scalfaro 125:Salvation Committees 18:Salvation Committees 6454:Mass murder in 1997 5974:Research institutes 5536:State Supreme Audit 4973:Republic of Mirdita 4396:conflicts in Europe 4214:Rënia e Demokracisë 4102:Jusufi, I. (2017). 4083:Piramidat shqiptare 4060:Rënia e Demokracisë 3774:on 3 September 2011 3108:on 17 February 2013 3050:on 25 February 2021 2659:. Global Security. 2636:"Kosovo's Conflict" 2558:on 23 December 2007 2486:"Crisis in Albania" 2316:Democrat leadership 2123:Salvation Committee 1733:Forum for Democracy 1622:People's Committees 1388:German Armed Forces 1369:French Armed Forces 1295:, Operation Cosmas) 1096:University of Vlorë 898:after decades of a 618:Qafë Shtama Tragedy 526:Forum for Democracy 428:Emil Constantinescu 5791:Adriatic Sea Coast 5718:Telecommunications 5425:Capital punishment 5318:Prosecutor General 4887:Malissori uprising 4847:Albanian Pashaliks 4801:House of Kastrioti 4791:Kingdom of Albania 4629:List of proxy wars 3102:"Τipana, Αποστολή" 2527:Globalsecurity.org 2496:on 30 October 2013 2341:referendum results 2079: 1840:state of emergency 1663: 1301:Dimitrios Tzimanis 1288:Greek Armed Forces 1182:Treasury robberies 1144: 818:state of emergency 786: 592:Massacre of Cërrik 6499:Looting in Europe 6439:Conflicts in 1997 6421: 6420: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6247: 6246: 6154: 6153: 6146:Cognac Skënderbeu 5953: 5905: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5818:Images of Albania 5786: 5785: 5645:Natural resources 5636:Hydropower plants 5631: 5630: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5293: 5292: 5230:Political parties 5225:Foreign relations 5171: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5072: 5071: 5028:1997 Civil Unrest 4872:League of Prizren 4796:Despotate of Arta 4652: 4651: 4351:Met Bozi in court 4228:Shqipëria jashtë 4198:, 2015, NYU Press 4145:978-88-464-1454-0 4041:978-1-84064-070-0 4020:978-92-9045-173-0 3974:978-1-4798-3809-7 3953:978-1-349-27688-2 3253:978-1-349-27688-2 3168:978-3-8329-5609-7 2971:on 9 January 2014 2877:on 4 January 2010 2850:978-1-84014-563-2 2789:978-0-8213-4429-3 2758:978-1-135-76155-4 2716:978-1-4772-6997-8 2686:978-3-89404-237-0 2679:. Edition Sigma. 2189:Council of Europe 2020:Operation Libelle 1606:Gang of Aldo Bare 1596:, based in Vlorë. 1458:Operation Libelle 1420: 1396: 1393:Operation Libelle 1377: 1358: 1339: 1320: 1296: 1276: 1196:Ngjarja e Krrabës 1025: 1024: 1017: 836:Operation Libelle 823:On 11 March, the 774: 773: 665:Operation Libelle 605:Tragedies of 1997 579:Massacres in 1997 501: 500: 89: 88: 16:(Redirected from 6521: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6163: 6114: 5997: 5996: 5949: 5901: 5895: 5845: 5841: 5816: 5796:Ionian Sea Coast 5743: 5659: 5658: 5598: 5552:Shopping centers 5521: 5503: 5499: 5476:Border crossings 5350:Cities and towns 5260: 5238: 5237: 5186: 5182: 5152: 5151: 5096: 5092: 5080: 4902:Kimza Government 4703: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4656: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4362: 4324: 4310: 4297: 4284: 4271: 4258: 4255:, 2000, Pelioni 4243: 4238:Ibrahim Kelmendi 4223: 4196:Fred C. Abrahams 4149: 4128: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4107: 4055: 4045: 4034:. 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schemes 770: 691:Resolution 1114 686:Resolution 1101 647:Rescue missions 634:Krraba Stealing 626:Treasury thefts 613:Otranto Tragedy 550: 518:Fighting groups 483: 482:30,000 soldiers 477: 475: 453: 452: 442: 441: 431: 430: 420: 419: 409: 408: 398: 397: 387: 386: 376: 375: 365: 364: 355: 354: 344: 343: 333: 332: 321: 298: 296: 285: 283: 272: 270: 259: 257: 246: 244: 233: 231: 220: 218: 207: 205: 194: 192: 176: 166:Albanian Police 141: 139: 128: 102: 100: 75: 62: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6527: 6525: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6426: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6408: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6306: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6191: 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5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5515: 5509: 5507: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5430:Assassinations 5427: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5382: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5345:Municipalities 5342: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5220:Prime Minister 5217: 5205: 5192: 5190: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4915:(1912–present) 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4897:Revolt of 1912 4894: 4892:Taksim meeting 4889: 4884: 4882:Revolt of 1910 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4837:Arbëni Council 4834: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4811:Ottoman period 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4659: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4615: 4613: 4612:Related topics 4609: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4408: 4406: 4404:Eastern Europe 4400: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4330:External links 4328: 4326: 4325: 4321:, 2010, Toena 4311: 4298: 4285: 4272: 4259: 4245: 4224: 4218:Afrim Krasniqi 4210: 4199: 4188: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4129: 4121:|journal= 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4046: 4040: 4025: 4019: 4004: 3998: 3979: 3973: 3958: 3952: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3913: 3911:, p. 219. 3901: 3879: 3857: 3847: 3825: 3812:"Agjensia Sot" 3803: 3785: 3759: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3337: 3331:978-1479896684 3330: 3312: 3298:978-0857710246 3297: 3276: 3259: 3252: 3227: 3215: 3206: 3195:on 6 July 2011 3180: 3171: 3148: 3119: 3100:Dina, Vagena. 3092: 3075: 3061: 3035: 3013: 2991: 2982: 2950: 2936: 2914: 2905: 2888: 2859: 2849: 2829: 2819: 2799: 2788: 2768: 2757: 2737: 2725: 2715: 2695: 2685: 2665: 2645: 2626: 2611:on 15 May 2008 2596: 2569: 2539: 2507: 2477: 2453: 2436: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2399: 2395:Rexhep Meidani 2382: 2379: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2351:Rexhep Meidani 2347: 2344: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2312: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2270: 2259: 2252: 2241: 2234: 2231: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2192: 2187:26 April: The 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2153:Operation Alba 2149: 2142: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2082:28 March: The 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2043:20 March: The 2041: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2011: 1995: 1992: 1983: 1952: 1945: 1941: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1877: 1863: 1851: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1741: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1666:8–16 January: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1630:Albanian state 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1576:Gang of Gaxhai 1573: 1567: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1491: 1490:Snap elections 1488: 1481:Operation Alba 1479:Main article: 1476: 1473: 1453: 1450: 1431: 1430:UN resolutions 1428: 1427: 1426: 1402: 1378: 1374:Operation Alba 1359: 1355:Operation Alba 1340: 1336:Operation Alba 1321: 1317:Operation Alba 1302: 1293:Operation Alba 1278: 1273:Operation Alba 1242:Operation Alba 1237: 1234: 1183: 1180: 1157:Hapja e depove 1148: 1145: 1091: 1088: 1023: 1022: 973: 971: 964: 955:Main article: 952: 949: 933:Main article: 930: 929:1996 elections 927: 896:market economy 883: 880: 875: 872: 857:Operation Alba 772: 771: 769: 768: 761: 754: 746: 743: 742: 741: 740: 732: 731: 727: 726: 725: 724: 719: 714: 709: 701: 700: 696: 695: 694: 693: 688: 680: 679: 678:UN Resolutions 675: 674: 673: 672: 670:Operation Alba 667: 662: 657: 649: 648: 644: 643: 642: 641: 636: 628: 627: 623: 622: 621: 620: 615: 607: 606: 602: 601: 600: 599: 594: 589: 581: 580: 576: 575: 574: 573: 568: 566:Gang of Gaxhai 563: 555: 554: 546: 545: 544: 543: 541:Operation Alba 538: 533: 528: 520: 519: 515: 514: 508: 507: 499: 498: 494: 493: 489: 488: 473: 469: 468: 464: 463: 406:Costas Simitis 384:Jacques Chirac 373:Thomas Klestil 362:Gazmend Braka 318: 315: 314: 310: 309: 308: 307: 294: 281: 268: 255: 242: 229: 216: 203: 174: 173: 168: 162: 157: 136: 135: 134: 127: 126: 123: 117: 114: 96: 95: 91: 90: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 69: 65: 64: 59: 51: 50: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6526: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6368: 6367:Copyright law 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326:Sign language 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252:Entertainment 6250: 6240: 6239:Indoor arenas 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6204:Weightlifting 6202: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6173:National team 6171: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6050:Sworn virgins 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5209: 5208:Head of state 5206: 5204: 5202: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4668: 4666: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4639:War on terror 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521:War in Donbas 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4422:2016 conflict 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4323:(in Albanian) 4320: 4316: 4312: 4309:(in Albanian) 4307: 4303: 4299: 4296:(in Albanian) 4294: 4290: 4286: 4283:(in Albanian) 4281: 4280:Panajot Barka 4277: 4273: 4270:(in Albanian) 4268: 4264: 4260: 4257:(in Albanian) 4254: 4250: 4246: 4244: 4242:(in Albanian) 4239: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4222:(in Albanian) 4219: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4207:Fatos Lubonja 4204: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4138:. F. Angeli. 4137: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4113: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4005: 4001: 3999:9780520282803 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967:. NYU Press. 3966: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3923:, p. 34. 3922: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3909:Abrahams 2016 3905: 3902: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272:Arsovska 2015 3268: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3225:, p. 10. 3224: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3194: 3190: 3189:"Prince Leka" 3184: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3156:Dieter Nohlen 3152: 3149: 3137: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3087: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2967: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2820:90-411-1890-X 2816: 2812: 2811: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2646: 2641: 2640:History Today 2637: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2570: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194:28 April: In 2193: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962:, and seized 1961: 1957: 1954:10 March: In 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903:secret police 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1737:Fatos Lubonja 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1564:Banda e Çoles 1561: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1542:Flag's Square 1538: 1536: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1474: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1429: 1424: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1146: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:hunger strike 1097: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1019: 1016: 1008: 998: 994: 990: 984: 983: 979: 974:This section 972: 968: 963: 962: 958: 950: 948: 946: 942: 936: 928: 926: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 908:Ponzi schemes 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 886:In 1992, the 881: 879: 873: 871: 870:(1998–1999). 869: 865: 860: 858: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 783: 778: 767: 762: 760: 755: 753: 748: 747: 745: 744: 739: 736: 735: 734: 733: 728: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 703: 702: 697: 692: 689: 687: 684: 683: 682: 681: 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HRCAK. 3734:18 April 3514:31 Janar 3502:30 Janar 3490:29 Janar 3478:27 Janar 3466:26 Janar 3454:25 Janar 3442:23 Janar 3430:22 Janar 3418:20 Janar 3406:19 Janar 3394:18 Janar 3382:16 Janar 3370:15 Janar 3358:16 Janar 3354:15 Janar 3350:14 Janar 3346:13 Janar 3223:OMR 1997 3199:10 April 2898:Archived 2795:country. 2562:15 March 2401:See also 2284:template 2256:Memaliaj 2249:Pogradec 2139:Leka Zog 1907:Sigurimi 1844:Tepelena 1784:EuroNews 1754:February 1719:Peshkopi 1648:Timeline 1580:Albanian 1560:Albanian 1214:Albanian 1192:Albanian 1153:Albanian 1098:began a 730:See also 467:Strength 187:missions 68:Location 6390:Outline 6362:Smoking 6284:Symbols 6214:Cycling 6183:Players 6103:Cuisine 6068:Qeleshe 5959:Abetare 5951:scripts 5922:Museums 5890:Culture 5836:Society 5808:Beaches 5801:riviera 5763:Mosques 5758:Castles 5738:Tourism 5701:Tunnels 5696:Bridges 5513:Banking 5506:Finance 5494:Economy 5471:Prisons 5397:Members 5154:Habitat 5139:Climate 5121:Islands 5054:Origins 4750:Enchele 4725:Amantes 4720:Albanoi 4715:Ardiaei 4698:History 4686:Albania 3930:Sources 3162:, p133 2881:14 June 2615:17 June 2532:14 June 2263:Saranda 2238:Lushnje 2216:Shkodra 2196:Lushnje 1988:Serbian 1972:Këlcyra 1968:Poliçan 1873:Delvina 1868:Saranda 1819:forces. 1760:crisis. 1726:Poliçan 1696:Albania 1678:Square. 1653:January 1624:or the 1535:Larissa 1421:led by 1397:led by 1297:led by 1222:Shkodër 1125:Shkodër 1113:Shkodër 1108:Elbasan 1053:Lushnjë 997:removed 982:sources 790:Albania 484:7,000+ 472:Unknown 266:Romania 227:Germany 201:Austria 73:Albania 6274:Cinema 6159:Sports 6126:Kabuni 6116:Gjellë 6088:Opinga 6045:Nevruz 5866:Tribes 5861:Census 5849:People 5768:Tekkes 5661:Mining 5593:Energy 5545:Retail 5461:Police 5111:Rivers 4928:Anthem 4688: 4230:Veriut 4142: 4038: 4017: 3996: 3971: 3950: 3328: 3305: 3295: 3250: 3166: 3112:6 July 2929:28 May 2847: 2817: 2786: 2755: 2713: 2683: 2375:UNIDIR 2358:August 2297: 2274:Cërrik 2228:Durrës 2226:, and 2224:Tirana 2157:Durrës 1976:Kuçovë 1956:Gramsh 1859:AK-47s 1848:Tirana 1768:Berat. 1764:Vlora. 1464:, and 1444:These 1299:Lt Col 1247:Durrës 1200:Krrabë 1172:Burrel 1049:Tirana 882:Causes 842:, and 802:Tirana 302: 292:Turkey 289: 276: 263: 250: 240:Greece 237: 224: 214:France 211: 198: 108:Rebels 80:Result 6397:Index 6350:Other 6269:Radio 6259:Music 6178:Clubs 5881:Women 5686:Ports 5618:OSHEE 5116:Lakes 4391:Post– 4234:Jugut 3132:(PDF) 2969:(PDF) 2962:(PDF) 2585:(2). 2282:‹The 2267:Vlora 2220:Berat 2110:April 1964:Berat 1895:Vlora 1828:March 1528:Gangs 1072:Vlorë 782:Vlorë 279:Spain 253:Italy 6302:list 6297:Flag 6141:Wine 6136:Beer 6131:Raki 6083:Brez 6025:Besa 5608:KESH 5518:Lek 5435:LGBT 5365:Maps 5335:NUTS 5313:SPAK 5213:list 4232:and 4140:ISBN 4125:help 4036:ISBN 4015:ISBN 3994:ISBN 3969:ISBN 3948:ISBN 3934:pop 3896:2011 3874:2011 3842:2011 3820:2011 3780:2011 3754:2011 3326:ISBN 3303:OCLC 3293:ISBN 3248:ISBN 3201:2011 3164:ISBN 3143:2023 3114:2011 3056:2018 3030:2013 3008:2013 2977:2012 2931:2019 2883:2010 2845:ISBN 2815:ISBN 2784:ISBN 2753:ISBN 2711:ISBN 2681:ISBN 2617:2010 2564:2015 2534:2010 2502:2017 2330:July 2302:June 2093:Roma 2074:The 1970:and 1960:Fier 1513:Leka 1498:and 1446:UNSC 1438:and 1206:The 1186:The 1165:UNDP 1121:SHIK 1106:and 980:any 978:cite 921:and 184:UNSC 160:SHIK 58:Date 6341:.al 6030:Oda 5899:Art 5623:ERE 5613:OST 5285:KPK 5280:ONM 5275:IKP 5270:KPA 4317:", 4304:", 4291:", 4278:", 4265:", 4251:", 4236:", 4216:", 4205:", 4194:", 2587:doi 2209:May 1980:MiG 1423:Col 1399:Col 1251:WEU 991:by 6430:: 4116:: 4114:}} 4110:{{ 3992:. 3988:. 3622:, 3612:, 3356:, 3352:, 3348:, 3301:. 3279:^ 3262:^ 3230:^ 3134:. 2862:^ 2853:. 2823:. 2792:. 2761:. 2719:. 2689:. 2638:. 2619:. 2583:60 2581:. 2550:. 2525:. 2510:^ 2488:. 2470:. 2456:^ 2439:^ 2295:.› 2265:, 2222:, 2218:, 1966:. 1636:. 1582:: 1562:: 1460:, 1216:: 1194:: 1167:. 1155:: 914:. 838:, 820:. 6316:) 6312:( 6304:) 6300:( 5803:) 5799:( 5713:) 5709:( 5392:) 5388:( 5215:) 5211:( 5203:) 5199:( 4678:e 4671:t 4664:v 4384:e 4377:t 4370:v 4313:" 4300:" 4287:" 4274:" 4261:" 4247:" 4226:" 4212:" 4201:" 4190:" 4148:. 4127:) 4123:( 4065:“ 4058:“ 4044:. 4023:. 4002:. 3977:. 3956:. 3898:. 3876:. 3844:. 3822:. 3782:. 3756:. 3334:. 3309:. 3274:. 3256:. 3203:. 3145:. 3116:. 3058:. 3032:. 3010:. 2979:. 2947:. 2933:. 2885:. 2735:. 2642:. 2593:. 2589:: 2566:. 2536:. 2519:p 2504:. 2474:. 2451:. 2433:. 2311:. 2251:. 2230:. 1905:( 1714:. 1578:( 1558:( 1419:) 1415:( 1395:) 1391:( 1376:) 1372:( 1357:) 1353:( 1338:) 1334:( 1319:) 1315:( 1291:( 1275:) 1271:( 1212:( 1190:( 1018:) 1012:( 1007:) 1003:( 999:. 985:. 765:e 758:t 751:v 20:)

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