324:"seeing and hearing actual events related to the period of cardiac arrest". These two patients' cardiac arrests did not occur in areas equipped with ceiling shelves, hence no images could be used to objectively test for visual awareness claims. One of the two patients was too sick and the accuracy of her recount could not be verified. For the second patient, it was possible to verify the accuracy of their experience and to show that paradoxically, awareness occurred some minutes after the heart stopped, at a time when "the brain ordinarily stops functioning and cortical activity becomes isoelectric." The experience was not compatible with an illusion, imaginary event or hallucination since visual (other than of ceiling shelves' images) and auditory awareness could be corroborated.
1612:
or whether the brain is a kind of intermediary for the mind, which exists independently.... I started off as a sceptic but, having weighed up all the evidence, I now think that there is something going on. Essentially, it comes back to the question of whether the mind or consciousness is produced from the brain. If we can prove that the mind is produced by the brain, I don't think there is anything after we die because essentially we are conscious beings. If, on the contrary, the brain is like an intermediary which manifests the mind, like a television will act as an intermediary to manifest waves in the air into a picture or a sound, we can show that the mind is still there after the brain is dead. And that is what I think these near-death experiences indicate
299:(NDE), to describe human experiences that occur during a period of cardiac arrest. He has stated: “contrary to perception, death is not a specific moment but a potentially reversible process that occurs after any severe illness or accident causes the heart, lungs and brain to cease functioning. If attempts are made to reverse this process, it is referred to as ‘cardiac arrest’; however, if these attempts do not succeed it is called ‘death’. He has mostly studied those who have no heart beat and no detectable brain activity for periods of time and believes cardiac arrest is the optimal model to help understand the human experience of death.
320:, which was launched in 2008. This study, which concluded in 2012, included 33 investigators across 15 medical centers in the UK, Austria and the USA and it tested consciousness, memories and awareness during cardiac arrest. The accuracy of claims of visual and auditory awareness were examined using specific tests. One such test consisted of installing shelves, bearing a variety of images and facing the ceiling (hence not visible to hospital staff), in rooms where cardiac arrests were more likely to occur. The results of the study were published in October 2014; both the launch and the study results were widely discussed in the media.
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These people were having these experiences when we wouldn't expect them to happen, when the brain shouldn't be able to sustain lucid processes or allow them to form memories that would last. So it might hold an answer to the question of whether mind or consciousness is actually produced by the brain
384:
Parnia explains that the observations that "the human mind, consciousness, or psyche (self) may continue to function when brain function has ceased during the early period after death" (such as during the AWARE study, but not only) points to the possibility that the second model may have to be taken
323:
A review article analysing the results reports that out of 2060 cardiac arrest events, 101 of 140 cardiac arrest survivors could complete the questionnaires. Of these 101 patients, 9% could be classified as near-death experiences. 2 more patients (2% of those completing the questionnaires) described
1552:, entitled "AWARE II (AWAreness during REsuscitation) A Multi-Centre Observational Study of the Relationship between the Quality of Brain Resuscitation and Consciousness, Neurological, Functional and Cognitive Outcomes following Cardiac Arrest" Last updated May 3, 2016. Page archived May 9, 2016
348:." Neurologist Michael O'Brien has written that "most people would not find it necessary to postulate such a separation between mind and brain to explain the events," and suggested that further research is likely to provide a physical explanation for near-death experiences. Psychologist and
990:"Conference Report: The Nour Foundation Georgetown University & Blackfriars Hall, Oxford University Symposium Series Technology, Neuroscience & the Nature of Being: Considerations of Meaning, Morality and Transcendence Part I: The Paradox of Neurotechnology 8 May 2009"
332:
As of May 2016, a posting at the UK Clinical Trials
Gateway website describes plans for AWARE II, a two-year multicenter observational study of 900-1,500 patients experiencing cardiac arrest, with subjects being recruited as 1 August 2014 and a trial end date of 31 May 2017.
302:
In 2001, Parnia and colleagues published the results of a year-long study of cardiac arrest survivors. 63 survivors were interviewed; 7 had memories of the time they were unconscious and 4 had experiences that, according to the study criteria, were NDEs.
279:. In order to avoid these disabilities, Parnia believes the study of consciousness should be a routine part of cardiac arrest brain injury research. The other side of his work, which he conducts with a team at the
1369:
Parnia, Sam; Spearpoint, Ken; de Vos, Gabriele; Fenwick, Peter; Goldberg, Diana; Yang, Jie; Zhu, Jiawen; Baker, Katie; Killingback, Hayley (2014-12-01). "AWARE-AWAreness during REsuscitation-a prospective study".
267:) as part of that effort. He says that many people who are actually dead from heart attacks or blood loss could be resuscitated up to 24 hours after their decease if contemporary best practices as defined by the
307:
claims were tested by placing figures on suspended boards facing the ceiling, not visible from the floor. No positive results were reported, and no conclusions could be drawn due to the small number of subjects.
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The main focus of Parnia's research has been in the optimization of brain monitoring and oxygen delivery methods with a goal of reducing long-term brain injuries as well as disorders of consciousness such as a
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549:
Ahn A, Yang J, Inigo-Santiago L, Parnia S (Apr 2014). "A feasibility study of cerebral oximetry monitoring during the post-resuscitation period in comatose patients following cardiac arrest".
491:
Parnia, S; Waller, DG; Yeates, R; Fenwick, P (2001). "A qualitative and quantitative study of the incidence, features and aetiology of near-death experiences in cardiac arrest survivors".
1072:"Sam PARNIA | Director of Resuscitation Research | MD PhD | NYU Langone Medical Center, New York City | NYUMC | Department of Medicine | Research profile"
644:
Singer AJ, et al. (May 2015). "Cerebral oximetry levels during CPR are associated with return of spontaneous circulation following cardiac arrest: an observational study".
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Science writer Mike McRae has noted "While Parnia's work contributes valuable data to understanding NDE as a cultural phenomenon, his speculations do indeed sit on the brink of
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Parnia admits that the nature of consciousness is still uncharted territory for science. Two different major models have been postulated about the nature of consciousness:
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Additionally, Parnia has served as the chairman of the
Horizon Research Foundation, a charity founded in 1987 to support research and education in the fields of death,
1707:
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one envisages the psyche/consciousness/mind (self) as the result of neuronal activity. So a causative relationship exists between cortical activity and consciousness.
520:
Parnia S, et al. (Aug 2012). "A feasibility study evaluating the role of cerebral oximetry in predicting return of spontaneous circulation in cardiac arrest".
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in 2012. In 2013, he published the book "Erasing Death: The
Science That Is Rewriting the Boundaries Between Life and Death," which provides an updated overview of
101:
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Sleutjes A, Moreira-Almeida A, Greyson B (Nov 2014). "Almost 40 years investigating near-death experiences: an overview of mainstream scientific journals".
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200:. Since 2015, he has been the director of the Critical Care & Resuscitation Research Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine at
239:. He conducts research on, and advocates for wider application of, best practices for resuscitation when people die; namely better, perhaps automated
185:
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Parnia S, et al. (Apr 2014). "A feasibility study of cerebral oximetry during in-hospital mechanical and manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation".
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the other instead considers that consciousness is separate from the brain and can influence brain activity independently of the brain.
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called "The Day I Died" and disagreed with their interpretations of NDEs, finding purely physical explanations to be more plausible.
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Parnia and others have suggested that a mind that is mediated by, but not produced by, the brain, is a possible way to explain NDE.
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Parnia, Sam (2007). "Do reports of consciousness during cardiac arrest hold the key to discovering the nature of consciousness?".
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615:
Parnia, S; Spearpoint, K; de Vos, G; Fenwick, P; et al. (2014). "AWARE-AWAreness during REsuscitation-a prospective study".
244:
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Strodtman, L. K. (2013). Parnia, Sam. Erasing death: the science that is rewriting the boundaries between life and death.
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and across multiple other medical centers in the United
Kingdom, is consciousness during cardiac arrest. This includes
218:, a blend of new research and personal experience which "tackles fundamental questions about existence and awareness."
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126:
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Parnia, Sam (2014-11-01). "Death and consciousness––an overview of the mental and cognitive experience of death".
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Parnia, Sam (2014-11-01). "Death and consciousness--an overview of the mental and cognitive experience of death".
170:
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50:
683:"(Sept 2016) Cerebral Oximetry During Cardiac Arrest: A Multicenter Study of Neurologic Outcomes and Survival"
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Parnia, Sam (2014). "Death and consciousness - an overview of the mental and cognitive experience of death".
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Southampton
University Graduation List 2007 Part 1. Ceremony 10: School of Medicine; Doctor of Philosophy
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at Stony Brook
University. His British medical qualifications were recognized as a medical degree by the
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and continued his collaboration through the Human
Consciousness Project, which he founded and directs.
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1418:"The science of near-death experiences: Empirically investigating brushes with the afterlife"
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as a member of the
Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Division. He also leads research on
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https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A347002140/AONE?u=wikipedia&sid=ebsco&xid=2e2556ab
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After completing his fellowship training in
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at the
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The
Lazarus Effect: The Science That is Rewriting the Boundaries Between Life and Death
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211:, mind, brain, and consciousness studies As of 2018, the charity has ceased to exist.
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While at the University of Southampton, Parnia was the principal investigator of the
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1117:"'I have been researching death for 30 years. I am now convinced it is reversible'"
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Parnia has advocated for the use of the term "actual death experience" instead of
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Erasing Death: The Science That is Rewriting the Boundaries Between Life and Death
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in cell biology in 2007. He maintained an honorary research fellow title at the
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The State Education Department. The University of The State of New York.
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French CC (2005). "Near-death experiences in cardiac arrest survivors".
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Report of the Committee on the Professions Regarding Licensing Petitions
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Weill Cornell Medical Centre Doctor, Death researcher, Sam Parnia.
1185:"Doctor Sam Parnia Believes Resurrection Is A Medical Possibility"
1139:"Back from the dead: Resuscitation expert says end is reversible"
231:
Parnia is known for his involvement and research in the field of
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The Boundaries of Consciousness: Neurobiology and Neuropathology
1089:
296655 - The International Association For Near-Death Studies UK
158:
46:
1460:"The Scientists Studying Life After Death Are Not Total Frauds"
1045:, published online 7 December 2015. Page accessed, May 18, 2016
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862:"Sam Parnia – the man who could bring you back from the dead"
822:"Sam Parnia – the man who could bring you back from the dead"
910:, published online 23 Jul 2007. Page accessed, June 7, 2016
227:
Optimization of brain resuscitation after cardiac arrest
165:, working as a clinical research fellow and obtaining a
1246:"'Erasing Death' Explores The Science Of Resuscitation"
681:
Parnia S, Yang J, Nguyen R, Ahn A, et al. (2016).
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in New York City in 2010, Parnia joined the faculty at
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is a British associate professor of Medicine at the
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291:Consciousness and near death experience research
269:International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation
161:in 1995. He then pursued further studies at the
125:. In the United Kingdom, he is director of the
102:New York University Grossman School of Medicine
1607:"Soul-searching doctors find life after death"
1056:CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries
1040:CPR Survival Rates Can Differ Greatly by City.
994:Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine
8:
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312:AWAreness during REsuscitation (AWARE) study
1187:. July 29, 2013 – via www.spiegel.de.
371:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
121:where he is also director of research into
1648:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1481:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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202:New York University Langone Medical Center
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186:Stony Brook University School of Medicine
263:(published in the United Kingdom as the
1708:Alumni of the University of Southampton
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1437:Weintraub, Pamela (2 September 2014).
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1281:(2014). "Reversing Death NYAS 2014".
1115:Lytton, Charlotte (August 26, 2024).
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369:In a review article published in the
7:
1539:on Health Research Authority website
151:Guy's and St. Thomas' Medical School
1605:Petre, Jonathan (22 October 2000).
1384:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004
1163:Stephey, M.J. (18 September 2008).
1102:"LUCID DYING | Kirkus Reviews"
629:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004
563:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.12.007
534:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.01.039
249:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
43:Guys and St. Thomas' Medical School
1332:. Vol. 150. pp. 351–67.
1244:; Parnia, Sam (20 February 2013).
1104:– via www.kirkusreviews.com.
974:Nour Foundation, Speaker Profile.
133:. Parnia is known for his work on
14:
1713:Near-death experience researchers
1416:Lichfield, Gideon (April 2015).
1277:Paulson S, Becker LB, Parnia S,
1119:– via www.telegraph.co.uk.
1231:, published online 30 June 2009
758:- in the controversial and non-
245:targeted temperature management
1624:McRae, Mike (9 October 2014).
1458:Robb, Alice (8 October 2014).
978:. Page accessed April 25, 2016
1:
1626:"Science On the Edge of Life"
1550:Primary Trial ID Number 17129
1338:10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50025-6
1137:Evers, Marco (29 July 2013).
894:Albany, N.Y: October 2, 2012.
505:10.1016/s0300-9572(00)00328-2
241:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
190:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
182:Weill Cornell Medical College
139:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
123:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
75:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
16:British researcher and writer
1576:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000205
1548:UK Clinical Trials Gateway.
702:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001723
592:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000047
281:State University of New York
237:cardiac arrest resuscitation
214:In August 2024 he published
59:Weill Cornell Medical Center
1723:English medical researchers
1165:"What happens when we die?"
1091:Page accessed July 26, 2019
860:Adams, Tim (6 April 2013).
658:10.1136/emermed-2013-203467
277:persistent vegetative state
127:Human Consciousness Project
1739:
1330:Progress in Brain Research
988:Palchik Guillermo (2009).
903:Hampshire Chronicle staff.
746:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.076
119:NYU Langone Medical Center
1530:AWARE II Research Summary
976:Sam Parnia, MD, PhD, MRCP
820:Adams, Tim (2013-04-06).
355:appeared with Parnia and
171:University of Southampton
163:University of Southampton
131:University of Southampton
108:
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51:University of Southampton
947:10.1136/bmj.326.7383.288
864:. Health: The Observer.
447:. Harper Collins. 2013.
425:What Happens When We Die
157:, where he received his
1718:English medical writers
1087:UK Charity Commission.
243:techniques, the use of
92:Intensive-care medicine
726:Reviews and editorials
690:Critical Care Medicine
285:near-death experiences
259:, and wrote his book,
149:Parnia graduated from
135:near-death experiences
71:near-death experiences
1007:10.1186/1747-5341-4-9
937:(Review of TV show).
485:Research publications
411:Selected bibliography
337:Brain/mind hypotheses
297:near death experience
198:cardiac resuscitation
271:were used promptly.
255:, and prevention of
178:University of London
145:Education and career
55:University of London
1242:Gross, Terry (host)
927:O'Brien, M (2003).
908:Hampshire Chronicle
429:. Hay House. 2007.
1660:10.1111/nyas.12582
1535:2017-08-16 at the
1493:10.1111/nyas.12582
1439:"Seeing the light"
1295:10.1111/nyas.12475
1224:2020-10-24 at the
784:10.1111/nyas.12582
764:Medical Hypotheses
734:Medical Hypotheses
257:reperfusion injury
233:emergency medicine
1609:. The Telegraph.
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499:(2): 149–56.
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1654:(1): 75–93.
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867:The Guardian
865:
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826:The Guardian
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778:(1): 75–93.
775:
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652:(5): 353–6.
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645:
620:
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586:(4): 930–3.
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528:(8): 982–5.
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98:Institutions
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69:Research on
1630:Skeptic.com
1144:Der Spiegel
646:Emerg Med J
364:documentary
318:AWARE Study
305:Out of body
216:Lucid Dying
61:(residency)
1697:Categories
1264:Transcript
839:2016-09-26
808:References
115:Sam Parnia
104:, New York
53:(Ph.D.),
23:Sam Parnia
1668:1749-6632
1501:1749-6632
1487:: 75–93.
1392:1873-1570
1311:206224394
1251:Fresh Air
834:0261-3077
1684:33091589
1676:25418460
1592:16765929
1584:25357254
1533:Archived
1517:33091589
1509:25418460
1400:25301715
1356:16186035
1303:25060142
1289:: 4–18.
1279:Mayer SA
1222:Archived
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600:24247475
571:24361675
542:22322284
513:11426476
389:See also
350:lecturer
253:oximetry
251:, brain
222:Research
180:and the
1260:WHYY-FM
1017:2717997
956:1125151
873:9 April
129:at the
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359:on a
155:London
88:Fields
1680:S2CID
1588:S2CID
1513:S2CID
1307:S2CID
1000:: 9.
796:S2CID
714:S2CID
686:(PDF)
670:S2CID
604:S2CID
416:Books
1672:PMID
1664:ISSN
1652:1330
1580:PMID
1505:PMID
1497:ISSN
1485:1330
1396:PMID
1388:ISSN
1352:PMID
1342:ISBN
1299:PMID
1287:1330
1170:Time
1022:PMID
875:2016
830:ISSN
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662:PMID
633:PMID
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538:PMID
509:PMID
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235:and
159:MBBS
137:and
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29:Born
1656:doi
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1380:doi
1334:doi
1291:doi
1256:NPR
1204:NPR
1012:PMC
1002:doi
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943:doi
939:326
934:BMJ
780:doi
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625:doi
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501:doi
361:BBC
167:PhD
153:in
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