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picked up a white girl. Afterward, they were taken to the spot where the crime happened. Deputy Yates inspected
Shepherd's shoes, which he had worn the night before. Yates was frustrated to see that the soles did not match footprints in the ground at the scene. Irvin's were the same, but Irvin claimed that he was wearing a different pair of shoes. The two men were taken to Tavares jail, where they were interrogated in the basement while cuffed to overhead pipes and severely beaten. A mob rioted and burned Shepherd's house and two others to the ground. Only the presence of the National Guard halted the destruction caused by the rioters. Cockcroft, the leader of the riot, revealed the mob's intentions when he told a reporter, "The next time, we'll clean out every Negro section in south Lake County."
304:, the lead lawyer of the NAACP, pressed the Justice Department and the FBI to initiate a civil rights and domestic violence investigation into the beatings. Marshall convinced the Justice Department that the beatings violated the men's rights, and the FBI dispatched agents to investigate. The FBI later concluded that Lake County deputies James Yates and Leroy Campbell had violated the Groveland men's civil rights and urged U.S. Attorney
278:, following a lengthy chase through the swamps. He was shot by the posse at least 400 times and died of his wounds; officers reported that Thomas was armed and allegedly reached for a weapon. According to the coroner's inquest, Lake County Sheriff McCall was at the scene when Thomas was shot. The coroner's jury determined that Thomas had been lawfully killed and ruled his death a justifiable homicide.
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neck. Irvin survived. The FBI later found a bullet buried in the ground beneath Irvin's blood spot that appeared to support his account of the shooting. A nail found in the front wheel of McCall's car appeared to have caused his claimed "tire trouble" that night. McCall said that he had no idea how the nail got there, but the FBI believed that it had been placed there.
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station under suspicion. Greenlee was interrogated and beaten in a cell that night until he admitted to the rape of Norma
Padgett. Thomas escaped capture and fled Lake County the following morning. Greenlee admitted to having been with Thomas. Police learned where the latter lived and where he was hiding, as they found a letter in his letterbox addressed to his wife.
209:), was living in Groveland when he registered for the draft in May 1945. He listed his mother Ellia Irvin as next of kin. He was working at the time for Apshawa Groves. He was recorded as 5'3" and weighing 105 pounds, and was described in his registration as "light brown", with brown eyes and black hair. He served in the Army, leaving with the rank of private.
156:. He was paroled in 1968, but died the next year in Lake County, purportedly of natural causes. Greenlee was paroled in 1962 and lived with his family until he died in 2012. In 2016, the City of Groveland and Lake County each apologized to survivors of the four men for the injustice against them. On April 18, 2017, a resolution of the
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was elected governor in 1954, questions were raised to him about Irvin's case, because he was considered moderate. He reviewed it and in 1955 commuted Irvin's sentence to life in prison, stating that neither trial proved conclusively that Irvin was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Irvin was paroled
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back to the Lake County jail in
Tavares when he claimed to have a flat tire. Alone with the two handcuffed prisoners, McCall pulled down a dirt road to inspect the tire, outside Umatilla, Florida, north of Tavares. He claimed that Shepherd asked to relieve himself, and when the two prisoners, cuffed
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DeSantis issued the four men full posthumous pardons in 2019, but they were not exonerated by the state until 2021. After a motion submitted by State
Attorney William M. Gladson, Judge Heidi Davis granted the state's motion on November 22, 2021, to posthumously dismiss the indictments of Thomas and
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A grand jury indicted the three remaining rape suspects. Shepherd and
Greenlee separately later told FBI investigators that the deputies beat them until they confessed. Irvin refused to confess, despite also being severely beaten. An FBI investigation concluded that Lake County Sheriff's Department
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by the time
Charles was 12. His father worked in turpentine manufacturing in 1935 and later as a laborer, likely also in the timber industry. In 1945, Charles and four of his siblings were all in school. Greenlee had come to Groveland in July 1949 looking for work, as he was already married and his
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at the helm, unanimously agreed to pardon the
Groveland Four. "Seventy years is a long time", DeSantis said before taking office. "And that's the amount of time four young men have been wrongly written into Florida history for crimes they did not commit and punishments they did not deserve." Norma
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Charles
Greenlee was a 16-year-old who had come from Gainesville and was trying to find work with his friend Ernest Thomas. Thomas had convinced Greenlee that there were plenty of jobs in Groveland. Greenlee was waiting at a rail depot to meet Thomas when he was arrested and brought to the police
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that the shooting was unprovoked. He said McCall had shot him and
Shepherd in cold blood, staging the scene to make it look like an escape attempt, and that Lake County Deputy James Yates had joined McCall at the scene, seen that Irvin was still breathing, and fired one last shot through Irvin's
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Irvin and
Shepherd were arrested shortly after Padgett reported the attack. The police took the men in their patrol car to a secluded spot and ordered them out of the car. Both men were beaten by police with blackjacks and fists and kicked as they lay on the ground, while being asked if they had
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to Henry Shepherd and his wife Charlie M (Robinson) Shepherd, both of Georgia. His father was working in the lumber industry. The Shepherd family moved to Groveland, Florida, where his father achieved ownership of his own farm by clearing and developing former swamp land. When Samuel Shepherd
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deputies James Yates and Leroy Campbell were responsible for the beatings, and agents documented the physical abuse with photographs. The Justice Department urged the U.S. Attorney in Tampa to file charges, but U.S. Attorney Herbert Phillips was reluctant, and failed to return indictments.
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did not permit the defense to call the doctor as a witness. According to his records, Binneveld could not tell whether she had been raped. He found no evidence of tears or wounds in the vagina other than the lacerations mentioned above. Laboratory analysis of a vaginal smear revealed no
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In 2016 the Lake County Commission followed Groveland Mayor Tim Loucks in presenting the surviving families of the Groveland Four with a posthumous apology. Both Loucks and members of the Lake County Commission then began lobbying state lawmakers to do the same. Senator
238:, and keeping a strong hold on workers and against union organizing. He was part of ensuring there was a ready supply of low-wage workers to man the orange groves. Shepherd could work with his father, and Irvin was determined to find an alternative to the orange groves.
388:, demanded in 1951 that McCall be indicted for murder following the Groveland rape case, and requested that the governor suspend him from office. Six weeks after calling for McCall's removal, Moore and his wife were killed by a bomb that exploded under their bedroom in
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together, got out of the car, they attacked McCall. He drew his pistol and shot at them. The shooting took place on a dark country road outside the town. He shot each prisoner three times. Shepherd was killed instantly, and Irvin survived by playing dead.
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registered for the draft in 1945, he was described as 5'8", 149 pounds, with a light brown complexion, brown eyes and black hair. He gave his father Henry Shepherd as next of kin. Shepherd and Irvin were friends and fellow veterans after World War II.
483:, D-Orlando, filed a proposed resolution (SCR 136) for consideration during the 2016 legislative session to clear the names of Greenlee, Irvin, Shepherd, and Thomas and note the "egregious wrongs" the criminal justice system perpetrated against them.
470:, with his wife and their daughter Carole, who was born in 1950 (his wife was pregnant when he was arrested). They had a son, Thomas, in 1965. Greenlee died on April 18, 2012, but not before seeing Gilbert King's 2012 book about the case published.
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After returning to Groveland following their military service, Shepherd and Irvin both continued to wear their uniforms. They were proud of their service, which some of the local whites resented. Sheriff Willis McCall was known for supporting
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I'm beggin' y'all not to give them pardon because they done it. Your minds might be made up. I don't know. If you do, y'all going to be just like them, and that's all I got to say, 'cause I know I'm telling the truth. I went to court twice.
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because no evidence had been presented, because of excessive adverse publicity, as well as because black people had been excluded from the jury. The court overturned the convictions and remanded the case to the lower court for a new trial.
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following their convictions. Their incarceration was exacerbated by their systemic and unlawful treatment—including the death of Shepherd, and the near-fatal shooting of Irvin. Greenlee was paroled in 1962 and Irvin in 1968. All four were
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An all-white coroner's jury, made up of many of McCall's friends, took half an hour to find Shepherd's death justified. They concluded that McCall had been acting in line of duty and in self-defense. McCall was cleared of any wrongdoing.
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announced his office had completed its 20-month investigation, resulting in the naming of four then suspects—Earl Brooklyn, Tillman Belvin, Joseph Cox and Edward Spivey—all deceased. All four had had a long history with the
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to suspend McCall. On Christmas Night 1951, a bomb went off below Moore's house, fatally wounding both him and his wife; he died that night and his wife followed nine days later. The bombers were never caught.
1146:"MOTION TO DISMISS INDICTMENTS OF ERNEST THOMAS AND SAMUEL SHEPHERD, MOTION TO SET ASIDE JUDGMENT AND SENTENCE OF CHARLES GREENLEE AND WALTER IRVIN AND MOTION TO CORRECT RECORD WITH NEWLY DISCOVERED EVIDENCE"
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At the second trial, Irvin was represented by Marshall and again convicted by an all-white jury and sentenced to death. In 1955, his death sentence was commuted to life in prison by recently elected Governor
353:. It overturned the convictions of both men based on adverse pre-trial publicity, and remanded the case to the lower court for a new trial. (Greenlee had not appealed his sentence of life imprisonment.)
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On July 26, 1949, Thomas fled and was killed by a sheriff's posse of 1,000 white men, who shot him over 400 times while he allegedly fled after being found asleep under a tree in southern
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requesting exoneration for the four men and apologizing to their families for the injustice of the case. The Florida State Senate passed an identical resolution sponsored by Senator
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Ernest Thomas (born Florida), was married by July 1949 and living and working near Groveland. He had encouraged Greenlee to come there because of jobs related to the citrus groves.
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of Lake County, Florida shot Irvin and Shepherd while they were in his custody and handcuffed together. McCall claimed they had tried to escape while he was transporting them from
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294:. After interviewing the three surviving suspects, Williams said each had independently stated that he was beaten by Lake County deputies. Shepherd and Greenlee both told
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Charles L. Greenlee (born 4 June 1933, Florida), was the son of Thomas H. and Emma Greenlee, who were born in Georgia and Alabama, respectively. His family was living in
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Padgett, then 86, speaking publicly about the case for the first time since 1952, attended the Clemency Board hearing to make a statement against exoneration, saying:
90:. Greenlee, Shepherd, and Irvin were arrested. They were beaten to coerce confessions, but Irvin refused to confess. The three survivors were convicted at trial by an
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There is uncertainty about whether Padgett was raped. The prosecution did not question Dr. Geoffrey Binneveld, the physician who examined her, on the stand. Judge
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250:(age 22), were identified by the police as suspects. Shepherd and Irvin were both veterans of service in the Army; and both Thomas and Greenlee were married.
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as their defense counsel. In 1951, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered a retrial after hearing the appeals of Shepherd and Irvin. It ruled they had not received a
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investigators that McCall had shot them in cold blood and that his deputy, Yates, had also shot him in an attempt to kill him. Harry Moore called for the
755:"Tom Greenlee", in Florida, State Census, 1867-1945], Ancestry.com. Florida, State Census, 1867-1945 . Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008.
743:. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008. "Charles L. Greenlee", in Florida, State Census, 1867-1945], Ancestry.com; accessed 13 October 2018
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to officially pardon the men. On January 11, 2019, the Florida Board of Executive Clemency voted to pardon the Groveland Four. Newly elected Governor
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Lawson, Steven F.; Colburn, David R.; Paulson, Darryl (2017), "Groveland. Florida's Little Scottsboro", in Colburn, David R.; Landers, Jane (eds.),
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Thomas, Shepherd, Irvin, and Greenlee (then 16) were accused of raping 17-year-old Norma Padgett and assaulting her husband on July 16, 1949, in
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94:. Greenlee was sentenced to life in prison because he was only 16 at the time of the alleged crime; the other two were sentenced to death.
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The NAACP took on assisting the defense in appeals. In 1951 Marshall led the defense in an appeals hearing for Irvin and Shepherd at the
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62:. The events of the case led to serious questions about the arrests, allegedly coerced confessions and mistreatment, and the unusual
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The defense accused Sheriff McCall's deputies of manufacturing evidence to win a conviction. All three men were convicted by the
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54:. The oldest, Thomas, tried to elude capture and was killed that month. The others were put on trial. Shepard and Irvin received
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agents that they confessed to raping Padgett in order to stop the beatings. Irvin never confessed and maintained his innocence.
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subsequently did so. On November 22, 2021, Judge Heidi Davis granted the state's motion to posthumously exonerate the men.
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446:, because of the extensive and adverse publicity around the case in Lake County. Marshall led the defense team from the
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After recovering from his shooting wounds, Irvin was tried again after refusing a deal from the prosecutor and Governor
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Klavern. Although members of the Klan were suspected of the crime, the people responsible were never brought to trial.
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at the time and additional separate investigations in 1978, 1991, and 2005 found no evidence of McCall's involvement.
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Groveland Four accuser Norma Padgett speaks publicly for the first time since 1952, Orlando Sentinel, Jan 11, 2019
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The following morning, at the hospital where he had been taken for treatment, Irvin told FBI agents and reporter
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849:"PBS – Freedom Never Dies: The Story of Harry T. Moore – Florida Terror – Groveland – Irvin's Statement Page 1"
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Katie Mettler, "‘We’re truly sorry’: Fla. apologizes for racial injustice of 1949 ‘Groveland Four’ rape case"
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in 1968. In 1969 he visited Lake County, where he was found dead in his car, officially of natural causes.
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Negro Suspect in Groveland Rape Killed by Posse, Man Supposedly Ran After Being Found Asleep in Woods
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341:. Shepherd and Irvin were sentenced to death, and Greenlee was sentenced to life, as he was a minor.
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46:. In July 1949, the four were accused of raping a white woman and severely beating her husband in
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that included excavation of the Moore home to search for forensic evidence. On August 16, 2006,
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of more than 1000 armed men. They found and killed Thomas about 200 miles (320 km) away in
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1082:"'We're truly sorry': Fla. apologizes for racial injustice of 1949 'Groveland Four' rape case"
1054:"'We're truly sorry': Fla. apologizes for racial injustice of 1949 'Groveland Four' rape case"
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450:. Irvin was again found guilty. Judge Futch, who was again presiding, sentenced him to death.
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that would have spared him from a death sentence if he pleaded guilty. His defense counsel,
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Former Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall argued two cases in Ocala with mention of
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Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America,
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On January 11, 2019, the Florida Board of Executive Clemency, with newly seated Governor
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Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America
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Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America
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to expedite the process to grant posthumous pardons. Lawmakers also called on Scott to
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of Florida to prosecute, but a grand jury did not return indictments of the deputies.
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The prosecution never introduced the coerced confessions as evidence into the trial.
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1026:"Leonard Pitts Jr.: "Groveland," an injustice that has never been corrected"
707:"Groveland Four: US judge clears men wrongly accused of rape after 72 years"
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for the new trial. Shepherd died on the spot; Irvin survived and later told
658:"Florida Pardons the Groveland Four, 70 Years After Jim Crow-Era Rape Case"
1168:"Groveland four: Black men exonerated after being wrongly accused in 1949"
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Four Black Men Accused of 1949 Rape of White Woman in Florida are Pardoned
999:; Florida Terror; Groveland; Introduction; (2000); retrieved May 20, 2007
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Ernest Thomas, Charles Greenlee (age 16); Samuel Shepherd (age 22), and
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51:
683:"After nearly 70 years, Florida Clemency Board pardons Groveland Four"
727:"Charles L Greenlee", in U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014
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1280:"Hitler is Here": Lynching in Florida During the Era of World War II
1186:"Norma Padgett, accuser of exonerated 'Groveland Four,' dies at 92"
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quickly passed a similar resolution; lawmakers called on Governor
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784:"Walter Lee Irvin", in U.S. WWII Draft Cards Young Men, 1940-1947
602:; Pensacola News Journal, Pensacola, Florida, July 27, 1949, Pg 1
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The NAACP helped with the men's defense, hiring Orlando attorney
1009:"Walter Lee Irvin", Ancestry.com. Florida Death Index, 1877-1998
801:"Samuel Shepherd, in U.S. WWII Draft Cards Young Men, 1940-1947"
560:"Governor-elect DeSantis wants pardon review for Groveland Four"
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Shepherd and Irvin said that they had been together drinking in
1110:"Florida clemency board pardons Groveland Four 70 years later"
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Shepherd and vacate the convictions of Greenlee and Irvin.
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men, Ernest Thomas, Charles Greenlee, Samuel Shepherd, and
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False accusations of rape as justification for lynchings
1011:, . Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.
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on April 27, 2017. The resolutions called on Governor
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passed a resolution sponsored by State Representative
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Greenlee was paroled from prison in 1962. He moved to
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Racially motivated violence against African Americans
996:
PBS - Freedom Never Dies: The Story of Harry T. Moore
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King, Gilbert. "Chapter 9: Don't Shoot, White Man,"
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present in the vagina, nor any organisms resembling
1269:John Hill, "A Southern sheriff's law and disorder"
886:King (2012). "Chapter 7: Wipe This Place Clean,"
406:In 2005, a new investigation was launched by the
27:African Americans falsely accused of rape in 1949
356:McCall was transporting Shepherd and Irvin from
217:Samuel Shepherd (born 7 April 1927) was born in
877:, Florida Terror: Groveland - Introduction, PBS
874:Freedom Never Dies: The Story of Harry T. Moore
751:
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737:
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633:"Florida Frontiers: Remembering Harry T. Moore"
160:requested that all four men be exonerated. The
616:Unsolved Civil Rights Murder Cases, 1934-1970
8:
1362:History of civil rights in the United States
71:exonerated by the state of Florida in 2021.
1332:People who have received posthumous pardons
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813:"Henry Shepherd, 1930 Census, Ben Hill, GA
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774:, 19 April 2017; accessed 13 October 2018
1357:History of African-American civil rights
1212:The African American heritage of Florida
803:, Ancestry.com; accessed 13 October 2018
729:, Ancestry.com; accessed 13 October 2018
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396:on December 25, 1951, but an extensive
189:when he was two, but they had moved to
112:on appeal, with special counsel of the
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1342:Police brutality in the United States
408:Florida Department of Law Enforcement
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1287:The Groveland Four (PBS documentary)
384:, executive director of the Florida
1372:Riots and civil disorder in Florida
1347:African-American history of Florida
1327:People wrongfully convicted of rape
430:Irvin's second trial and later life
1108:Wilson, Sarah (January 11, 2019).
110:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
1080:Mettler, Katie (April 19, 2017).
1052:Mettler, Katie (April 19, 2017).
527:Padgett, who eventually moved to
1307:1949 crimes in the United States
1188:. Washington Post. July 31, 2024
838:, 2000; accessed 13 October 2018
488:Florida House of Representatives
158:Florida House of Representatives
101:, the executive director of the
58:, and Greenlee was sentenced to
1302:Quantified groups of defendants
1166:Sara Weisfeldt (22 Nov 2021).
969:King, Gilbert (May 15, 2017).
442:, gained a change of venue to
1:
944:Gilbert King (6 March 2012).
422:, serving as officers in the
18:Sam Shepherd (Groveland Four)
1377:Anti-black racism in Florida
1352:Deaths by firearm in Florida
1312:20th-century American trials
948:. HarperCollins. p. 1.
836:The Legacy of Harry T. Moore
656:Jacey Fortin (11 Jan 2019).
1216:University Press of Florida
971:"An Apology in Lake County"
832:"Florida Terror: Groveland"
614:Michael Newton 8"=!&9:
135:back to the county seat of
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127:In November 1951, Sheriff
531:, died on July 12, 2024.
83:, Lake County, Florida.
588:, NBC News, Jan 11, 2019
448:NAACP Legal Defense Fund
412:Florida Attorney General
114:NAACP Legal Defense Fund
1317:1940s crimes in Florida
486:On April 18, 2017, the
394:Brevard County, Florida
276:Madison County, Florida
1024:(September 26, 2015).
903:New York: Harper, 2012
529:Taylor County, Georgia
521:
444:Marion County, Florida
377:Harry T. Moore bombing
1232:Gilbert King (2012).
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345:Appeals and shootings
1337:Lake County, Florida
1273:St. Petersburg Times
468:Nashville, Tennessee
358:Raiford State Prison
266:Lake County Sheriff
207:Gainesville, Florida
133:Raiford State Prison
1087:The Washington Post
1059:The Washington Post
772:The Washington Post
332:Eatonville, Florida
219:Fitzgerald, Georgia
194:wife was pregnant.
181:Charles L. Greenlee
145:Governor of Florida
1022:Pitts, Leonard Jr.
888:Devil in the Grove
662:The New York Times
481:Geraldine Thompson
366:Mabel Norris Reese
351:U.S. Supreme Court
205:(born 8 May 1927,
1382:Trials in Florida
1245:978-0-0617-9228-1
955:978-0-06-209771-2
440:Thurgood Marshall
302:Thurgood Marshall
292:Franklin Williams
117:Thurgood Marshall
16:(Redirected from
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1262:Willis V. McCall
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1031:Miami Herald
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566:. 2018-12-21
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492:Bobby DuBose
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248:Walter Irvin
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198:Walter Irvin
191:Baker County
184:
170:Ron DeSantis
150:
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69:posthumously
44:Walter Irvin
38:) were four
35:
31:
29:
1119:January 11,
853:www.pbs.org
687:miamiherald
496:Gary Farmer
474:Exoneration
321:spermatozoa
236:segregation
176:The accused
48:Lake County
1296:Categories
1278:T. Hobbs,
1238:. Harper.
1151:October 1,
1114:WFTV 9 ABC
980:October 1,
913:News-World
858:2016-11-28
692:2019-01-11
642:2023-11-29
618:, p. 199 (
570:2021-11-23
547:References
500:Rick Scott
166:Rick Scott
121:fair trial
64:sentencing
1093:April 19,
1065:April 19,
1037:April 19,
890:pp. 92-93
506:the men.
325:gonococci
97:In 1949,
81:Groveland
1192:July 31,
535:See also
34:(or the
834:, PBS,
137:Tavares
103:Florida
75:Details
52:Florida
1242:
1222:
952:
872:PBS -
667:23 Nov
620:online
504:pardon
453:After
242:Events
915:; BBC
386:NAACP
282:Trial
272:posse
106:NAACP
1240:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1194:2024
1153:2023
1121:2019
1095:2017
1067:2017
1039:2017
982:2023
950:ISBN
669:2021
564:WFTV
390:Mims
30:The
1172:CNN
711:BBC
398:FBI
296:FBI
141:FBI
1298::
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