1202:
increased the pay of responsible officers. One Kází Maarúf, who had been appointed by the late rulers to be the Kází of Bakhar, was in the habit of receiving bribes from the plaintiffs as well as from the defendants. When this fact came to the notice of Jám Sanjar, he sent for the Kází and asked him about it. The Kází admitted the whole thing. "Yes", said he, "I do demand something from the plaintiffs as well as the defendants, and I am anxious to get something from the witnesses too, but before the case closes, they go away and I am disappointed in that". Jám Sanjar could not help laughing at this. The Kází continued: "I work in the court for the whole day and my wife and children die of hunger at home, because I get very little pay". Jám Sanjar increased his pay and issued general orders for the increase of every government post of importance.
102:
1297:
1087:
enjoying the moonlight as usual. They spent their time in the forests in the vicinity of the town. One Friday night, on the 13th of the lunar month, they took a band of cut-throats with them, and with naked swords attacked Jám Alísher who had come out in a boat to enjoy the moonlight on the quiet surface of the river and was returning home. They killed him, and red-handed they ran to the city, where the people had no help for it but to place one of them, Karan, on the vacant throne. The reign of Jám Alí Sher lasted for seven years.
1735:
under both the Rai and
Brahman dynasties and the Arabs. The territories of the Lohana, Lakha and Samma are also described as separate jurisdictions under the governor of Brahmanabad in the pre-Muslim era. Whatever may be the original distinction between Samma and Jat - the two tribes from which the majority of Sindhis descend - , in later times it became completely blurred and the same people may be classed as Samma and Jat. The Samma residential area however was probably restricted to Brahmanabad and its immediate neighbourhood.
1217:
120:
848:
1138:
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1166:
during the last Jám's reign had made himself celebrated for acts of bravery, proclaimed himself king under the name of Jám Mubárak. But as the people were not in league with him, he was driven away within 3 days and information sent to Jám
Sikandar, who made peace with his opponents and hastened to Tattá. After a year and a half, he died.
1183:. In the morning, men were sent after him, but before any information could be brought about him, the people summoned Alísher, son of Jám Tamáchí, who was living in obscurity, and raised him to the throne. Meanwhile, Jám Nizámuddín also died in his flight and his cousins too being disappointed in every thing, lived roving lives.
1117:. As he made a long stay there, most of the horses with him died of a disease and his horsemen were obliged to move about as foot-soldiers. When Amir Timur heard of this, he sent 30,000 horses from his own stables to his grandson to enable him to extend his conquests. Pir Muhammad, being thus equipped, attacked those of the
1734:
The Lohana, Lakha, Samma, Sahtah, Chand (Channa)....which appear, at least in the Muslim sources, to be subdivisions of the Jats or to be put on a par with the Jats. Some of these tribes were dominating others, but they all, as a matter of course, suffered certain discriminatory measures (cf. infra)
1320:
in 1514 CE, trade from the Sindh accounted for nearly 10% of their customs revenue, and they described Thatta as one of the richest cities in the world. Thatta's prosperity was based partly on its own high-quality cotton and silk textile industry, partly on export of goods from further inland in the
1283:
As a precautionary measure he enlisted in his service Kíbak Arghún and a large number of men belonging to the tribes of
Mughuls, who had during his reign, left Sháhbeg Arghún and came to Tattá. Jám Feróz gave them the quarter of the town, called Mughal-Wárah to live in. He secretly flattered himself
1197:
On Ráinah's death, Sanjar (Radhan) Sadr al-Din became the Jám of Sind. He is said to have been a very handsome person, and on that account was constantly attended by a large number of persons, who took pleasure in remaining in his company. It is believed that before his coming to the throne, a pious
843:
and ruled Sindh during 1365–1521. Around that time, the Sindhi
Swarankar community returned from Kutch to their home towns in Sindh, and some settled empty land on the banks of Sindhu River near Dadu, Sindh. By the end of year 1500, nearly the entire Sindhi Swarankar community had returned to Sindh.
1165:
Jám
Sikandar bin Jám Taghlak was a minor when he succeeded his father to the throne. The governors of Sehwán and Bakhar shook off their yoke, and prepared to take offensive steps. Jám Sikandar was obliged to march out from Tattá to Bakhar. When he came as far as Nasarpúr, a man by name Mubárak, who
1152:
Jám
Taghlak was fond of hunting and left his brothers to administer the affairs of state at Sehwán and Bakhar. In his reign some Balóch raised the standard of revolt in the outskirts of Bakhar, but Jám Taghlak marched in the direction and punished their ring-leaders and appointed an outpost in each
1253:
and fell upon many villages of
Chundooha and Sideejuh, invading the town of Ágrí, Ohándukah, Sibi Sindichah and Kót Máchián. Jám Nindó sent a large army under his Vazier Darya Khan, which, arriving at the village known by the name of Duruh-i-Kureeb, also known as Joolow Geer or Halúkhar near Sibi,
1201:
Jám Sanjar ruled the country very wisely. Under no ruler before this had the people of Sind enjoyed such ease of mind. He was very fond of the company of the learned and the pious. Every Friday he used to distribute charities and had fixed periodical allowances for those who deserved the same. He
1174:
After Jam
Salahuddin's death, the nobles of the state put his son Jám Nizámuddín I bin Jám Saláhuddín on the throne. Jam Nizamuddin ruled for only a few months. His first act of kindness was the release of his cousins Sikandar, Karn and Baháuddín and Ámar, who had been placed in captivity by the
1279:
Jam Feruz bin Jam Nizam was the last ruler of the Samma dynasty of Sindh. Jám Feróz succeeded his father Jám Nizámuddín at a minor age. Jám Feróz was a young man, and as from the commencement the management of the state affairs was in the hands of his guardian he spent his time in his harem and
1086:
Jám Alí Sher bin Jám Tamáchí ruled the country very discreetly. Tamáchí's other sons
Sikandar and Karn, and Fateh Khán son of Sikandar, who had brought ruin on the last Jám, were now conspiring against Jám Alísher. They were therefore looking for an opportunity to fall upon him while he was out
1121:
who had threatened to do him harm and destroyed their household property. He then sent a messenger to Bakhar calling the chief men of the place to come and pay respects to him. But these men fearing his vengeance left the place in a body and went to
Jesalmer. Only one solitary person, Sayyed
1077:
Jám Saláhuddìn bin Jám Tamáchí was the successor of his father Jám Tamáchí. He put down revolts in some parts of the country, by sending forces in those directions and punished the ringleaders. Some of these unruly bands fled to Kachh, to which place Jám Saláhuddín pursued them, and in every
1284:
for his policy in securing the services of intrepid men to check Daryá Khán, but he never for a minute imagined what ruin these very men were destined to bring on him. For, it was through some of these men that Sháhbeg Arghún was induced to invade and conquer Sind in 926 AH (1519 AD) at the
1198:
fakír had been very fond of him; that one day Sanjar informed him that he had a very strong desire to become the king of Tattá though it should be for not more than 8 days; and that the fakír had given him his blessings, telling him that he would be the king of the place for 8 years.
1178:
Before long, however, his cousins, very ungratefully made a conspiracy among themselves and stealthily coming to the capital attempted to seize him. But Jám Saláhuddín learning their intention in time, left the place at the dead of night with a handful of men and made his escape to
1340:. It assumed its quasi-sacred character during Jam Ninda's rule. Every year thousands perform pilgrimage to this site to commemorate the saints buried here. The graves testify to a long period when Thatta was a thriving center of trade, religion and scholarly pursuits.
1239:(region) from 1351–1551 CE. He was known by the nickname of Jám Nindó. His capital was at Thatta in modern Pakistan. The Samma Sultanate reached the height of its power during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II, who is still recalled as a hero, and his rule as a golden age.
1175:
advice of the ministers. He appointed every one of them as an officer to discharge administrative duties in different places, while he himself remained in the capital, superintending the work done by them and other officials in different quarters of the country.
1303:
features several clusters of elaborate funerary monuments dating between the 14th and 18th centuries. The site rose to prominence as a major funerary site during under the rule of the Samma dynasty, who had made their capital near
1246:, where he spent about a year, during which time he extirpated the freebooters and robbers who annoyed the people in that part of the country. After that, for a period of forty-eight years he reigned at Tatta with absolute power.
1254:
defeated the Mughuls in a pitched battle. Sháh Beg Arghun's brother Abú Muhammad Mirzá was killed in the battle, and the Mughuls fled back to Kandahár, never to return during the reign of Jám Nizámuddín.
1122:
Abulghais, one of the pious Sayyeds of the place, went to visit the Mirzá. He interceded for his town-people in the name of his great grandfather, the Prophet, and the Mirzá accepted his intercession.
831:. Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas became independent. The next sultan,
861:
For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later, as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent. During most of period of Samma rule, the Sindh was
1965:
1061:(Ibn Battuta visited Sindh in 1333, and saw Samma's rebellion against Delhi government). Jam Unar, the Samma chief, taking advantage of the strained relation between the
2350:
2000:
1942:
101:
2068:
2340:
1329:. However, the trade declined when the Mughals took over. Later, due to silting of the main Indus channel, Thatta no longer functioned as a port.
1095:
Jám Karan was succeeded by his nephew Jám Fateh Khán bin Sikandar. He ruled quietly for some time and gave satisfaction to the people in general.
1873:
1580:
It was the conquest of Kutch by the Sindhi tribe of Sama Rajputs that marked the emergence of Kutch as a separate kingdom in the 14th century.
1312:
The rise of Thatta as an important commercial and cultural centre was directly related to Jam Ninda's patronage and policies. At the time the
1858:
1786:
1721:
1665:
and later to the Sammas. Both were local Rajput tribes converted to Islam whose chiefs were disciples of Suhrawardi saints at Uch and Multan.
1646:
1531:
1231:
Jám Nizámuddín II (866–914 AH, 1461–1508 AD) was the most famous Sultan of the Samma or Jamot dynasty, which ruled in Sindh and parts of
1962:
1035:
and Mir Ma'sum, all lacking in detail, and with conflicting information. A plausible reconstruction of the chronology is given in the
2015:
Indo-Arab relations: an English rendering of Arab oʾ Hind ke taʾllugat, by Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Sayyid Sulaimān Nadvī, M. Salahuddin
1813:
1687:
1504:
241:
1272:
1657:
intervention in political affairs concerned Sind. Between 1058 and 1520, control of the province was effectively delegated by the
2375:
1828:
People of India Gujarat Volume XXII Part One edited by R.B Lal, S.V Padmanabham & A Mohideen page 1174-75 Popular Prakashan
1102:
676:
651:
2335:
2061:
1446:
1405:
2166:
39:
1909:
1713:
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam 7th-11th centuries. Vol. 1
1494:
2024:
The Samma kingdom of Sindh: historical studies, by G̲h̲ulāmu Muḥammadu Lākho, University of Sind. Institute of Sindology
1027:
The Samma dynasty took the title "Jam", the equivalent of "King" or "Sultan", because they claimed to be descended from
2365:
2345:
751:
The Samma dynasty has left its mark in Sindh with structures including the necropolis of and royalties in Thatta.
2380:
2258:
1803:
1750:
2370:
2360:
2299:
2091:
2054:
2009:
The Delhi Sultanate, by Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Asoke Kumar Majumdar, A. D. Pusalker
1415:
1380:
1333:
1285:
330:
1523:
The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2A, The Indian Sub-Continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West
2111:
2106:
2040:
1078:
engagement that took place he defeated them and ultimately subjugated them. He died after a reign of 11 years.
2304:
1257:
Jam Nizamuddin's death was followed by a war of succession between the cousins Jam Feroz and Jam Salahuddin.
1296:
910:
2395:
2385:
2355:
230:
31:
1436:
2390:
321:
292:
2021:
The Indus Delta country: a memoir, chiefly on its ancient geography and history, by Malcolm Robert Haig
1553:
851:
824:
2314:
1249:
In the last part of Jám Nindó's reign, after 1490 CE, a Mughul army under Shah Beg Arghun came from
2294:
370:
176:
1066:
832:
473:
274:
1895:
1216:
2253:
2161:
2121:
1854:
1848:
1809:
1782:
1776:
1717:
1683:
1677:
1642:
1593:
1527:
1500:
1479:
1475:
1463:
1442:
1313:
1220:
1211:
1010:
870:
547:
482:
455:
419:
252:
1850:
Saintly Spheres and Islamic Landscapes: Emplacements of Spiritual Power across Time and Place
1521:
1125:
Mirzá Pír Muhammad soon went to Delhi, which place he took and where he was crowned as king.
2309:
2284:
2263:
2227:
2077:
1300:
1146:
1142:
974:
929:
493:
437:
410:
359:
263:
165:
2289:
2279:
2151:
2141:
2116:
1969:
1658:
1410:
898:
873:, with occasional periods of friction. Coins struck by the Samma dynasty show the titles "
828:
711:
555:
543:
539:
519:
464:
401:
390:
312:
145:
136:
127:
1266:
913:
Rajputs of Gujarat are also part of Samma tribe, who are still Hindu, and distributed in
1578:. Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State. p. 274.
1288:, which resulted in the displacement of the Sammah dynasty of rulers by that of Arghún.
2202:
2156:
2136:
2126:
2096:
1464:"Sindh under the Mughals: Some Glimpses from Tarikh-i-Masumi and Mazhar-i- ShahjahaniI"
1390:
1373:
1354:
1326:
1062:
799:
Information about the early years of the Samma dynasty is very sketchy. Tribes such as
745:
738:
669:
656:
350:
303:
283:
212:
154:
119:
1936:
1619:
1031:. The main sources of information on the Samma dynasty are Nizammud-din, Abu-'l-Fazl,
2329:
2146:
1990:
1931:
1654:
1362:
1317:
1099:
902:
840:
800:
778:
428:
381:
1896:
A HISTORY OF SIND, EMBRACING THE PERIOD FROM A.D. 710 TO A.D. 1590 by MAHOMED MASOOM
1592:
Rapson, Edward James; Haig, Sir Wolseley; Burn, Sir Richard; Dodwell, Henry (1965).
1129:
remained in the hands of Langáhs, and Sind in those of the Sammah rulers as before.
847:
807:
or on a par with the Jats when Muslims first arrived in Sindh, and it is known from
2248:
2182:
1058:
866:
446:
341:
221:
1802:
Kumar Suresh Singh; Rajendra Behari Lal; Anthropological Survey of India (2003).
1711:
1636:
1573:
2101:
1271:
1236:
1180:
1157:
to prevent any future rebellion of the kind. He died after a reign of 28 years.
1137:
1054:
998:
965:
890:
882:
862:
812:
808:
744:
dynasty which ruled the Sindh Sultanate from 1351 before being replaced by the
1337:
1192:
1004:
835:
attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from
811:
that in 1333 the Sammas were in rebellion, led by the founder of the dynasty,
761:
1336:
style. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the
54:
41:
17:
2212:
1016:
844:
This period marks the beginning of Sufistic thought and teachings in Sindh.
819:
soon after 1335 and the last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of
1069:, defeated the last Soomra ruler, son of Dodo, and established Samma rule.
2035:
2222:
2197:
1332:
The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the
1250:
1118:
1048:
1032:
953:
914:
894:
839:
he later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender. The Samma dynasty overtook the
694:
570:
1946:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 694.
1754:
2232:
2207:
1847:
Ephrat, Daphna; Wolper, Ethel Sara; Pinto, Paulo G. (7 December 2020).
1243:
1154:
1028:
820:
741:
2217:
1751:"Directions in the History and Archaeology of Sindh by M. H. Panhwar"
1662:
1496:
Forging a Region Sultans, Traders, and Pilgrims in Gujarat, 1200–1500
1322:
1305:
1232:
1126:
1110:
886:
874:
816:
789:
781:
774:
770:
769:
of Lohana tribe included Sammas. Sarah Ansari states both Sammas and
529:
194:
1595:
The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig
777:
tribes when they converted to Islam. Their chiefs were followers of
2046:
2006:
Searchlights on Baloches and Balochistan, by Mir Khuda Bakhsh Marri
1884:
2187:
1270:
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1136:
1106:
906:
846:
836:
793:
698:
566:
551:
2192:
878:
804:
766:
509:
Location of the Sammas, and main South Asian polities in 1400 CE
203:
107:
2050:
2003:- Page 224, by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti
1885:
The environments that led to the rise and fall of the Kalhoras
1520:
P. M. Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis (21 April 1977).
1114:
855:
785:
1935:
792:. Firishta mentions two groups of zamindars in Sindh, namely
1242:
Shortly after his accession, he went with a large force to
1441:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 39, 147.
1805:
Gujarat, Part 1 Gujarat, Anthropological Survey of India
1638:
Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947
1989:
by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, a publication now in the
1053:
Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned by
1280:
seldom went out. But he was fearful of his ministers.
1547:
1545:
1543:
1997:
Islamic culture - Page 429, by Islamic Culture Board
1552:
Census Organization (Pakistan); Abdul Latif (1976).
2272:
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2175:
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690:
614:
604:
592:
584:
576:
562:
535:
525:
514:
71:
2018:Muslim Kingship in India, by Nagendra Kumar Singh
1836:
1834:
1653:One of the most well-known all-India examples of
1910:"In Pakistan, imposing tombs that few have seen"
1745:
1743:
1716:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 158-159.
1608:Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Jacobabad
2062:
1985:This article incorporates text from the work
1682:. Har-Anand Publications. 2002. p. 112.
8:
2001:The History and Culture of the Indian People
1555:Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Larkana
78:
1781:. India Guide Publications. pp. 311–.
722:
2069:
2055:
2047:
1874:The Hindu - The world's largest necropolis
1641:. Cambridge University Press. p. 30.
1621:The Chachnamah An Ancient History Of Sindh
1526:. Cambridge University Press. p. 26.
1347:
945:"History of Delhi Sultanate" by M. H. Syed
924:
68:
1808:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 1174–1175.
1295:
1499:. Oxford University Press. p. 42.
1427:
889:rulers of western Gujarat also part of
2351:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India
1572:U. M. Chokshi; M. R. Trivedi (1989).
1567:
1565:
917:District and Bhal Region of Gujarat.
613:
603:
599:
583:
7:
897:, the first Samma sultan of Sindh.
854:, built during the 15th century at
803:were regarded as a sub-division of
715:
27:15th-century dynasty based in Sindh
1635:Ansari, Sarah F. D. (1992-01-31).
1227:that displays Gujarati influences.
25:
1275:Coin during the rule of Jam Feraz
2341:Empires and kingdoms of Pakistan
2034:
1908:Qureshi, Urooj (8 August 2014).
1438:A Historical atlas of South Asia
1435:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
674:
649:
118:
100:
1091:Jam Fateh Khan bin Jam Sikandar
815:Unar. The Sammas overthrew the
1406:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
1:
1679:Sindh: Land of Hope and Glory
1113:and conquered that town and
1057:, the famous traveller from
893:and directly descended from
606:• Samma dynasty begins
2412:
2259:Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III
1558:. Manager of Publications.
1334:Indo-Islamic architectural
1264:
1209:
1190:
1046:
1037:History of Delhi Sultanate
971:Jam Salahuddin (1379-1389)
823:, under the protection of
784:saints with their base at
616:• Samma dynasty ends
29:
2264:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
2112:Caliphal province of Sind
2092:Indus Valley Civilisation
1416:List of Monarchs of Sindh
1387:
1378:
1370:
1350:
1316:of the trading centre of
1145:, a Samma Prince, at the
986:Jam Fath Khan (1398-1414)
962:Jam Banhabina (1352-1367)
716:
628:
624:
600:
95:
90:
80:
79:
55:24.7461167°N 67.9243361°E
2305:Battle of Khari Khabarlo
2107:Brahmin dynasty of Sindh
1775:Anjali H. Desai (2007).
995:Jam Sikandar (1442-1444)
980:Jam Ali Sher (1391-1398)
1943:Encyclopædia Britannica
1575:Gujarat State Gazetteer
1493:Sheikh, Samira (2010).
1314:Portuguese took control
989:Jam Tughluq (1414-1442)
951:
2376:History of Balochistan
2012:Babar, by Radhey Shyam
1853:. BRILL. p. 276.
1309:
1276:
1228:
1149:
858:
60:24.7461167; 67.9243361
2336:Dynasties of Pakistan
2203:Mansura (Brahmanabad)
1598:. Chand. p. 518.
1468:Pakistan Perspectives
1299:
1274:
1219:
1140:
1109:’s grandsons came to
959:Jam Junan (1339-1352)
850:
558:(liturgical language)
536:Common languages
2043:at Wikimedia Commons
1963:Archnet.org: Thattah
1462:Naz, Humera (2019).
852:Tomb of Bibi Jawindi
825:Muhammad bin Tughluq
30:For other uses, see
2295:Battle of Hyderabad
1778:India Guide Gujarat
1223:'s tomb features a
51: /
2366:History of Gujarat
2346:Dynasties of India
2300:Battle of Fatehpur
2273:Wars & battles
1968:2012-06-06 at the
1618:Kalichbeg (1900).
1310:
1286:Battle of Fatehpur
1277:
1229:
1150:
1067:Sultanate of Delhi
992:Jam Mubarak (1442)
859:
833:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
732:Rule of the Sammas
2381:History of Punjab
2323:
2322:
2254:Dollah Darya Khan
2162:Bombay Presidency
2122:Emirate of Multan
2039:Media related to
1987:A History of Sind
1860:978-90-04-44427-0
1788:978-0-9789517-0-2
1723:978-0-391-04125-7
1710:Wink, A. (2002).
1648:978-0-521-40530-0
1533:978-0-521-29137-8
1397:
1396:
1388:Succeeded by
1221:Jam Nizamuddin II
1212:Jam Nizamuddin II
1206:Jam Nizamuddin II
1098:About this time,
1025:
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1011:Jam Nizamuddin II
946:
934:
871:Gujarat Sultanate
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703:
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518:Tributary to the
75:(Sindh Sultanate)
16:(Redirected from
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2371:History of Kutch
2361:History of Sindh
2310:Battle of Kachhi
2285:Battle of Halani
2078:History of Sindh
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1348:
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1170:Jam Nizamuddin I
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1143:Jam Mubarak Khan
975:Jam Nizamuddin I
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2268:
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2171:
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2080:
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1039:by M. H. Syed.
983:Jam Karn (1398)
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899:Sandhai Muslims
829:sultan of Delhi
757:
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520:Delhi Sultanate
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2167:British period
2164:
2159:
2157:Talpur dynasty
2154:
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2137:Arghun dynasty
2134:
2129:
2127:Soomra dynasty
2124:
2119:
2114:
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2097:Sindhu kingdom
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2029:External links
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1998:
1995:
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1934:, ed. (1911).
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1344:External links
1342:
1327:northern India
1293:
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2020:
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1991:public domain
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1757:on 2018-12-25
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1017:Jam Feruzudin
1015:
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939:Samma Dynasty
933:
927:
926:
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904:
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868:
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841:Sumra dynasty
838:
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826:
822:
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814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
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768:
764:
763:
759:According to
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752:
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747:
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740:
713:
709:
708:Samma dynasty
700:
696:
693:
691:Today part of
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73:Samma dynasty
70:
67:
64:
46:67°55′27.61″E
43:24°44′46.02″N
33:
19:
18:Samma Dynasty
2391:Samma tribes
2249:Hoshu Sheedi
2183:Mohenjo-daro
2131:
1988:
1984:
1958:
1952:
1941:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1912:. BBC Travel
1903:
1891:
1880:
1869:
1849:
1842:
1824:
1804:
1797:
1777:
1770:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1733:
1727:. Retrieved
1712:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1678:
1672:
1652:
1637:
1630:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1594:
1587:
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1311:
1282:
1278:
1256:
1248:
1241:
1230:
1224:
1200:
1196:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1161:Jam Sikandar
1151:
1124:
1103:Pir Muhammad
1097:
1094:
1085:
1082:Jam Ali Sher
1076:
1059:North Africa
1052:
1036:
1026:
937:
936:
869:tied to the
867:economically
860:
798:
760:
758:
750:
707:
705:
639:Succeeded by
638:
633:
495:
372:VIJAYANAGARA
332:
232:
185:
178:PHAGMODRUPAS
36:
2102:Rai dynasty
1237:Balochistan
1133:Jam Taghlak
1055:Ibn Battuta
1019:(1508-1527)
1013:(1461-1508)
1007:(1453-1461)
1001:(1444-1453)
999:Jam Raidhan
977:(1389-1391)
968:(1367-1379)
966:Jam Tamachi
956:(1336-1339)
909:. Even the
891:Samma tribe
863:politically
813:Jam Tamachi
809:Ibn Battuta
796:and Samma.
634:Preceded by
245:GOVERNORATE
58: /
2330:Categories
1761:2008-10-25
1729:2022-08-02
1655:Suhrawardi
1448:0226742210
1422:References
1385:1336–1524
1338:Makli Hill
1193:Jam Sanjar
1187:Jam Sanjar
1107:Amir Timur
1005:Jam Sanjar
856:Uch Sharif
779:Suhrawardi
755:Beginnings
717:سمن جو راڄ
577:Government
147:(TUGHLAQS)
109:South Asia
2228:Hyderabad
2213:Agham Kot
1267:Jám Feróz
1119:zamindars
911:Chudasama
762:Chachnama
748:in 1524.
563:Religion
486:SULTANATE
403:JAISALMER
394:SULTANATE
363:SULTANATE
333:NAGVANSIS
267:SULTANATE
256:SULTANATE
169:SULTANATE
138:SULTANATE
91:1351–1524
2223:Khudabad
2208:Umer Kot
2198:Banbhore
2176:Capitals
1966:Archived
1400:See also
1381:Monarchy
1251:Kandahar
1155:parganah
1065:and the
1049:Jam Unar
1043:Jam Unar
1033:Firishta
954:Jam Unar
915:Junagadh
895:Jam Unar
739:medieval
737:) was a
695:Pakistan
580:Monarchy
571:Hinduism
548:Gujarati
314:SUGAUNAS
265:KHANDESH
167:SHAH MIR
2233:Karachi
2085:Periods
1979:Sources
1916:17 July
1695:3 April
1663:Soomros
1480:3652107
1244:Bhakkar
1225:jharoka
1105:one of
1029:Jamshid
921:History
885:", the
877:" and "
821:Gujarat
817:Soomras
771:Soomros
726:
719:
593:History
526:Capital
484:JAUNPUR
457:AMARKOT
430:KARAULI
305:KAMATAS
294:EASTERN
276:TOMARAS
254:BAHMANI
243:GUJARAT
156:TIMURID
111:1400 CE
83:
81:سما راڄ
2242:People
2218:Thatta
1857:
1812:
1785:
1720:
1686:
1645:
1530:
1503:
1478:
1445:
1323:Punjab
1318:Hormuz
1306:Thatta
1292:Legacy
1233:Punjab
1181:Gujrat
1127:Multan
1111:Multan
1063:Soomra
887:Jadeja
875:Sultan
827:, the
790:Multan
775:Rajput
773:to be
742:Sindhi
712:Sindhi
596:
588:
556:Arabic
544:Kutchi
540:Sindhi
530:Thatta
515:Status
498:states
496:Tribal
448:SIROHI
421:MARWAR
374:EMPIRE
361:BENGAL
352:CHUTIA
296:GANGAS
285:TWIPRA
233:KALMAT
223:KANGRA
214:KUMAON
196:MARYUL
187:SAMMAS
158:EMPIRE
2188:Debal
1474:(2).
1141:Tomb
1100:Mirza
907:Sindh
903:Samma
837:Delhi
801:Samma
794:Sumra
699:India
567:Islam
552:Halar
475:MEWAT
466:VAGAD
439:AMBER
412:MEWAR
392:MALWA
383:REDDI
323:MALLA
129:DELHI
32:Samma
2193:Aror
1918:2017
1855:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1697:2016
1684:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1476:SSRN
1443:ISBN
1325:and
1235:and
901:are
879:Shah
865:and
805:Jats
788:and
782:Sufi
767:Jats
723:lit.
706:The
620:1524
610:1351
343:AHOM
205:GUGE
1115:Uch
905:of
883:Jam
786:Uch
585:Jam
550:in
546:•
2332::
1940:.
1833:^
1742:^
1732:.
1651:.
1564:^
1542:^
1472:24
1470:.
1466:.
1353:—
765:,
721:,
714::
569:•
554:•
542:•
2070:e
2063:t
2056:v
1993:.
1920:.
1898:;
1863:.
1818:.
1791:.
1764:.
1699:.
1624:.
1536:.
1509:.
1482:.
1451:.
1357:—
1308:.
735:'
729:'
710:(
34:.
20:)
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