366:
511:
414:) with the Sammamish raiders in tow. However, it was ultimately unsuccessful, as the Sammamish river canoes, unsuitable for the open waters of the Puget Sound, capsized, allowing the Skagit to escape. The Sammamish returned home overland, building makeshift rafts to cross the water. It was theorized by historian David Buerge that the poor resources of the Sammamish River Valley led to their tendency for raiding.
432:(Snoqualmie). Although the Sammamish were listed in the preamble of the treaty, they did not sign the treaty. Despite this, Governor Isaac Stevens moved to enforce the treaty on the Sammamish even before it was ratified by Congress. One prominent leader of the Sammamish, Sahwicholgadhw, did not accept the treaty, and resisted the attempts of the Americans to remove the Sammamish from their homelands. Although
1324:
612:. Berries were gathered in many places, from swamps, to prairies, to the foothills of the Issaquah Alps. Other types of game were caught and consumed fresh, as well as used for pelts or feathers, such as waterfowl and deer, however the traditionally lake-oriented lifestyle of the Sammamish relied more on aquatic resources like fish than their riverine neighbors.
607:
Fish, most importantly salmon, were caught in canoes, with spears and nets, or on giant fishing weirs, constructed over the length of a creek, where massive amounts of fish could be easily caught. Although some salmon was eaten fresh, most salmon would be dried or smoked and could be eaten with dried
571:
Traditional
Sammamish society was highly stratified, made up of two main classes, as well as a separate slave class. Social standing was determined by social prestige, power, and family ties. Villages were roughly democratic oligarchies, with the eldest or most prestigious members of a family forming
497:
tribes, where many of the descendants of the
Sammamish live today. Some Sammamish continued to refuse to move to the Tulalip Reservation and continued to live in the area as laborers and farmers. The last independent Sammamish continued to practice their traditions until the 1900s and 1910s, when the
522:
Sammamish villages consisted of large longhouses, constructed of great cedar planks and poles. Houses were around 50 feet by 100 feet and could hold several families at a time, sometimes amounting to hundreds of people. Longhouses were divided so that each family had a "room" and a central fire pit,
329:
people. Because of these ties, early
American settlers often believed that the Sammamish were a subgroup of the Duwamish, or that the Duwamish were a subgroup of the Sammamish. However, the Sammamish were a completely sovereign and autonomous group from their Duwamish neighbors. Some historians have
645:
Today, Lushootseed has no first-language speakers and is primarily reserved for ceremonial and cultural contexts, like storytelling and prayer. Despite this, the
Tulalip and Snoqualmie tribes are working to revitalize the language, and it is taught in several colleges and high schools in the area,
373:
For more than 10,000 years, the
Sammamish people have hunted, fished, and gathered on their lands along Lake Washington and the Sammamish River and Lake. The Sammamish were a relatively poor people, and they were also noted by their neighbors for their tendency towards warfare. War was uncommon in
246:. Despite this, they were removed from their land and sent to the Tulalip Reservation, where many Sammamish descendants live today. Other Sammamish continued to live in their traditional homeland along the Sammamish River but later moved to neighboring reservations.
518:
The traditional territory of the
Sammamish includes all of Lake Sammamish and the Sammamish River. The Sammamish hunted in the surrounding forests, fished along the lakes, the river and the nearby creeks, and gathered in the marshes and flats nearby.
575:
Sammamish society and life was based around the yearly cycle of summertime hunting, gathering, and fishing all throughout their territory, before people would stay in their villages during the winter to feast and to engage in ceremonies. Large
603:
Cattails are also critical to the traditional ways of the
Sammamish. They can be used for making blankets, sleeping pads, pillows, hats, skirts, and even giant mats, which were used to make large tents for camping during the summer months.
357:(inland peoples), and so forth. This is due to the traditional lifestyle of the Sammamish, which relied much more on the resources of Lake Washington, rather than from their own river, than other riverine groups in the area.
470:, local sawmill owner and one of the founders of Seattle, aided in the removal of the Sammamish from their homelands. After their removal, the villages were destroyed by settlers. As with the relocation of other
374:
the region, and whilst warriors were respected, warfare was seen as a social negative. For this reason, the
Sammamish were looked down upon by many of their contemporaries, who viewed them as uncouth and rowdy.
314:
The
Sammamish are a Southern Coast Salish people. They were historically closely related to and allied with their immediate neighbors, who today constitute the Snoqualmie and the various subgroups of the
572:
a village council, at which matters were decided in a democratic fashion. Slaves were prisoners of war or children of slaves, and slavery was generally for life, although there were some exceptions.
532:, the head of Lake Union near what is now Kenmore. This site was at the mouth of the Sammamish River before Lake Washington was drained by 10 feet, which, at the time, was near where Swamp Creek (
2349:
191:
580:
would be thrown as a display of wealth and prestige, where relatives from distant villages would be invited to receive lavish gifts, alongside gambling, dancing, and storytelling.
2663:
498:
last visible traces of
Sammamish people in the Sammamish River Valley would practically disappear. In 2009, only 69 people in Kenmore – once the largest Sammamish village – were
2658:
462:
Following the conclusion of the unsuccessful Puget Sound War, many Sammamish were relocated to Fort Kitsap, where the Sammamish remained until their eventual assignment to the
2404:
471:
2359:
417:
In the 1850s, the population of the Sammamish, including those living along both the Sammamish River and Lake Sammamish, was estimated to be as high as 200 people.
298:
The first American settlers also called the Sammamish various names such as "Squak", "Simump", and "Squowh." These names are anglicizations of the Lushootseed word
1712:
209:, where they have hunted, fished, and gathered for over 10,000 years. The Sammamish had several villages along the length of the river, with the largest being at
339:, or "lake people," referring to the peoples living on Lake Washington, and, broadly, any lake at all. This is opposed to other ethnic identifiers, such as the
1248:
227:. Traditional Sammamish society revolved around their two lakes, Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish, more than the Sammamish River which connects the two.
2379:
2384:
1992:
479:
2485:
859:
1633:
2354:
1125:
765:
499:
275:
is disputed among historians and linguists, and there are several possible etymologies. The name is derived from a root word and the suffix
1370:
660:
295:," which would mean their name translates to "willow people." According to the Sammamish Heritage Society, the name means "hunter people."
133:
104:
482:
which killed almost two-thirds of the Sammamish population, as well as by the devastation from the effects of several previous epidemics.
1154:
The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline Among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774–1874
835:
140:
230:
In the early 19th century, the Sammamish were one of the first peoples of Puget Sound to come into contact with the traders from the
2449:
1518:
1161:
1100:
1012:
2184:
1057:
2159:
1241:
596:, and much more can be fashioned out of cedar. Other types of wood were used for various applications as well. Bows were made of
2189:
592:
was, and continues to be, the most critical resource for the Sammamish. Canoes, houses, clothing, paddles, toys, baskets, nets,
1574:
2475:
2439:
1513:
757:
2470:
970:
2567:
2480:
285:, the name means "meander dwellers." According to historian and writer David Buerge, the name might derive from the word
2119:
1092:
219:. The Sammamish were historically a warlike, but impoverished people, and were closely allied with their neighbors, the
179:
2139:
2124:
1847:
1837:
2309:
2214:
2144:
1857:
1812:
1234:
720:"Notice of Inventory Completion: Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, WA"
440:
at the time, pressured the Sammamish into relocating, the Sammamish continued to refuse the efforts of the Americans.
182:. Other Sammamish people moved to other reservations in the region, and today their descendants are citizens of the
2414:
2299:
2239:
2204:
1672:
1626:
1508:
1348:
2374:
1967:
1543:
1503:
333:
Despite being a primarily riverine people, the Sammamish were historically considered by their contemporaries as
550:
villages, it was common to reprimand misbehaving children by telling them they were acting as if they were from
2399:
1338:
901:
448:
239:
183:
1412:
2552:
2506:
2429:
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2229:
2164:
2094:
1882:
1807:
1802:
1533:
490:
421:
378:
243:
231:
187:
171:
148:
42:
526:
The Sammamish had several villages along the Sammamish River and Lake Sammamish, with the largest being at
365:
2521:
2424:
2409:
2334:
2319:
2234:
2199:
2174:
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1907:
1892:
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411:
160:
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1722:
1619:
1579:
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510:
433:
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1817:
1752:
863:
719:
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2179:
2129:
2022:
1777:
1717:
1682:
1553:
1417:
1309:
655:
635:
404:(Snatelum Point). The raid was initially successful, as the Skagit began to flee across Penn Cove to
125:
90:
66:
1757:
2597:
2269:
2244:
2224:
2209:
2134:
2114:
2057:
1852:
1842:
1707:
1677:
1666:
1290:
216:
175:
82:
1877:
1832:
1661:
1177:
1156:. Seattle and Vancouver: University of Washington Press and University of British Columbia Press.
2542:
2194:
2154:
2149:
2104:
1867:
1862:
1263:
459:, the Sammamish joined the assault on the young town, in which almost every building was burned.
152:
46:
2329:
2274:
1917:
1797:
2052:
1737:
1732:
546:(Issaquah Creek). Its low prestige was widely known by the nearby saltwater peoples. Among the
2632:
2562:
2557:
2294:
2002:
1473:
1443:
1226:
1157:
1131:
1121:
1096:
1008:
1007:. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 7. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 485–502.
831:
771:
761:
224:
112:
1902:
1782:
1687:
2627:
2604:
2592:
2511:
2062:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1972:
1872:
1827:
1702:
1600:
1478:
1448:
1438:
1422:
1407:
1397:
944:
639:
70:
485:
Because of this relocation, many Sammamish were amalgamated into other tribes, such as the
2577:
2444:
2369:
2344:
2314:
2042:
2017:
1957:
1822:
1762:
1697:
1548:
1528:
1468:
1453:
444:
316:
242:, as well as raiding other tribes. In 1855, the Sammamish attended, but did not sign, the
235:
220:
198:
144:
108:
502:. They were likely not all of Sammamish descent, although the exact number is not known.
398:. A Sammamish raiding party traveled to Penn Cove to attack the Lower Skagit village at
2622:
2582:
2529:
2454:
1947:
1792:
1772:
1692:
1595:
1523:
1387:
909:
475:
395:
282:
206:
202:
167:, although its usage today is mostly reserved for cultural and ceremonial practices.
2647:
2572:
2324:
1987:
1912:
1787:
589:
425:
326:
50:
642:. The Sammamish dialect is closely related to the Duwamish and Snoqualmie dialects.
377:
The Sammamish were one of the first peoples to trade with overland traders from the
2394:
2389:
1962:
1952:
1642:
1392:
467:
437:
385:
136:
86:
1086:
2609:
1977:
1538:
1343:
1273:
1257:
978:
627:
626:
Like their Duwamish and Snoqualmie relatives, the Sammamish traditionally speak
621:
547:
164:
156:
62:
1323:
2547:
2047:
1767:
1483:
1135:
749:
234:. During this period, the Sammamish participated in several wars, such as the
197:
The historical extent of Sammamish territory ranges from the northern head of
1091:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 173 (3rd ed.). Norman:
2073:
2032:
2027:
1937:
1932:
1463:
790:"sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ dxʷləšucid ʔaciɬtalbixʷ: Puget Sound Geographical names"
775:
486:
600:
or maple, and madrona was used in cooking and other fire-resistant tools.
1942:
1742:
789:
609:
577:
456:
429:
2037:
1897:
1747:
1402:
494:
463:
306:, the name for Issaquah Creek and the location of a Sammamish village.
254:
The name "Sammamish" is an anglicization of their Lushootseed endonym,
2078:
2068:
1927:
1727:
1358:
1221:
1118:
Valley of the Spirits: The Upper Skagit Indians of Western Washington
452:
424:
with appointed leaders of most of the Puget Sound peoples, headed by
292:
369:
Confluence of Bear Creek and Sammamish River in Redmond, Washington
1206:
828:
sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ: Puget Sound Geography
593:
1615:
1611:
1230:
443:
Under Sahwicholgadhw, some Sammamish warriors took part in the
1211:
597:
538:) is today. The furthest upriver village was at the mouth of
281:, meaning "people." According to linguist and anthropologist
1216:
330:
continued to classify the Sammamish as a Duwamish subgroup.
170:
Historically, the Sammamish were a distinct tribe. The 1855
2350:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
1085:
Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2010).
638:, spoken by the Lushootseed-speaking peoples south of the
178:, and today many of their descendants are citizens of the
1217:
Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation
192:
Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation
1088:
A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest
634:
spoken across Puget Sound. The Sammamish dialect is
384:
Around 1832, the Sammamish went raiding against the
2520:
2494:
2463:
2087:
1649:
1588:
1562:
1496:
1431:
1380:
1369:
1331:
1299:
1283:
1272:
447:against the United States, and participated in the
97:
76:
56:
36:
29:
689:
552:
540:
533:
527:
420:In 1855, the United States government signed the
405:
399:
389:
352:
346:
340:
334:
320:
300:
286:
276:
270:
261:
255:
210:
830:. Lushootseed Press. pp. 44–45, 81, 114.
1627:
1242:
163:which was historically spoken across most of
8:
2664:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
743:
741:
24:
2659:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest
1120:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1634:
1620:
1612:
1377:
1322:
1280:
1249:
1235:
1227:
23:
16:Lushootseed-speaking people of Puget Sound
1059:Kenmore by the Lake: A Community History
714:
712:
710:
523:only partially-separated by partitions.
509:
480:1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
364:
2486:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
2476:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
1147:
1145:
706:
672:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1003:Suttles, Wayne; Lane, Barbara (1990).
2471:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
998:
996:
895:
893:
7:
2481:Washington Indian Gaming Association
969:Dougherty, Phil (January 28, 2008).
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
853:
851:
849:
847:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
661:List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples
588:Like other Northwest Coast peoples,
37:Regions with significant populations
2360:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
1182:Governors Office of Indian Affairs
14:
2450:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1519:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1065:. Kenmore Heritage Society. 2003.
478:was significantly enabled by the
174:assigned the Sammamish people to
1116:Collins, June McCormick (1974).
1575:Port Madison Indian Reservation
1178:"Treaty of Point Elliott, 1855"
428:(Suquamish/Duwamish) and Chief
2464:Organizations and institutions
2440:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1514:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
971:"Sammamish Names Then and Now"
943:Wilma, David (June 12, 2003).
758:University of Washington Press
1:
2355:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
945:"Bothell – Thumbnail History"
900:Buerge, David (August 1984).
514:Aerial view of Lake Sammamish
2185:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
2120:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
1570:Swinomish Indian Reservation
1524:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
1222:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
1093:University of Oklahoma Press
646:both tribal and non-tribal.
180:Tulalip Tribes of Washington
105:Lushootseed-speaking peoples
2385:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
2310:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
2215:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
1497:Federally recognized tribes
2680:
2415:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
2300:Yakweakwioose First Nation
2205:Yakweakwioose First Nation
2160:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
1509:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
975:Sammamish Heritage Society
724:Department of the Interior
619:
269:The etymology of the name
2380:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
2375:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
1544:Puyallup Tribe of Indians
1504:Upper Skagit Indian Tribe
1320:
748:Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom;
102:
81:
61:
41:
30:
2400:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
1539:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
1339:Salishan oral narratives
1207:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
902:"Indian Lake Washington"
826:Waterman, T. T. (2001).
184:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
2537:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
2430:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
2290:Tsawwassen First Nation
2285:Snuneymuxw First Nation
2230:Kwikwetlem First Nation
2165:Skawahlook First Nation
1534:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1212:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
726:. National Park Service
690:
553:
541:
534:
528:
472:Northwest Coast peoples
422:Treaty of Point Elliott
406:
400:
390:
353:
347:
341:
335:
321:
301:
287:
277:
271:
262:
256:
244:Treaty of Point Elliott
211:
188:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
172:Treaty of Point Elliott
129:
2425:Skokomish Indian Tribe
2410:Quinault Indian Nation
2405:Nisqually Indian Tribe
2335:Esquimalt First Nation
2320:Union Bar First Nation
2240:Chemainus First Nation
2235:Semiahmoo First Nation
2200:Tzeachten First Nation
2175:Soowahlie First Nation
2140:Sq'éwlets First Nation
2125:Leq'á:mel First Nation
2100:Chawathil First Nation
1549:Nisqually Indian Tribe
754:Lushootseed Dictionary
515:
506:Territory and villages
449:1856 Battle of Seattle
370:
345:(saltwater peoples),
240:1865 Battle of Seattle
155:. The Sammamish speak
2255:Klahoose First Nation
2190:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
2170:Skowkale First Nation
2110:Kwantlen First Nation
1589:Non-recognized groups
1580:Nisqually Reservation
1262:-speaking peoples of
1184:. State of Washington
1152:Boyd, Robert (1999).
1005:Southern Coast Salish
866:on February 13, 2003.
679:Also spelled sc̓əpabš
632:Coast Salish language
513:
368:
161:Coast Salish language
137:Southern Coast Salish
98:Related ethnic groups
2435:Squaxin Island Tribe
2420:Samish Indian Nation
2365:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
2340:Tsawout First Nation
2305:Tseycum First Nation
2265:Nanoose First Nation
2260:Malahat First Nation
2250:Homalco First Nation
2220:Musqueam Indian Band
2180:Squiala First Nation
2130:Matsqui First Nation
1554:Squaxin Island Tribe
1275:Lushootseed language
656:Coast Salish peoples
636:Southern Lushootseed
379:Hudson's Bay Company
351:(riverine peoples),
236:1855 Puget Sound War
232:Hudson's Bay Company
134:Lushootseed-speaking
2495:Culture and society
2270:Peters First Nation
2245:Halalt First Nation
2225:Katzie First Nation
2145:Seabird Island Band
2115:Katzie First Nation
1349:Transformer/Changer
1291:Lushootseed grammar
760:. pp. 50, 51.
464:Tulalip Reservation
434:David 'Doc' Maynard
176:Tulalip Reservation
83:Indigenous religion
26:
2195:Sumas First Nation
2155:Skway First Nation
2150:Skwah First Nation
2105:Cheam First Nation
860:"Duwamish-Seattle"
796:. January 16, 2017
516:
371:
147:Valley in central
2641:
2640:
2295:Yale First Nation
1609:
1608:
1492:
1491:
1318:
1317:
1127:978-0-295-95327-4
913:. pp. 29–33.
767:978-0-295-97323-4
608:berries or baked
584:Natural resources
139:people. They are
118:
117:
2671:
2210:Sts'ailes Nation
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1601:Steilacoom Tribe
1432:Southern peoples
1381:Northern peoples
1378:
1373:
1326:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1082:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1054:
1019:
1018:
1000:
991:
990:
988:
986:
977:. Archived from
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
940:
915:
914:
906:
897:
868:
867:
862:. Archived from
855:
842:
841:
823:
806:
805:
803:
801:
786:
780:
779:
745:
736:
735:
733:
731:
716:
694:
693:
686:
680:
677:
556:
544:
537:
531:
409:
403:
393:
356:
350:
344:
338:
324:
304:
290:
280:
274:
265:
259:
214:
205:at the south of
122:Sammamish people
27:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2516:
2490:
2459:
2445:Suquamish Tribe
2370:Suquamish Tribe
2345:Cowichan Tribes
2330:T'Sou-ke Nation
2315:Squamish Nation
2280:shíshálh Nation
2275:Tla'amin Nation
2095:Aitchelitz Band
2083:
1645:
1640:
1610:
1605:
1584:
1558:
1529:Suquamish Tribe
1488:
1427:
1371:
1365:
1327:
1314:
1295:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1175:
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981:on May 7, 2015
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207:Lake Sammamish
203:Issaquah Creek
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451:. Led by the
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283:T.T. Waterman
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52:
51:United States
48:
44:
40:
35:
28:
19:
2654:Coast Salish
2390:Lummi Nation
1982:
1968:Upper Skagit
1963:Lower Skagit
1643:Coast Salish
1563:Reservations
1458:
1188:November 21,
1186:. Retrieved
1181:
1172:
1153:
1117:
1111:
1087:
1058:
1004:
985:November 21,
983:. Retrieved
979:the original
974:
964:
954:November 20,
952:. Retrieved
948:
908:
864:the original
827:
800:November 20,
798:. Retrieved
793:
784:
753:
730:December 27,
728:. Retrieved
723:
684:
675:
644:
625:
606:
602:
587:
574:
570:
551:
539:
525:
521:
517:
484:
468:Henry Yesler
461:
442:
438:Indian Agent
419:
416:
386:Lower Skagit
383:
376:
372:
332:
313:
299:
297:
268:
253:
229:
196:
169:
121:
119:
89:, including
87:Christianity
21:Ethnic group
18:
2610:Lushootseed
2395:Makah Tribe
2135:Popkum Band
2088:Governments
2065:(Tillamook)
1978:Muckleshoot
1265:Puget Sound
1259:Lushootseed
794:Lushootseed
756:. Seattle:
750:Hilbert, Vi
628:Lushootseed
622:Lushootseed
291:, meaning "
165:Puget Sound
157:Lushootseed
149:King County
126:Lushootseed
63:Lushootseed
43:King County
2648:Categories
2548:Halkomelem
2048:Sahewamish
2003:Snoqualmie
1883:Skawahlook
1808:Tsawwassen
1803:Snuneymuxw
1723:Humptulips
1673:Stz'uminus
1484:Sahewamish
1474:Steilacoom
1444:Snoqualmie
1136:1120655342
701:References
578:potlatches
548:Elliot Bay
529:ƛ̕ax̌ʷadis
491:Snoqualmie
412:Oak Harbor
401:čubəʔalšəd
354:st̕aq̓tabš
348:stuləgʷabš
322:təbɬtubixʷ
225:Snoqualmie
212:ƛ̕ax̌ʷadis
153:Washington
141:indigenous
113:Snoqualmie
47:Washington
2588:Semiahmoo
2543:Pentlatch
2522:Languages
2507:Mythology
2074:Quamichan
2053:Wynoochee
2033:Swinomish
2028:Suquamish
2013:Nisqually
2008:Skykomish
1998:Snohomish
1983:Sammamish
1973:Skokomish
1938:Penelakut
1933:Quamichan
1908:Tzeachten
1893:Soowahlie
1873:Shilshole
1848:Leq'á:mel
1843:Sts'ailes
1838:Sq'éwlets
1828:Semiahmoo
1738:Kilpahlas
1733:Khenipsen
1703:Esquimalt
1667:Sts'ailes
1657:Chawathil
1479:Nisqually
1464:Suquamish
1459:Sammamish
1449:Shilshole
1439:Skykomish
1423:Snohomish
1408:Kikiallus
1398:Swinomish
640:Snohomish
535:dxʷɬəq̓ab
487:Suquamish
391:sqaǰətabš
342:x̌ʷəlčabš
336:x̌ačuʔabš
91:syncretic
57:Languages
25:Sammamish
2633:Quinault
2616:Southern
2598:T'sou-ke
2593:Songhees
2563:Nooksack
2558:Squamish
2553:shíshálh
2043:Quinault
2018:Puyallup
1958:Nooksack
1943:Lamalcha
1923:Tsartlip
1918:T'souk-e
1888:Skowkale
1823:Squamish
1818:shíshálh
1798:Sliammon
1778:Musqueam
1763:Kwantlen
1753:Koksilah
1743:Klahoose
1698:Duwamish
1683:Comiaken
1469:Puyallup
1454:Duwamish
1344:dukʷibəɬ
1310:Southern
1306:Northern
1300:Dialects
776:29877333
752:(1994).
650:See also
616:Language
457:Wenatchi
430:Patkanim
272:sc̓ababš
263:sc̓əpabš
257:sc̓ababš
238:and the
223:and the
221:Duwamish
132:) are a
130:sc̓ababš
109:Duwamish
77:Religion
67:Southern
31:sc̓ababš
2628:Cowlitz
2605:Klallam
2578:Saanich
2063:Nehalem
2038:Tulalip
1948:Saanich
1898:Squiala
1793:Malahat
1783:Nanoose
1773:Matsqui
1748:Klallam
1718:Homalco
1693:Cowlitz
1688:Copalis
1650:Peoples
1403:Nuwhaha
1372:Peoples
1332:Culture
1284:Grammar
567:Society
562:Culture
495:Tulalip
426:Seattle
407:təqucid
361:History
217:Kenmore
190:, and
143:to the
71:English
2583:Samish
2079:Somena
2069:Siletz
2058:Satsop
1988:Samish
1928:Somena
1903:Stó꞉lō
1853:Popkum
1788:Nuxalk
1728:Katzie
1708:Halalt
1393:Skagit
1359:Ayahos
1160:
1134:
1124:
1099:
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691:sqʷaxʷ
554:sqawx̌
542:sqawx̌
493:, and
453:Yakama
436:, the
325:, the
302:sqawx̌
293:willow
103:Other
2623:Twana
2573:Lummi
2530:Comox
2502:Music
1953:Lummi
1868:Skway
1863:Skwah
1833:Sumas
1662:Cheam
1063:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
667:Notes
610:camas
594:weirs
590:cedar
394:) of
288:sc̓ap
93:forms
1669:(WA)
1413:Sauk
1190:2023
1158:ISBN
1132:OCLC
1122:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1009:ISBN
987:2023
956:2023
832:ISBN
802:2023
772:OCLC
762:ISBN
732:2023
630:, a
455:and
278:=abš
250:Name
159:, a
120:The
111:and
2512:Art
1713:Hoh
598:yew
201:to
69:),
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