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seconds after liftoff. The Agena-A second stage ignited at 506.7 seconds and cutoff at 629.3 seconds, as planned, but a loss of nitrogen gas pressure had disrupted the guidance and control systems at 123 seconds, resulting in poor trajectory and failure to orbit the payload. Tracking telemetry was lost prior to the Agena-A ignition, so the exact trajectory was unknown. SAMOS 1 was the first satellite in the series SAMOS launched by the US Air Force from
Vandenberg Air Force Base aboard an Atlas Agena-A rocket. It was a first-generation photo surveillance satellite intended to radio relay images back to Earth but loss of nitrogen gas pressure disrupted the guidance and control systems, causing a second stage failure. No data were returned. The payload comprised photographic and related test equipment, telemetry, radiation, tracking, and command instrumentation. The payload was housed in the Agena second stage. The entire stage was designed to go into orbit. The stage, including payload and casing, had a planned orbital mass of 1,845 kg. It was a 6.7 meter high, 1.5-meter diameter cylinder. The first stage was a modified
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around, the Air Force statement did report the satellite as having attained orbit. Indeed, it did, but the Atlas malfunctioned yet again. This time, the sustainer engine did not cut off on schedule and continued operating until LOX depletion, putting the satellite into a high orbit, which resulted in the deorbit maneuver failing (although given that reentry would have taken place over densely-populated New
England, this was not necessarily a bad thing). The reentry command had activated all systems in the satellite, quickly draining the batteries. With the loss of electrical power, the parachutes could not be deployed during reentry, and also since the retrorockets had been expended during the failed deorbit maneuver, SAMOS 5 would only leave orbit once it decayed naturally. Without the parachutes or retrorockets, the capsule's descent would be far too fast for air recovery to be possible, but it could still easily survive reentry and land almost anywhere. The spent Agena-B stage reentered over
215:
waveguide antenna, but the guidance system was not telemetered so an exact cause could not be determined. The guidance system was unable to generate any steering or programmed engine cutoff commands, however, backup signals from the missile programmer managed to ensure a proper flight path and on-time engine cutoff. The Agena-A malfunction was traced to a technician installing a pad umbilical release lanyard improperly, which resulted in the Agena-A nitrogen quick fill line being ripped out at liftoff. Film and photographs of the launch clearly showed the gas escaping. At Agena engine ignition, the performance was also below normal, suggesting damage to the pneumatic system as well.
247:
1 860 kg spacecraft was a cylinder 6.7 m long and 1.5 m in diameter, and it comprised the entire Agena-A second stage. Included in the instrumentation were photographic and associated test equipment, acoustical (Microphone
Density Gauge) micrometeorite detection apparatus, a plasma probe, and an electric field meter. The computer on board was digital-to-analog. Telemetry, tracking, and command equipment completed the payload. Details about the satellite's transmitter were not announced. A conical nose cap detached from the satellite casing and remained in orbit. The expected lifetime of the satellite was 15 years, and the expected lifetime of the nose cap was 12 years.
202:) at 20:34 GMT on 11 October 1960, using Atlas vehicle 57D and Agena 2101. The Atlas lifted smoothly and steered downrange, as the weather was clear and cloudless, visibility was excellent and the launch vehicle could be seen until after booster section separation. Initial jubilation at the successful launch turned to dismay when the real-time telemetry readouts showed that the nitrogen pressure gas for the Agena-A's attitude control jets was gone. Without this, the stage could not be stabilized for ignition so that after separation from the Atlas, the Agena-A was left with no attitude control. Telemetry indicated an erratic attitude rate and abnormal gimbaling of the
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electro-optical cameras, which transmitted images of approximately 30.5 m of resolution. On-orbit 21, ground controllers sent the command to jettison the F-1 antenna, which was partially obstructing the camera, in the hopes of even better images. However, something went disastrously wrong when all telemetry signals from SAMOS 2 ceased. It was believed that the separation mechanism for the F-1 antenna had caused the partial or complete disintegration of the satellite vehicle. SAMOS 2 remained in orbit until it decayed into the atmosphere on 21 October 1971.
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Postflight investigation found that an umbilical on PALC 1-1 had not detached on time, resulting in the booster being switched from internal to external power, but since the power umbilicals on the pad had already detached, the result was a complete loss of electrical power to all Atlas systems. The accident necessitated improved procedures to umbilical lanyard installation, and modifications to the launcher system to prevent the hold-down arms from releasing the launch vehicle until all umbilicals had detached.
232:
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143:" with the Soviet Union was very great, with space successes and boasts by Soviet politicians seeming to hint that the USSR not only had a large arsenal of nuclear missiles on hand, but were quite willing to use them. The US ballistic missile arsenal in 1960 consisted of a handful of Atlas ICBMs that were exposed to Soviet attack, took a long time to prepare for launch, and whose test flight record did not inspire much confidence. The Thor and
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for the deorbit maneuver, SAMOS 6 was launched into a high orbit. In July 1963, fifteen months later, the satellite was on the verge of reentry. With the electrical system dead for months, there was again no chance of an air recovery of the capsule, but it could still survive reentry. However, it was calculated that impact would occur in the
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cutoff signals. Booster jettison happened a few seconds early, while the sustainer engine burned to LOX depletion. The booster pitched up about 160° at SECO, leaving the Agena oriented in the wrong direction for orbital insertion, so when its engine fired, it drove SAMOS 4 into the
Pacific Ocean instead of orbit.
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The next attempt did not take place for seven months, because of the switch to the larger Agena-B second stage that could be restarted in orbit and the operational
Program 101A satellites, which had a more advanced camera system with better resolution and a wider field of view. SAMOS satellites after
246:
SAMOS 2 was launched from the
Pacific Missile Range at 20:24:00 GMT, into a near-circular polar orbit of 474 x 557 km, 94.97 min of revolution, and 97.4° of inclination, to determine the capability for making observations of space, the atmosphere, and the nature of the globe from satellites. The
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was launched on 7 March 1962 at 19:12:00 GMT, finally had no booster problems, in part due to modifications made to the Agena-B after lessons learned from previous missions, but a series of erroneous ground commands caused the satellite to deplete its attitude control gas. When the Agena stage fired
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found no indication that orbit had been achieved, and it was concluded that the vehicle had reentered and broken up over an unknown point in the
Pacific Ocean. The postflight analysis also found that the Atlas guidance system had malfunctioned in flight, due to either a failure of the rate beacon or
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By the end of 1962, when the last SAMOS satellite flew, only the CORONA program had managed to return usable reconnaissance images. The photos obtained by SAMOS 2 back at the start of 1961 were considered little more than curiosities, their resolution too low for reconnaissance. The
Lanyard program
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The 101B satellites were originally intended to use an encrypted communications system out of paranoia that the
Soviets could not only intercept transmissions, but even reprogram the satellite to land on their territory. Unlike CORONA, the 101B satellites would land with the complete camera system,
218:
The major objective of the SAMOS 1 mission was to determine the engineering feasibility of obtaining ground observation capability from an orbiting satellite. It launched on 11 October 1960 at 20:34 GMT from the
Pacific Missile Range in Point Arguello, California. The first stage separated at 249.9
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Like most early space programs, SAMOS had goals that exceeded what contemporary technology was capable of, and the launch vehicles used to orbit it were nearly as marginal as the satellite itself. Digital photography was not attempted successfully until the KH-11 satellites came online in the late
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In addition, aside program was operated during this period (Program 102) which launched a modified SAMOS on the Thor-Agena B with no cameras at all, but instead electronic monitoring equipment for detecting Soviet missile launches — what could be described as an early ELINT satellite. Four of
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It was believed that the improper pitch signals on SAMOS 4's launch vehicle had been caused by the accidental separation of a heat shield covering the retrorockets on the Atlas equipment pods. This would have caused aerodynamic heating of the pitch gyro, and the failure was extremely similar to an
283:
Several more 101/101A satellites were either completed or in a state of partial completion when the program was called off, but the problem of how to dispose of them was never satisfactorily solved. Most were left mothballed in warehouses or scrapped. There was talk of giving the camera systems to
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After SAMOS 3, it was decided to abandon the Program 101/101A satellites entirely and switch to a more conventional film recovery capsule, since the one successful mission had not proven the viability of the electro-optical camera system. While the 101/101A satellites separated from the Agena-B in
178:
was a series of scientific satellites, but SAMOS's real purpose was known from the beginning, and efforts to not link it to Discoverer were made. Although the existence and mission purpose of SAMOS was publicly acknowledged until the fall of 1961, the Air Force did not release detailed information
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and in all likelihood, the cold ocean water would crack the heat shield and cause it to sink. No attempt was made to recover SAMOS 6, which did apparently land in the Arabian Sea. At this point, the idea of the recoverable capsule was abandoned and the electro-optical system put back into use. It
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SAMOS 4 was the first fully top-secret DoD space mission, as President Kennedy had issued an executive order putting all DoD space programs under strict secrecy. The Air Force announcement said nothing other than that a satellite had been launched on 22 November from PALC 1-1 on an Atlas-Agena B
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testing for bad transistors and super-clean propellant tanks. Unfortunately, the launch was another failure, albeit less dramatic than SAMOS 3. The Atlas suffered a guidance malfunction at T+245 seconds into launch that resulted in loss of pitch control, as well as improper booster and sustainer
242:
was launched on 31 January 1961, on Atlas 70D and Agena 2102. Unlike with SAMOS 1, the weather was foggy and gray, and the pad was not even visible from the blockhouse. This time, everything worked perfectly and SAMOS 2 achieved orbit. The F-1 ferret system was tested first, followed by the E-1
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was launched on 22 December 1961 at 19:12:00 GMT, was a first-generation, low-resolution photo surveillance spacecraft, once again with nothing but a brief statement by the Air Force about a launch taking place aboard an Atlas-Agena B from PALC 1-1. Space program observers noted that this time
275:
lifted from PALC 1-1 on 9 September 1961 at 00:00:00 GMT, was a US Air Force first-generation photo surveillance satellite with 7 instruments on board but the Atlas booster's engines shut down after the rocket had ascended about 29 cm and it fell back onto the pad in an enormous fireball.
355:
When 6 January 1962 came, the indications were that SAMOS 5 impacted somewhere in northwestern Canada. A US Air Force search party attempted to obtain Canadian permission to search the suspected area, but were unable to explain exactly what they were looking for. The Canadian authorities were
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shootdown in May 1960. Unbeknownst to the Pentagon, Soviet missiles were deployed in far smaller numbers than generally believed and their reliability was no better than any US missile. The initial SAMOS satellites were known as Program 101 and were merely a test model designed to verify the
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As it turned out, PALC 1-1 was not seriously damaged by the explosion of SAMOS 3's booster and repair work only consisted of plumbing and electrical equipment, replacing the launcher mechanism, and cleaning and repainting. By 29 October, the pad was fully restored to working condition.
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about the partial recovery of what he believed was a SAMOS satellite, except the date, was the winter before the program started. A second capsule was apparently recovered in early 1961, although the device had been disassembled by local farmers, exposing film and preventing the
115:
108.2 million (inflation adjusted US$ 1.14 billion in 2024). For SAMOS, USAF, and ARPA spent a combined sum of US$ 82.9 million in FY1959 (inflation adjusted US$ 0.87 billion in 2024) and US$ 163.9 million in FY1960 (inflation adjusted US$ 1.69 billion in 2024).
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not just the film capsule, and the Pentagon and State Department dreaded the consequences of a landing on Soviet territory. Ultimately, the encrypted communication requirement was dropped in October 1961, a mere month before the first 101B satellite launched.
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A loss of nitrogen gas pressure had disrupted the guidance and control systems at 123 seconds, resulting in poor trajectory and failure to orbit the payload. Tracking telemetry were lost prior to the Agena-A ignition, so the exact trajectory was unknown.
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incident that occurred during the launch of MIDAS 4 a month earlier, and it led to redesigned heat shields over the retrorockets. The guidance system tracking beacon had also failed in flight, causing the absence of programmed BECO/SECO commands.
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Some additional payloads were sometimes on board, mostly scientific devices for learning more about the space environment so that future satellites could be better-designed for spaceflight. The satellites as launched varied in
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these were launched from 1962 to 1963 with one failure when the first satellite's Agena-B failed to restart in orbit. The standard SAMOS apparently also carried ELINT subsatellites that remained attached to the Agena-B stage.
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and the name was picked with the belief that nobody would associate it with reconnaissance. However, a mistaken rumor later emerged that the name was an acronym for "Satellite And Missile Observation System". President
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stationed in the UK, Italy, and Turkey were not much of an improvement, also their bases could be attacked by Soviet bombers. Intelligence on Soviet missile activities was considered vital, but the only viable option,
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vehicle. SAMOS 4's failure to orbit also went unannounced, although since the Air Force never confirmed that it reached orbit, space program observers quickly guessed that the launch was not a success.
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program, which saw its first launch in February 1959, began operation. SAMOS emerged as a more advanced satellite with additional capabilities that due to its larger mass would be launched on the
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NASA for the planetary probe program, but they were of doubtful value for taking photographs of the Moon. The Agena stages that could not be repurposed for other programs were scrapped.
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Atlas attitude control failure at T+247 seconds leaving the booster oriented in the wrong direction. The Agena-B could not attain orbital velocity and fell into the Pacific Ocean.
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While CORONA began flying in 1959, the reliability of the program for its first three years was abysmal and a backup reconnaissance program was needed. Moreover, the fear of the "
312:, the first Program 101B satellite, was a US Air Force first-generation photo surveillance satellite, lifted off. Extensive efforts were made to ensure mission success, such as
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The next two Program 101B satellites contained several technical improvements, such as more sophisticated telemetry and control/communications systems and improved cameras.
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136:. While CORONA took photographs and returned them to Earth in a film capsule, SAMOS would instead electronically scan its film and beam images down by radio link.
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was adamant about cultivating the image that the US space program was only for peaceful purposes. The Air Force for a while managed to create the fiction that
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aircraft had accidentally lost a nuclear warhead somewhere, and since this was not an easily resolved matter, the search was called off. Later on, a pair of
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1036:. Toward the end of the program, satellites were only being launched with Ferrets, without any cameras. Two Ferret systems were created, designated
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orbit, the 101B would remain attached and would use it for orbital maneuvers and also deorbiting the film capsule at the end of the mission.
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Pad umbilical disconnect 0.21 seconds later than intended. The Atlas lost electrical power and fell back onto the pad, exploding.
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film cameras that appeared in later launches, but only a few were used. The E-5 would later be called upon in the short-lived
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return system where the camera and used film would be ejected and be retrieved as it floated down through the atmosphere by
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type of camera, which was eventually cancelled. It likely had higher resolution, and may have been superseded by the later
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devices, for "ferreting" information by spying on electronic communication. A more modern term for that activity would be
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SAMOS 2 also sported a large "mushroom cap" nose cone, as early plans had envisioned flying a crewed capsule similar to
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416:. It is believed that the program was cancelled because the imagery produced was poor. The program was operated by the
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223:. The full rocket was 30.2 m high with a base diameter of 3.05 m and a liftoff mass of approximately 124 000 kg.
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R. Cargill Hall - SAMOS to the Moon: The Clandestine Transfer of Reconnaissance Technology Between Federal Agencies
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First generation photo surveillance; radio relay of images; micrometeoroid impact data. Decayed 21 October 1971.
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had by this time emerged as a successor to SAMOS, and by 1962, CORONA was at last reaching operational status.
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launch took place from PALC 1-1 (Point Arguello Launch Complex - later absorbed into the main launch center at
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E-1 camera, particularly the unique system of developing and scanning the film on orbit, was later adopted by
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on 31 December, and it was calculated that reentry of the satellite itself would happen on 6 January 1962.
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1190:"SAMOS Lockheed Missiles and Space Division (LMSD) Satellite Systems Briefing, Part II, The SAMOS Program"
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engine. The Agena-A burn lasted 123 seconds, slightly longer than nominal, but tracking stations in VAFB,
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with film canister returns and transmittals over the United States. SAMOS was first launched in 1960 from
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proved no more successful than before and after another five SAMOS launches, the program was terminated.
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reconnaissance aircraft searched the suspected area, but failed to locate any satellite debris.
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in 1956. In May 1958, the Department of Defense directed the transfer of the WS-117L program to
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1195:. Space and Missile Systems Organization Air Force Systems Command. 1959-09-14. Archived from
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100:. Significant parts of the SAMOS development program were SAMOS-E (optical reconnaissance),
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SAMOS started as part of the WS-117L satellite reconnaissance and protection program of the
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1275:"National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) history:The SIGINT Satellite Story, 1994 - updated"
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from determining the satellite's capabilities. It may or may not have been a SAMOS.
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purposes, but it was cancelled with the functionality being taken up by the
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about the satellites or exactly what they were doing during their missions.
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in the early 1960s, also used as a cover for the initial development of the
841:. This system was apparently troublesome, so the program also developed a
409:
From October 1960 to November 1962, at least 11 launch attempts were made.
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SAMOS 2 (1961 alpha 1): Orbit determination and analysis at 31:2 response
1364:"A History of Satellite Reconnaissance - Volume IIB - SAMOS E-5 AND E-6"
1137:"Development of the GAMBIT and HEXAGON Satellite Reconnaissance Systems"
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was performed with film cameras and television surveillance from polar
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1339:"Flight Evaluation Report, Atlas 108D" Convair, December 8, 1961
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1250:"Flight Evaluation Report, Atlas 57D Convair October 25, 1960"
849:. Film-return satellites would remain the standard until the
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cameras used the readout method. Little is known about the
1123:
https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/spacecraft/query
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camera was initially planned for relatively low-resolution
23:
An artist impression of SAMOS photoreconnaissance missions.
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that would take a picture and send the scanned image via
33:
Misidentified as Satellite and Missile Observation System
16:
Series of reconnaissance satellites for the United States
111:
1958, WS-117L was funded by the Air Force at a level of
1522:
http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/samos_b.htm
1517:
http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/samos_a.htm
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1226:. National Reconnaissance Office. Archived from
1142:. National Reconnaissance Office. Archived from
825:were made, and at least four different types of
157:operability of the photo-optical camera system.
152:reconnaissance flights, had been halted by the
66:SAMOS was also known by the unclassified terms
39:program was a relatively short-lived series of
5313:Reconnaissance satellites of the United States
2361:
1923:
1547:
1028:Some satellites were equipped with so-called
412:Portions of the program are still considered
8:
1313:"NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Query Results"
873:SAMOS satellites used four types of cameras.
271:The SAMOS 3 launch was a complete disaster.
1060:SAMOS 2 was the first satellite to enter a
5333:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
2368:
2354:
2346:
2320:
2293:
2220:
2103:
1961:
1930:
1916:
1908:
1763:
1707:
1581:
1574:
1554:
1540:
1532:
1221:"Chronology of Air Force space activities"
933:
821:At least two different generations of the
429:
5328:National Reconnaissance Office satellites
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
829:were used. Early on, the idea was to use
371:
335:
262:
230:
186:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1115:
1481:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1474:
1350:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
1327:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
1299:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
1261:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
308:On 22 November 1961 at 00:00:00 GMT,
7:
869:SAMOS cameras type and configuration
1169:"The history of spaceflight: SAMOS"
1125:- type SAMOS in the spacecraft box.
5323:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
14:
857:capability emerged in the 1970s.
1939:
191:Atlas LV-3A Agena A with SAMOS 1
1052:from 1,845 to 1,890 kilograms.
436:
104:(ELINT Ferret reconnaissance).
1564:National Reconnaissance Office
420:, but was overshadowed by the
124:During this period, the rival
1:
927:for NASA moon cartographic
795:11 November 1962
609:22 December 1961
578:22 November 1961
547:9 September 1961
5354:
2164:Geosynchronous Earth orbit
815:Decayed 12 November 1962.
516:31 January 1961
484:11 October 1960
376:Atlas Agena B with SAMOS 6
340:Atlas Agena B with SAMOS 5
304:Atlas Agena B with Samos 4
267:Atlas Agena B with SAMOS 3
235:Atlas Agena A with Samos 2
165:"Samos" was the name of a
5273:
1949:reconnaissance satellites
1430:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1135:Gerald K. Haines (1997).
200:Vandenberg Air Force Base
61:Vandenberg Air Force Base
41:reconnaissance satellites
2067:Synthetic-aperture radar
764:5 August 1962
671:26 April 1962
629:Decayed 14 August 1962.
5275:Unknown or not assigned
2377:United States Air Force
2141:Highly elliptical orbit
2057:Enhanced Imaging System
1402:The High Ground - SAMOS
968:30 m (100 ft)
904:(Argon) satellite. The
784:Decayed 6 August 1962.
733:18 July 1962
702:17 June 1962
691:Decayed 28 April 1962.
640:7 March 1962
418:United States Air Force
132:booster instead of the
94:United States Air Force
1019:2.4 m (8 ft)
1002:1.5 m (5 ft)
870:
837:to ground stations on
753:Decayed 25 July 1962.
722:Decayed 18 June 1962.
414:classified information
377:
341:
305:
268:
236:
192:
24:
1062:Sun-synchronous orbit
985:6 m (20 ft)
929:Lunar Orbiter program
868:
831:frame readout cameras
660:Decayed 7 June 1963.
375:
339:
303:
266:
234:
190:
22:
1034:Signals Intelligence
5318:Military satellites
5308:1963 in spaceflight
5303:1962 in spaceflight
5298:1961 in spaceflight
5293:1960 in spaceflight
1167:Jonathan McDowell.
1104:James Gilbert Baker
1068:Recovery by Soviets
999:1.67 m (66 in)
982:0.91 m (36 in)
965:1.83 m (72 in)
938:
920:(Lanyard) program.
434:
1562:Satellites of the
1495:Walker, D. M. C.,
1438:2010-01-16 at the
1407:2007-05-21 at the
1022:280 km width
1016:0.7 m (28 in)
1005:98 km length
971:161 × 161 km
934:
871:
430:
378:
356:suspicious that a
342:
306:
269:
237:
193:
25:
5280:
5279:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2312:
2311:
2285:
2284:
2255:Secondary mission
2210:
2209:
2192:Rhyolite/Aquacade
2093:
2092:
1905:
1904:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1776:Rhyolite/Aquacade
1697:
1696:
1667:
1666:
1083:Sergei Khrushchev
1078:
1075:Section data from
1026:
1025:
937:
875:
843:photographic film
819:
818:
433:
411:
88:WS-117L and costs
5345:
5338:Satellite series
5261:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5231:
5215:
5205:
5195:
5185:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
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5120:
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5079:
5069:
5059:
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5029:
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5014:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4923:
4913:
4883:
4878:
4848:
4823:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4768:
4748:
4738:
4688:
4683:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4628:
4623:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4488:
4483:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4423:
4378:
4368:
4358:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4323:
4237:
4217:
4197:
4187:
4167:
4147:
4137:
4127:
4117:
3991:
3872:
3835:
3718:
3703:
3668:
3663:
3633:
3453:
3436:
3317:
3312:
3302:
3272:
3199:
3179:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2961:
2956:
2941:
2915:
2905:
2895:
2885:
2875:
2845:
2825:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2765:
2687:
2677:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2597:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2430:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2321:
2294:
2221:
2104:
1962:
1944:
1943:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1764:
1708:
1582:
1575:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1457:. Archived from
1456:
1448:
1442:
1426:
1411:
1398:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1369:. Archived from
1368:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:. Planet4589.org
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1073:
988:27 × 27 km
939:
936:
914:panoramic format
874:
435:
432:
410:
405:Vehicle missions
161:Name and secrecy
120:CORONA and SAMOS
57:low Earth orbits
5353:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5269:
5259:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5229:
5218:
5213:
5203:
5193:
5183:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5143:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5098:
5093:
5082:
5077:
5067:
5057:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5012:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4921:
4911:
4881:
4876:
4846:
4821:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4766:
4746:
4736:
4686:
4681:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4626:
4621:
4536:
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4526:
4521:
4486:
4481:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4421:
4376:
4366:
4356:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4321:
4240:
4235:
4215:
4195:
4185:
4165:
4145:
4135:
4125:
4115:
4099:
3989:
3870:
3833:
3716:
3701:
3666:
3661:
3631:
3451:
3434:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3270:
3222:
3197:
3177:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2959:
2954:
2939:
2923:
2913:
2903:
2893:
2883:
2873:
2843:
2823:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2763:
2722:
2685:
2675:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2595:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2448:
2428:
2380:
2374:
2344:
2335:
2308:
2297:Primary mission
2281:
2250:
2224:Primary mission
2206:
2158:
2135:
2108:Low Earth orbit
2089:
2061:
2034:Electro-optical
2028:
1951:
1938:
1936:
1906:
1901:
1865:
1836:
1813:
1790:
1753:
1732:
1693:
1663:
1647:
1626:
1566:
1560:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1494:
1490:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1452:"Archived copy"
1450:
1449:
1445:
1440:Wayback Machine
1427:
1414:
1409:Wayback Machine
1399:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1347:
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1334:
1325:
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1320:
1311:
1310:
1306:
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1292:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1100:
1070:
1058:
863:
855:digital imaging
853:satellite with
407:
370:
334:
298:
261:
253:Project Mercury
229:
185:
163:
122:
90:
85:
80:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5351:
5349:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5285:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
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5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4254:
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4241:
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4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
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4211:
4206:
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4182:
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4015:
4007:
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3997:
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3258:
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3256:
3251:
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3123:
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3110:
3109:
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3012:
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2801:
2796:
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2693:
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2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
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2404:
2394:
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2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:system numbers
2375:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2327:
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2300:
2298:
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2256:
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2227:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:Mentor (Orion)
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1711:Radar location
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1622:Kennen/Crystal
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1488:
1443:
1412:
1386:
1355:
1341:
1332:
1318:
1304:
1290:
1266:
1252:
1243:
1212:
1181:
1159:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
956:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
862:
859:
817:
816:
813:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
786:
785:
782:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
755:
754:
751:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
724:
723:
720:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
693:
692:
689:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
662:
661:
658:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
631:
630:
627:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
600:
599:
596:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
569:
568:
565:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
538:
537:
534:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
507:
506:
502:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
475:
474:
471:
465:
460:
454:
448:
442:
439:
431:SAMOS launches
406:
403:
369:
366:
333:
330:
297:
294:
260:
257:
228:
225:
184:
181:
162:
159:
121:
118:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
53:Reconnaissance
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5350:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5004:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:KH-8 Gambit 3
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:United States
1942:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:Communication
1847:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:Ship location
1735:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:Chalet/Vortex
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Lacrosse/Onyx
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1660:
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145:Jupiter IRBMs
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45:United States
42:
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34:
30:
21:
4969:
2798:
2501:
2047:KH-11 Kennen
2041:
2024:KH-10 Dorian
2019:KH-9 Hexagon
2004:KH-6 Lanyard
1994:KH-4B Corona
1989:KH-4A Corona
1966:Photographic
1781:Magnum/Orion
1658:
1496:
1491:
1466:. Retrieved
1459:the original
1446:
1429:
1428:Wade, Mark,
1378:. Retrieved
1371:the original
1358:
1344:
1335:
1321:
1307:
1293:
1283:November 12,
1281:. Retrieved
1269:
1255:
1246:
1235:. Retrieved
1228:the original
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1197:the original
1184:
1173:. Retrieved
1162:
1151:. Retrieved
1144:the original
1130:
1118:
1081:
1074:
1059:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1027:
948:Focal Length
922:
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727:
696:
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478:
441:Launch date
408:
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167:Greek island
164:
138:
123:
106:
91:
71:
67:
65:
36:
32:
28:
26:
2126:White Cloud
2009:KH-7 Gambit
1984:KH-3 Corona
1979:KH-2 Corona
1974:KH-1 Corona
1400:Zianet.com
542:SAMOS
511:SAMOS
479:SAMOS
463:Inclination
386:Arabian Sea
204:Bell XLR-81
154:Gary Powers
141:missile gap
130:Atlas-Agena
72:Program 201
68:Program 101
49:KH-7 GAMBIT
5287:Categories
2324:USA number
1999:KH-5 Argon
1870:Technology
1511:References
1503:), 02/1980
1468:2016-12-05
1380:2017-02-23
1237:2011-07-13
1206:2011-07-22
1175:2007-06-09
1153:2011-10-08
951:Resolution
221:Atlas ICBM
176:Discoverer
172:Eisenhower
134:Thor-Agena
83:Background
3186:A/B/E/F/N
898:mapmaking
861:Equipment
847:parachute
823:satellite
811:1962-064A
792: 11
780:1962-035A
761: 10
749:1962-030A
718:1962-023A
714:--------
711:--------
708:--------
687:1962-016A
656:1962-007A
625:1961-035A
590:--------
587:--------
584:--------
559:--------
556:--------
553:--------
532:1961-001A
496:--------
493:--------
490:--------
473:Comments
427:program.
350:Indonesia
2149:Jumpseat
2080:Lacrosse
1804:Jumpseat
1612:Gambit 3
1607:Gambit 1
1501:abstract
1477:cite web
1436:Archived
1405:Archived
1098:See also
730: 9
699: 8
668: 7
637: 6
606: 5
575: 4
51:system.
43:for the
5260:957–967
5230:900–951
5223:900–999
5214:847–899
5204:835–845
5184:824–831
5144:808–816
5087:800–899
5078:755–799
5068:746–753
5013:700–735
5006:700–799
4390:A/B (I)
4245:600–699
4236:593–599
4216:581–589
4196:571–579
4186:561–569
4166:551–559
4146:543–549
4136:531–541
4126:521–529
4116:501–519
4104:500–599
3227:400–499
3198:381–397
3178:338–379
2928:300–399
2914:280–298
2904:240–278
2894:227–238
2727:200–299
2686:143–197
2385:100–199
2331:USA-193
2317:Unknown
2290:R&D
2187:Mercury
2154:Trumpet
2131:Samos-F
1887:USA-193
1882:GeoLITE
1827:Samos-F
1809:Trumpet
1728:Mercury
1617:Hexagon
1602:Lanyard
1585:Keyhole
1578:Optical
1571:Imaging
1092:Soviets
1087:memoirs
979:readout
962:readout
827:cameras
594:NNN6101
451:Perigee
401:1970s.
381:SAMOS 6
368:SAMOS 6
345:SAMOS 5
332:SAMOS 5
310:SAMOS 4
296:SAMOS 4
273:SAMOS 3
259:SAMOS 3
240:SAMOS 2
227:SAMOS 2
196:SAMOS 1
183:SAMOS 1
102:SAMOS-F
78:History
37:SAMOS-E
5112:L (II)
4975:S (II)
4705:A (II)
4640:A (II)
4395:B (II)
4018:L (II)
3802:L (II)
3540:G (II)
3398:M (II)
2216:MASINT
2197:Vortex
2177:Magnum
2172:Canyon
2099:SIGINT
1892:Colony
1861:SLDCOM
1786:Mentor
1718:Canyon
1703:SIGINT
1592:Corona
1030:Ferret
954:Swath
807:96,0°
798:1,860
776:96.3°
767:1,860
745:96.1°
736:1,860
705:1,860
683:92.0°
674:1,588
652:90.9°
643:1,860
621:89.2°
612:1,860
581:1,860
563:SAMOS3
550:1,890
528:97.4°
519:1,860
500:SAMOS1
487:1,845
457:Apogee
425:CORONA
212:Hawaii
210:, and
126:CORONA
35:) or
5107:L (I)
4970:S (I)
4700:A (I)
4635:A (I)
4038:L (I)
4013:L (I)
3797:L (I)
3535:G (I)
3393:M (I)
3239:B/C/N
2304:MiTEx
2272:SBIRS
2262:MIDAS
2231:FORTE
2202:GSSAP
2121:Poppy
2075:Quill
2052:Misty
2042:Samos
1957:IMINT
1832:Poppy
1759:ELINT
1744:Poppy
1689:FIA-R
1679:Quill
1672:Radar
1659:Samos
1652:Other
1638:Misty
1631:Misty
1597:Argon
1462:(PDF)
1455:(PDF)
1433:Samos
1374:(PDF)
1367:(PDF)
1278:(PDF)
1231:(PDF)
1224:(PDF)
1200:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
1147:(PDF)
1140:(PDF)
1110:Notes
1077:Wade
1056:Orbit
925:Kodak
912:were
892:. An
851:KH-11
839:Earth
835:radio
790:SAMOS
759:SAMOS
728:SAMOS
697:SAMOS
666:SAMOS
635:SAMOS
604:SAMOS
573:SAMOS
468:NSSDC
459:(km)
453:(km)
447:(kg)
438:Name
314:X-ray
29:SAMOS
5103:802
4926:695
4891:691
4861:687
4826:683
4806:681
4751:672
4711:666
4696:665
4631:655
4561:649
4541:648
4461:634
4386:621
4286:603
4271:602
4256:601
4200:580
4170:560
4150:550
4079:499
4049:498
4029:497
4009:495
3974:490
3939:485
3919:484
3855:478
3818:474
3793:471
3676:451
3636:445
3601:441
3561:435
3531:431
3506:428
3491:427
3476:426
3419:418
3384:416
3364:414
3280:405
3207:399
3182:380
3019:315
2964:306
2858:222
2738:201
2620:132
2508:118
2493:117
2433:107
2277:STSS
2246:Vela
2241:DMSP
2116:GRAB
1877:STEX
1749:NOSS
1483:link
1285:2022
1050:mass
1040:and
1013:film
996:film
945:Type
942:Name
918:KH-6
908:and
902:KH-5
880:and
876:The
804:206
801:206
773:205
770:205
742:236
739:184
680:204
677:203
649:676
646:251
618:702
615:244
525:557
522:474
445:Mass
358:B-52
113:US$
98:ARPA
70:and
27:The
5265:968
5255:956
5250:855
5245:854
5240:853
5235:952
5209:846
5199:834
5194:833
5189:832
5179:823
5174:822
5169:821
5164:820
5159:819
5154:818
5149:817
5139:807
5134:806
5129:805
5124:804
5119:803
5099:801
5094:800
5073:754
5063:745
5058:744
5053:743
5048:742
5043:741
5038:740
5033:739
5028:738
5023:737
5018:736
4997:699
4992:698
4987:697
4982:696
4922:694
4917:693
4912:692
4887:690
4882:689
4877:688
4857:686
4852:685
4847:684
4822:682
4802:680
4797:679
4792:678
4787:677
4782:676
4777:675
4772:674
4767:673
4760:M/P
4747:671
4742:670
4737:669
4732:668
4727:667
4720:C/P
4692:664
4687:663
4682:662
4677:661
4672:660
4667:659
4662:658
4657:657
4652:656
4627:654
4622:653
4617:652
4612:651
4607:650
4537:647
4532:646
4527:645
4522:644
4517:643
4512:642
4507:641
4502:640
4497:639
4492:638
4487:637
4482:636
4477:635
4457:633
4452:632
4447:631
4442:630
4437:629
4432:628
4427:627
4422:626
4417:625
4412:624
4407:623
4402:622
4382:620
4377:619
4372:618
4367:617
4362:616
4357:615
4352:614
4347:613
4342:612
4337:611
4332:610
4327:609
4322:608
4317:607
4312:606
4307:605
4302:604
4252:600
4231:592
4226:591
4221:590
4191:570
4141:542
4131:530
4121:520
4111:500
4025:496
4005:494
4000:493
3995:492
3990:491
3970:489
3965:488
3960:487
3955:486
3915:483
3908:M/Z
3893:482
3881:481
3876:480
3871:479
3851:477
3839:476
3834:475
3814:473
3809:472
3789:470
3784:469
3779:468
3774:467
3769:466
3764:465
3759:464
3754:463
3749:462
3744:461
3732:460
3727:459
3722:458
3717:457
3712:456
3707:455
3702:454
3697:453
3692:452
3672:450
3667:449
3662:448
3657:447
3652:446
3632:444
3627:443
3622:442
3597:440
3592:439
3587:438
3582:437
3577:436
3557:434
3552:433
3547:432
3527:430
3522:429
3472:425
3467:424
3462:423
3457:422
3452:421
3445:L/W
3440:420
3435:419
3415:417
3380:415
3360:413
3355:412
3338:411
3321:410
3316:409
3311:408
3306:407
3301:406
3276:404
3271:403
3266:402
3261:401
3249:G/H
3234:400
3203:398
3173:337
3168:336
3163:335
3158:334
3153:333
3148:332
3143:331
3138:330
3126:329
3114:328
3102:327
3097:326
3092:325
3085:M/N
3075:324
3070:323
3065:322
3060:321
3055:320
3050:319
3045:318
3040:317
3035:316
3028:A-2
3023:A-1
3015:314
3010:313
3005:312
3000:311
2995:310
2990:309
2985:308
2980:307
2968:A/L
2960:305
2955:304
2950:303
2945:302
2940:301
2935:300
2919:299
2909:279
2899:239
2889:226
2884:225
2879:224
2874:223
2854:221
2849:220
2844:219
2839:218
2834:217
2829:216
2824:215
2819:214
2814:213
2809:212
2804:211
2799:210
2794:209
2789:208
2784:207
2779:206
2774:205
2769:204
2764:203
2759:202
2747:B/W
2742:A/L
2734:200
2696:199
2691:198
2681:142
2676:141
2671:140
2666:139
2661:138
2656:137
2651:136
2646:135
2641:134
2636:133
2616:131
2611:130
2606:129
2601:128
2596:127
2591:126
2586:125
2581:124
2576:123
2571:122
2566:121
2561:120
2534:C/F
2529:119
2489:116
2484:115
2479:114
2474:113
2469:112
2464:111
2459:110
2454:109
2449:108
2442:A-2
2437:A-1
2429:106
2424:105
2419:104
2414:103
2409:102
2397:101
2392:100
2267:DSP
2236:GPS
2085:FIA
1897:RPP
1856:SDS
1819:LEO
1796:HEO
1768:GEO
1643:EIS
1042:F-2
1038:F-1
1010:E-6
993:E-5
976:E-2
959:E-1
910:E-6
906:E-5
894:E-4
890:E-6
886:E-3
882:E-2
878:E-1
470:ID
422:CIA
362:U-2
150:U-2
107:In
5289::
1479:}}
1475:{{
1415:^
1389:^
1064:.
1044:.
931:.
544:3
513:2
481:1
255:.
109:FY
74:.
63:.
4965:R
4960:Q
4955:P
4950:N
4945:L
4940:C
4935:B
4930:A
4905:Z
4900:X
4895:C
4870:P
4865:J
4840:V
4835:J
4830:A
4815:E
4810:D
4755:A
4715:A
4645:P
4600:P
4595:L
4590:F
4585:E
4580:D
4575:C
4570:B
4565:A
4555:P
4550:D
4545:A
4470:B
4465:A
4295:L
4290:A
4280:L
4275:A
4265:L
4260:A
4209:E
4204:A
4179:F
4174:A
4159:E
4154:A
4093:D
4088:C
4083:A
4073:L
4068:E
4063:D
4058:C
4053:A
4043:L
4033:A
3983:M
3978:L
3948:Z
3943:L
3933:N
3928:M
3923:L
3903:L
3898:E
3886:L
3864:T
3859:A
3844:E
3827:N
3822:L
3737:L
3685:L
3680:D
3645:M
3640:L
3615:L
3610:D
3605:A
3570:L
3565:A
3515:L
3510:A
3500:M
3495:L
3485:M
3480:L
3428:M
3423:L
3408:Q
3403:P
3388:L
3373:M
3368:L
3348:L
3343:E
3331:L
3326:E
3296:D
3291:C
3284:B
3254:M
3244:E
3216:B
3211:A
3191:P
3131:F
3119:E
3107:E
3080:L
2973:B
2867:G
2862:A
2752:E
2716:Y
2711:D
2706:C
2701:B
2629:B
2624:A
2554:Y
2549:T
2544:L
2539:E
2522:P
2517:L
2512:A
2502:M
2497:L
2402:P
2369:e
2362:t
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