282:, distinguishing it from the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. Key features included a grand entrance staircase leading to a paved plaza facing the temple, as well as a fortified gateway flanked by public buildings that catered to worshippers and visitors. The southern precinct underwent significant modifications, including the construction of a monumental guard tower and double fortifications. A new entrance gate replaced the earlier one, enhancing accessibility while construction continued. The site also featured expansive courtyards for pilgrims, with a broad staircase leading to the eastern gate.
246:
quarried stones. Excavations revealed unroofed courtyards at both corners of the western wall: the southern courtyard measures 12 by 21.5 meters, while the northern courtyard is 12.5 meters wide, with its length undetermined. Most of the eastern precinct wall has been damaged due to later constructions. The southern gate also experienced significant destruction from building activities during the
Hellenistic, and alterations to the entrances of the sanctuary. The Persian-period temple also featured
235:
144:(356–323 BCE) granted the Samaritans permission to build the temple; however, this timeline appears inconsistent with the archaeological evidence. It is possible that Josephus conflated the later expansion of the sanctuary and the rise of a significant urban center in the early second century BCE with the original construction of the temple.
414:, not a temple. Samaritan texts from the medieval period onward describe Mount Gerizim as the community's most revered site, but make no mention of a temple there. Samaritans regard the archaeological findings on Mount Gerizim as remnants of administrative structures rather than evidence of a temple.
290:
A city from the
Hellenistic period, measuring 500 by 800 meters (around 400 dunams), was constructed on the southern ridge of the mountain, encircling the sacred precinct from the Persian period. It is assumed that the town was founded for ritual and religious purposes and functioned as a temple city
245:
During the first phase, the sacred precinct measured approximately 96 by 98 meters, excluding its gates. The well-preserved western wall extends 84 meters in length and stands 2 meters high, built from large fieldstones sourced from the bedrock, unlike the later
Hellenistic precinct made of smoother
127:, the priestly class rose to prominence among the Samaritans, with the high priest at the helm of the theocratic governance. According to Magen, many religious leaders moved to Mount Gerizim, further establishing it as the central hub for Samaritan religion, economy, and politics during this period.
226:
The initial phase of the temple was built in the mid-5th century BCE and remained operational for approximately 250 years. Excavations within the precinct revealed thousands of pottery vessels and burned bones from sacrificed animals, including sheep, goats, cattle, and doves. The dating of this
454:
According to
Richard Pummer, the memory of the Gerizim temple may have been suppressed within Samaritan tradition due to the traumatic consequences of its destruction by their Jewish brethren, prompting the community to focus more on the remembrance of the Tabernacle. This erasure of memory was
50:
Archaeological excavations on the main peak of Mount
Gerizim from 1983 to 2006 revealed remnants of the sacred precinct, or temenos, that enclosed the temple. The temple and its sanctuary underwent two main phases: the original structure was constructed in the mid-5th century BCE, followed by a
299:
Inscriptions found at the site include references to priestly titles, with one, for example, mentioning: "Pinhas the Priest" and "their brothers the priests." Many inscriptions contain formulaic phrases such as "before the God in this place," "before (the) God," or "before the Lord," which are
51:
rebuild in the early 2nd century BCE after about 250 years. This rebuilt temple was in use for approximately 90 years before its final destruction near the end of the century. The excavations also uncovered evidence of a surrounding city, charred bones indicative of
389:
asserted in the 6th century that the
Samaritans never had a temple at the summit of Mount Gerizim. This statement may stem from either his lack of knowledge about its historical existence, or a deliberate attempt to undermine the Samaritan tradition.
198:
From 1982 to 2006, archaeological excavations led by
Yitzhak Magen at Jabal al-Tur, one of the three peaks of Mount Gerizim, revealed the remains of the sanctuary. The excavators identified two main phases at the site: the sacred precinct from the
417:
However, during the late Roman and early
Byzantine periods, the memory of a temple may have persisted among Samaritans, accompanied by a hope for its eventual restoration. This notion is bolstered by floor mosaics discovered in Samaritan
82:
celebrated each spring through a pilgrimage and sheep sacrifice atop the mount. It has been suggested that the current
Samaritan holy site known as "The Twelve Stones" is located where the temple's Holy of Holies was once located.
406:, which is emphasized in historical, liturgical, and theological writings, the Samaritan Temple is almost entirely absent in Samaritan texts and is disavowed by contemporary Samaritans. The eschatological figure of the
445:. He notes that the Jews later "demolished the altar and the temple which 'Abdāl the high priest had built." This account may indicate a fading memory of the temple. However, the oldest extant Samaritan chronicle, the
70:, the Samaritan Temple is largely absent from Samaritan texts and is not acknowledged by contemporary Samaritans. Mount Gerizim remains, however, central in Samaritanism, serving as the site of pilgrimages during the
1525:
277:
In the early 2nd century BCE, a large precinct was built at the site, featuring a temple built of white ashlar at its center. The precinct, measuring 136 x 212 meters with 2.6-meter-thick walls, incorporated
147:
During the
Ptolemaic period, a significant construction initiative commenced on Mount Gerizim, including the establishment of the southern quarter and potentially other structures around the sacred area.
932:
Magen, Yitzhak (2007). "The Dating of the First Phase of the Samaritan Temple on Mount Gerizim in Light of the Archaeological Evidence". In Lipschits, Oded; Knoppers, Gary N.; Albertz, Rainer (eds.).
304:
notes "that which Joseph offered for his wife and his sons before the Lord in the temple." One inscription refers to a "house of sacrifice," echoing terminology used for the Jerusalem Temple in the
430:
within the synagogue. Other interpretations suggest these images might depict the biblical Tabernacle, aligning with later Samaritan artistic traditions that prominently feature the Tabernacle.
1505:
426:
and el-Khirbe), which some scholars interpret as depictions of temple façades. Nevertheless, these mosaics could also represent adaptations from Jewish synagogue art or illustrate the
371:
69a, where the "Day of Mount Gerizim" is observed on the 21st of Tevet. According to Ori Amitay, this story likely refers to the destruction of the Gerizim precinct by Hyrcanus.
190:
Josephus does not provide an explanation for John Hyrcanus's decision to destroy the temple, leading various scholars to suggest several possible motivations for his actions.
363:, a commentary on the scroll, at this day, Alexander the Great gave Jews permission to plow and plant Mount Gerizim as punishment for the Samaritans' plot to destroy the
187:
nation" residing around the temple, which he described as being “modeled on that in Jerusalem." It was during this campaign that the temple on Gerizim was destroyed.
451:, claims that 'Abdāl constructed only an altar. Contemporary Samaritans assert that 'Abdāl's temple lacked divine approval and thus holds no religious significance.
210:
The physical remnants of the temple have yet to be located, primarily due to later constructions on the site, such as the church of Mary Theotokos, built by Emperor
1520:
218:
in the 6th century. However, there is substantial support for the existence of a temple—a roofed structure rather than an open-air sanctuary—on the mountain.
455:
likely further exacerbated by the destruction and neglect of synagogues, including artworks depicting the temple, during periods of Byzantine persecution.
107:. Evidence suggests that the governor of Samaria did not also serve as high priest at the Mount Gerizim temple, although Josephus mentions a promise by
253:
The Persian-period enclosure likely featured three chamber gates situated to the north, east, and south, reflecting the temple gates described in the
1510:
1500:
183:
state's territory through military campaigns, including the capture of Shechem and Mount Gerizim. Josephus writes that Hyrcanus conquered the "
123:'s conquests and subsequent suppression of revolts in Samaria. Following the destruction of the city of Samaria, which was later re-settled by
96:
Excavations at the temple's site indicate the sanctuary on Mount Gerizim was built during the mid-fifth century BCE, when the region was under
1002:
971:
946:
1490:
238:"The Twelve Stones," a contemporary Samaritan holy site, is thought by Magen to be situated at the former location of the temple's
1530:
156:
The excavations revealed that a new temple and precinct were constructed in the early second century BCE, under the reign of
265:
and later influenced the Samaritan temple. No gates were found in the western wall, possibly due to the positioning of the
1459:
441:, references an altar and temple allegedly constructed by the high priest 'Abdāl during the reign of King Sūrdī, possibly
1045:
79:
269:. It has been suggested that the current Samaritan sacred site known as "The Twelve Stones" is located near this area.
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938:
203:
period - c. mid-fifth century CE, and the sacred precinct from the Hellenistic period, constructed under the reign of
1515:
1173:
279:
324:
Among the findings at the site is a small gold bell with a silver clapper. Magen proposed that it was part of the
956:
Pummer, Reinhard (2024). "Samaritan Synagogue Mosaics and the Mt. Gerizim Temple". In Zsengellér, József (ed.).
995:
55:, and votive inscriptions associated with the sanctuary, confirming the temple's dedication to the worship of
959:
Samaritans Through the Ages: Studies on Samaritan History, Texts, Interpretation, Linguistics and Manuscripts
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During the Persian period, the Samaritan religious and political leadership was based in the city of
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63:
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An indirect reference to the Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim appears in some Jewish sources.
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40:
1437:
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100:. Located at the mountain's highest point, it was the first structure erected on the site.
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214:(474–491 CE) after the Samaritan revolt of 484, and additional fortifications by Emperor
111:
to his son-in-law Ephraim regarding dual secular and religious authority as high priest.
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207:. A city developed around the site during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE.
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typically associated with temple contexts. One votive inscription in
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56:
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1397:
1317:
1307:
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1262:
1227:
1206:
923:
Amitay, Ory (2007). "Shim'on ha-Ṣadiq in his Historical Context".
407:
330:
233:
227:
phase is based on Persian-period coins, pottery, and results from
377:(circa 475–538), likely drawing on written sources, wrote in his
39:. This temple was built in the 5th century BCE, and destroyed by
1454:
984:
163:
Josephus states that the temple on Mount Gerizim resembled the
385:) on Mount Gerizim where they engaged in prayer. In contrast,
980:
357:
is the "Day of Mount Gerizim." According to the Talmudic-era
353:
a text from the first century CE, mentions that the 21st of
316:, seemingly included in the phrase "the house of the Lord".
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Buildings and structures demolished in the 2nd century BC
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410:, the returner/restorer, is expected to restore the
250:, which archaeologists discovered among the debris.
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1199:
1192:
1156:
1090:
1064:
1018:
935:Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E.
1506:6th-century BC religious buildings and structures
308:(2 Chronicles 7:12). An inscription written in
62:In contrast to the enduring centrality of the
996:
8:
257:(40:10–16), which served as a model for the
398:In contrast to the central position of the
1196:
1003:
989:
981:
381:that the Samaritans constructed a temple (
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136:, the first-century Jewish historian
7:
1521:Religion in ancient Israel and Judah
1169:The Kitab al-Tarikh of Abu 'l-Fath
14:
685:Josephus, The Jewish War, 1.62–63
342:In Jewish and Christian writings
379:Commentary on Deuteronomy 11:29
367:. A similar account appears in
433:Medieval Samaritan chronicler
248:proto-Ionic or Aeolic capitals
1:
1511:Samaritan culture and history
1501:5th-century BC establishments
1460:Parable of the Good Samaritan
1091:History and important figures
273:Second phase (c. 200–110 BCE)
27:center of worship located on
280:Greek architectural elements
222:First phase (c. 450–200 BCE)
1465:Samaritan woman at the well
1193:Settlements and communities
939:Penn State University Press
1547:
1491:Ancient Near East temples
925:Journal of Jewish Studies
710:, pp. 161, 164, 180.
175:Between 112 and 107 BCE,
696:Antiquities of the Jews
670:Antiquities of the Jews
642:Antiquities of the Jews
286:Hellenistic-period city
133:Antiquities of the Jews
1531:110s disestablishments
1103:Sanballat the Horonite
334:, as mentioned in the
291:inhabited by priests.
263:returning from Babylon
242:
119:The precinct survived
31:, the holiest site in
16:5th century BCE temple
1123:Eudokia of Heliopolis
962:. Studia Samaritana.
387:Procopius of Caesarea
237:
53:sacrificial practices
1036:Samaritan Pentateuch
941:. pp. 157–212.
540:, pp. 162, 164.
525:, pp. 158, 164.
1133:Marinus of Neapolis
811:, pp. 166–168.
788:, pp. 168–169.
776:, pp. 165–166.
761:, pp. 164–165.
659:, pp. 158–160.
552:, pp. 167–168.
470:Temple in Jerusalem
365:Temple in Jerusalem
310:Paleo-Hebrew script
306:Books of Chronicles
165:Temple in Jerusalem
142:Alexander the Great
121:Alexander the Great
37:classical antiquity
1248:Beit Dajan, Nablus
1148:Julianus ben Sabar
886:, pp. 26, 32.
672:, 11.310, 12.255;
243:
229:Radiocarbon dating
1516:Destroyed temples
1478:
1477:
1443:Tribe of Manasseh
1411:
1410:
1138:Samaritan revolts
1077:Samaritan Aramaic
898:, pp. 26–28.
375:Procopius of Gaza
74:commanded by the
1538:
1438:Tribe of Ephraim
1197:
1082:Samaritan script
1072:Samaritan Hebrew
1056:Hill of Phinehas
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349:Megillat Ta'anit
115:Ptolemaic period
64:Jerusalem Temple
21:Samaritan Temple
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255:Book of Ezekiel
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152:Seleucid period
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47:circa 110 BCE.
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1416:Related topics
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927:(58): 236–249.
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842:, p. 239.
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749:, p. 164.
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725:, p. 161.
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674:The Jewish War
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632:, p. 182.
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611:, p. 158.
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314:Tetragrammaton
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261:built by Jews
240:Holy of Holies
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910:, p. 36.
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475:Second Temple
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312:features the
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259:Second Temple
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205:Antiochus III
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193:
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179:expanded the
178:
177:John Hyrcanus
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158:Antiochus III
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45:John Hyrcanus
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29:Mount Gerizim
26:
22:
1353:Kiryat Hagga
1179:Memar Marqah
1026:Samaritanism
958:
934:
924:
917:Bibliography
903:
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879:
835:
781:
754:
742:
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703:
698:, 13.254–256
695:
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673:
669:
664:
644:, 11.321–325
641:
637:
545:
465:Samaritanism
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428:Torah shrine
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359:
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338:(28:33–35).
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295:Inscriptions
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98:Persian rule
95:
61:
49:
33:Samaritanism
20:
18:
1333:Kafr Qallil
1328:Kafr Qaddum
1323:Kafr Abbush
1258:Beth Phurik
1212:Kiryat Luza
1113:Simon Magus
908:Pummer 2024
896:Pummer 2024
884:Pummer 2024
872:Pummer 2024
855:Pummer 2024
840:Amitay 2007
828:Pummer 2024
569:Pummer 2024
326:high priest
216:Justinian I
194:Archaeology
171:Destruction
140:wrote that
125:Macedonians
1485:Categories
1433:Israelites
1388:Tira Luzeh
1338:Kafr Zibad
1253:Beit Wazan
1243:Bayt Dajan
1164:The Asaṭīr
1157:Literature
1143:Baba Rabba
1041:Priesthood
1012:Samaritans
964:De Gruyter
809:Magen 2007
786:Magen 2007
774:Magen 2007
759:Magen 2007
747:Magen 2007
735:Magen 2007
723:Magen 2007
708:Magen 2007
694:Josephus,
668:Josephus,
657:Magen 2007
630:Magen 2007
609:Magen 2007
592:Magen 2007
550:Magen 2007
538:Magen 2007
523:Magen 2007
508:Magen 2007
493:References
435:Abū l-Fatḥ
420:synagogues
412:Tabernacle
1238:al-Badhan
1118:Dositheos
437:, in his
422:(such as
181:Hasmonean
109:Sanballat
41:Hasmonean
35:, during
25:Samaritan
1428:Cuthites
1318:Jusepheh
1303:Immatain
1283:Fara'ata
1268:Damascus
1098:Samerina
1046:Passover
1019:Religion
459:See also
443:Darius I
360:scholium
138:Josephus
80:Passover
1423:Samaria
1393:Tulkarm
1373:Shechem
1293:Fondeka
1200:Current
1184:Tolidah
1065:Culture
404:Judaism
201:Persian
185:Cuthean
130:In his
105:Samaria
87:History
78:, with
68:Judaism
43:leader
1368:Selebi
1358:Merdah
1288:Farkha
1273:Emmaus
1233:Awarta
1221:Former
1108:Temple
970:
945:
676:, 1.62
482:Korban
448:Tūlīda
394:Legacy
355:Kislev
302:Hebrew
57:Yahweh
23:was a
1403:Zeita
1398:Yasuf
1383:Sirin
1378:Silat
1363:Salem
1308:Jaffa
1278:Fahma
1263:Cairo
1228:Attil
1207:Holon
1128:Justa
408:Taheb
369:bYoma
331:ephod
76:Torah
1455:Jews
1298:Gaza
968:ISBN
943:ISBN
383:ναόν
320:Bell
212:Zeno
19:The
1313:Jit
402:in
328:'s
160:.
66:in
1487::
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862:^
847:^
816:^
793:^
766:^
715:^
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557:^
530:^
515:^
500:^
167:.
59:.
1004:e
997:t
990:v
976:.
951:.
351:,
231:.
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