588:
596:
354:
34:
57:
50:
418:, prompting King Ashot to put the fortress under siege. As a force sent by Gurgen was entering the citadel, fighting broke out between it and Vasak's men garrisoning the fortress, who eventually let Ashot's army in. In an ensuing confrontation, Gurgen's surviving soldiers were taken captive and mutilated, while Samshvilde again submitted to the Armenian king.
604:
site were launched in 1978. In the 2000s, construction of major international pipelines in the region prompted new archaeological projects and discovery of new prehistoric features. Many of the late medieval and early modern structures were further studied by the
Samshvilde Archaeological Expedition organized by the Tbilisi-based
641:, now in ruins, the most recognizable landmark of Samshvilde. The medieval tradition ascribes its construction to the 5th-century queen Sagdukht, but the extant edifice dates to c. 759–777 as suggested by a Georgian inscription from the better-preserved eastern façade, containing references to the contemporary Byzantine emperors
649:. There is another, heavily damaged, almost illegible Georgian inscription in the southern façade and, next to it, a fragment in Armenian identifying the Armenian catholicos Gevorg III Loretsi (r. 1069–1072). The strict architectural forms of the Samshvilde church reveal close affinities with design of the 7th-century
634:, sooty of candle flames, with a cross and an Armenian text mentioning the prince Smbat inscribed into it in the 11th century. The Khrami river is overlooked by another church, known as the Theogenida, probably built in the 12th or 13th century, near which a structure made of four big stones, a tetralith, is found.
524:
and massacred its population, building a minaret of 1,664 severed human heads at the gate of the city; sixty
Christian priests, monks, and noblemen were put to death for their refusal to apostatize. Even some of those who agreed to renounce Christianity were not spared. Survivors had to seek refuge
603:
The archaeological horizon and architectural monuments of
Samshvilde are inscribed on the list of the National Heritage of Georgia as the City-Site of Samshvilde (სამშვილდის ნაქალაქარი). Archaeological study of the Samshvilde area began in 1948 and systematic efforts for better conservation of the
611:
The city-site occupies a nearly triangular area on a promontory at the Khrami–Chivchavi confluence and is divided into three main parts. The citadel is on the east, on a steep edge of the promontory, and the city proper lies on the west, with the walled fortress in between them. The site includes
286:
at
Samshvilde, in the southern slopes of Mount Karnkali, dating from the middle of the 4th millennium BC and 3rd millennium BC, respectively. This horizon included a settlement site and burial ground as well as a circular cult building. Artifacts unearthed there were the Bronze-Age pottery and
225:, dating back to the 3rd century BC. In the Middle Ages, it was an important stronghold as well as a lively commercial and industrial city. Samshvilde changed hands several times. At the end of the 10th century, it became capital of the Armenian kings of
660:
West to the Sioni is a three-nave basilica, probably an
Armenian church, built of dark basalt stones in the 10th or 11th century. The third church is a hall-church design, with a protruding apse and a wall inscription in Georgian, mentioning King
587:
1505:
233:
in 1064. From the mid-13th century on, as fortunes of the medieval
Georgian monarchy faded, Samshvilde went into decline and was reduced to a peripheral military outpost. By the end of the 18th century, it was in ruins.
579:, who stormed Samshvilde and made the pretender captive in 1749. The city was left in the hands of Abdullah Beg's younger brother, Husayn Beg, who, in 1751, surrendered to Heraclius II and resettled to Tbilisi.
391:, an Iranian-styled local dynasts who appear to have been in possession of Samshvilde. By that time, the region around Samshvilde fell under influence of the newly established Muslim emirate,
595:
1495:
361:
The borders of the duchy of
Samshvilde fluctuated in the course of history, as the southern portion of it was frequently contested between Kartli and the neighboring
1490:
528:
The city never fully recovered from this blow and lost its past importance, save for its function as a peripheral fortress. After the final disintegration of the
612:
ruins of several churches, a citadel, palaces, houses, a bridge over the
Chivchavi river, water cisterns, bathes, a cemetery, and other accessory structures.
1500:
1485:
353:
541:
210:. The ruins of the city, mostly medieval structures, stretch for a distance of 2.5 km in length and 400 metres (1,300 ft) in width in the
1426:
Rewriting
Caucasian history: the medieval Armenian adaptation of the Georgian chronicles; the original Georgian texts and the Armenian adaptation
414:, had to bring them back to allegiance by force of arms c. 915. Vasak Gntuni was still recalcitrant and, c. 921, defected to the Georgian prince
1156:"Comprehensive Technical Report of Archaeological Investigations at Site IV-209 Samshvilde, KP 77+60, Tetritskaro District, Kvemo Kartli Region"
1414:
1367:
1292:
1251:
504:
Samshvilde was attacked by the invading
Mongols on their way to Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, in 1236. In March 1440, it was sacked by
433:, that is, "of Samshvilde", by a medieval Georgian author. In 1001, David revolted, unsuccessfully, from the hegemony of his uncle, King
1480:
1155:
492:, hereditary commanders-in-chief of the Kingdom of Georgia, until they lost it to the crown as a result of their failed revolt against
395:, the former royal capital of Kartli. From this time on, Samsvhilde was contested among various Georgian, Armenian, and Muslim rulers.
737:
1461:
1311:
571:
mercenaries and fortified the Samshvilde fortress in his quest to challenge the hold of Kartli exercised by his Christian relative,
484:. This induced the Seljuqs to hastily evacuate most of surrounding districts. David then granted Samshvilde to his loyal commander,
1281:ქართლის ცხოვრების ტოპოარქეოლოგიური ლექსიკონი [Topoarchaeological dictionary of Kartlis tskhovreba (The history of Georgia)]
1279:
96:
605:
1433:
1390:
627:
362:
49:
421:
In the closing decade of the 10th century, Samshvilde passed to the Kuirikids, an Armenian Bagratid collateral line of the
316:
378:
33:
615:
A small hall-church of St. George stands in the city proper. A now-lost Georgian inscription of 1672, published by
438:
422:
243:
226:
345:, a convert to Christianity, is credited by a Georgian chronicle to have built the church of Sioni at Samshvilde.
465:
373:, Samshvilde is listed as one of the three main towns of that country in the 7th-century Armenian geography by
200:
76:
283:
638:
576:
215:
1321:
Kutateladze, Ketevan (1997). "The Names and Titulation of the Kvirikian Kings of Tashir-Dzoraget Kingdom".
564:
513:
1278:
Gamkrelidze, Gela; Mindorashvili, Davit; Bragvadze, Zurab; Kvatsadze, Marine, eds. (2013). "სამშვილდე ".
572:
553:
493:
330:
620:
461:
457:
196:
662:
637:
The citadel consists of massive walls, towers, and three larger churches. Among these is the domed
616:
481:
477:
411:
338:
320:
312:
296:
271:
Samshvilde is centered in a naturally fortified location, a rocky terrain at the confluence of the
485:
242:
The etymology of the name of Samshvilde is first recorded by the 10th-century Armenian chronicler
1382:
813:
537:
529:
453:
434:
403:
392:
230:
1457:
1429:
1410:
1386:
1363:
1307:
1288:
1247:
733:
646:
545:
533:
517:
374:
192:
187:
176:
84:
460:
and had to ransom himself by surrendering Samshvilde to the Georgians in 1064. Bagrat's son,
1264:
1213:
1211:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1114:
1112:
1110:
805:
549:
468:, thereby buying his loyalty, in 1073. Within a year or so, Samshvilde was conquered by the
446:
426:
415:
399:
334:
160:
683:
681:
679:
677:
221:
Samshvilde features in the medieval Georgian annals as one of the oldest cities of ancient
1400:
489:
1335:
1474:
817:
650:
642:
469:
254:("bow"). In fact, the toponym is constructed through a Georgian geographic circumfix
1154:
Mirtskhulava, Guram; Kvirkvelia, Guram; Chikovani, Guram; Gambashidze, Civi (2007).
315:
during his alleged campaign in the Georgian lands. In the 3rd century BC, under the
1304:
The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhac'oyc', the Long and the Short Recensions
1287:(in Georgian) (1st ed.). Tbilisi: Georgian National Museum. pp. 440–446.
654:
557:
552:
granted Samshvilde in possession to his treasurer, Shiosh Khmaladze, and, in 1693,
509:
473:
323:
as Iberia, Samshvilde became a center of one of the kingdom's subdivisions, run by
299:, Samshvilde was formerly known as Orbi, a castle whose foundation was ascribed to
204:
164:
80:
809:
1404:
1132:
410:
family, Vasak and Ashot. The brothers proved to be unruly and Smbat's successor,
563:
Samshvilde rose to relative importance in 1747, when the Muslim Georgian prince
383:
276:
1379:
Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts
1176:
619:, identifies the lady called Zilikhan, a former caretaker of the wife of King
505:
280:
496:, in the course of which the king's loyal army stormed the fortress in 1178.
111:
98:
521:
365:. The city itself remained one of the key settlements of Iberia. Along with
279:. The 1968–1970 archaeological expedition uncovered two layers of the early
1234:
1217:
1202:
1118:
1089:
779:
687:
452:
Samshvilde served as the Kuirikid capital until a member of that dynasty,
370:
342:
325:
304:
568:
520:, Jahan Shah captured the besieged city "through deceit" on the day of
366:
311:, and which was found heavily fortified, but besieged and conquered by
300:
631:
516:
to submit to his suzerainty. According to the contemporary historian
407:
308:
272:
222:
211:
207:
1273:] (in Russian). Moscow: Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages.
793:
626:
Inside the fortress walls, stands a small stone church, that of the
357:
An 8th-century Georgian inscription from the Samshvilde Sioni Church
1090:
T'ovma Metsobets'i's History of Tamerlane and His Successors, Ch. 6
341:
who then succeeded on the throne of Kartli. Mihrdat's Iranian wife
1360:
Some problems of the history of Georgia in Armenian historiography
594:
586:
406:, who entrusted the town to the charge of the two brothers of the
352:
333:, the first in the traditional list of the kings of Kartli. King
1506:
Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia
763:
761:
1323:
Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences — Moambe
1235:"T'ovma Metsobets'i's History of Tamerlane and His Successors"
913:
911:
476:
and remained their outpost in Georgia until 1110, when Bishop
214:
river valley. Some of the most recognizable monuments are the
728:
Bondyrev, Igor; Davitashvili, Zurab; Singh, Vijay P. (2015).
536:. In 1578, Samshvilde was occupied by the Ottoman army under
1266:Всеобщая история Степаноса Таронскаго Асохьика по прозванию
1356:Некоторые вопросы истории Грузии в армянской историографии
575:. Abdullah Beg's designs were dashed by Teimuraz's son,
191:) is a ruined fortified city and archaeological site in
464:, conceded control of the city to his powerful vassal
599:
One of the ruined churches of the Samshvilde complex.
425:, who chose it as their capital. On account of this,
387:
script, makes mention of two persons of the house of
275:
and Chivchavi rivers, 4 km south of the town of
1271:
Universal History by Stepanos of Taron alias Asoghik
337:(c. 411–435) gave Samshvilde in appanage to his son
730:
The Geography of Georgia: Problems and Perspectives
544:in Georgia, but, in 1583, it was recovered by King
218:and a citadel erected on a rocky river promontory.
156:
151:
143:
135:
127:
90:
72:
1454:The Georgian chronicle: the Period of Giorgi Lasha
1246:. Translated by Bedrosian, Robert. Sophene Books.
1163:Ancient Heritage in the BTC–SCP Pipelines Corridor
488:, in 1123. The city remained in possession of the
429:, king of Tashir and Dzoraget, was referred to as
976:, pp. 202–203: Stepanos Taronetsi-Asoghik's
932:, pp. 203–204: Yovhannēs Drasxanakertc'i's
591:Ruins of the Samshvilde Sioni Church as of 2012.
1131:Demetradze, Irina; Mirtskhulava, Guram (2010).
792:Demetradze, Irina; Mirtskhulava, Guram (2010).
437:, who, in a three-month-long campaign, ravaged
1447:. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
1347:Yovhannēs Drasxanakertc'i's History of Armenia
1001:
767:
441:, Samshvilde, and the Plain of the Georgians (
180:
917:
480:besieged and took the city on behalf of King
246:as meaning in Georgian "three arrows", from
8:
630:, which contains a large, prehistoric black
19:
989:
961:
948:, p. 213: Yovhannēs Drasxanakertc'i's
702:, p. 203: Yovhannēs Drasxanakertc'i's
398:Around 888, Samshvilde was occupied by the
945:
929:
699:
32:
18:
1085:
890:
866:
1496:Buildings and structures in Kvemo Kartli
1362:] (in Russian). Tbilisi: Universal.
1101:
1073:
1025:
525:in the thick forests around Samshvilde.
1244:History of Tamerlane and His Successors
1061:
1049:
1037:
1013:
878:
854:
842:
830:
673:
1491:Prehistoric sites in Georgia (country)
1445:Studies in Christian Caucasian history
1177:"Samshvilde Archaeological Expedition"
902:
752:
449:referred to the surrounding district.
1406:Edge of Empires, a History of Georgia
186:
7:
973:
715:
532:in the 1490s, it became part of the
1501:Tourist attractions in Kvemo Kartli
1349:. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press.
1345:Maksoudian, Krikor H., ed. (1987).
794:"Cultural Continuity at Samshvilde"
195:, in the country's south, near the
1486:Former cities in Georgia (country)
804:. Ilia State University: 129–164.
56:
14:
1133:"Pipeline archaeology in Georgia"
16:Ruined historical city in Georgia
623:, as a renovator of the church.
139:2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)
55:
48:
1456:. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
1452:Vivian, Katharine, ed. (1991).
1337:Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries
38:Ruins of the Samshvilde citadel
1354:Muskhelishvili, David (2009).
1334:Lordkipanidze, Mariam (1987).
1:
1263:Emin, Nikita O., ed. (1864).
329:("duke"), first appointed by
197:homonymous modern-day village
1242:Metsobets'i, T'ovma (2021).
229:and was incorporated in the
1428:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1424:Thomson, Robert W. (1996).
456:, was made captive by King
381:at the Sioni church, in an
1522:
1481:Ruins in Georgia (country)
1409:. London: Reaktion Books.
1302:Hewsen, Robert H. (1992).
1233:Bedrosian, Robert (1987).
1165:. Smithsonian Institution.
512:, indignant at refusal of
423:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
295:According to the medieval
244:Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi
147:0.4 km (0.25 mi)
1443:Toumanoff, Cyril (1963).
810:10.32859/kadmos/2/129-164
732:. Springer. p. 109.
466:Ivane I, Duke of Kldekari
258:and means " of the bow".
256:sa⟩ ⟨e
181:
43:
31:
24:
1377:Rapp, S. H. Jr. (2003).
287:various obsidian tools.
201:Tetritsqaro Municipality
77:Tetritsqaro Municipality
1306:. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
1218:Gamkrelidze et al. 2013
1203:Gamkrelidze et al. 2013
1179:. University of Georgia
1119:Gamkrelidze et al. 2013
780:Gamkrelidze et al. 2013
688:Gamkrelidze et al. 2013
542:its victorious campaign
216:Samshvilde Sioni church
600:
592:
514:Alexander I of Georgia
358:
1340:. Tbilisi: Ganatleba.
606:University of Georgia
598:
590:
556:bestowed it upon the
554:Heraclius I of Kartli
494:George III of Georgia
356:
112:41.50722°N 44.50556°E
905:, pp. 202, 248.
621:Vakhtang V of Kartli
458:Bagrat IV of Georgia
445:), as the historian
379:Georgian inscription
307:of the Georgians of
64:Shown within Georgia
1016:, pp. 299–300.
1002:Muskhelishvili 2009
782:, pp. 441–442.
768:Muskhelishvili 2009
663:David IV of Georgia
608:from 2012 to 2015.
482:David IV of Georgia
478:George of Chqondidi
393:centered in Tbilisi
313:Alexander the Great
297:Georgian Chronicles
284:Kura–Araxes culture
188:[samʃʷilde]
108: /
21:
1383:Peeters Publishers
950:History of Armenia
934:History of Armenia
918:Lordkipanidze 1987
704:History of Armenia
601:
593:
538:Lala Mustafa Pasha
530:Kingdom of Georgia
435:Gagik I of Armenia
404:Smbat I of Armenia
377:. The 8th-century
359:
231:Kingdom of Georgia
117:41.50722; 44.50556
1416:978-1-78023-070-2
1369:978-9941-12-798-4
1294:978-9941-15-896-4
1253:978-1-925937-46-6
978:Universal History
647:Leo IV the Khazar
546:Simon I of Kartli
534:Kingdom of Kartli
518:Thomas of Metsoph
375:Anania Shirakatsi
321:Greco-Roman world
170:
169:
1513:
1467:
1448:
1439:
1420:
1401:Rayfield, Donald
1396:
1373:
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1341:
1330:
1317:
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1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
990:Kutateladze 1997
987:
981:
971:
965:
962:Kutateladze 1997
959:
953:
943:
937:
927:
921:
915:
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771:
765:
756:
750:
744:
743:
725:
719:
713:
707:
697:
691:
685:
665:(r. 1089–1125).
550:Rostom of Kartli
508:, leader of the
447:Stepanos Asoghik
416:Gurgen II of Tao
363:kings of Armenia
190:
184:
183:
161:Early Bronze Age
123:
122:
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109:
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22:
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1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
972:
968:
960:
956:
946:Maksoudian 1987
944:
940:
930:Maksoudian 1987
928:
924:
916:
909:
901:
897:
889:
885:
877:
873:
865:
861:
853:
849:
841:
837:
829:
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791:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
759:
751:
747:
740:
727:
726:
722:
714:
710:
700:Maksoudian 1987
698:
694:
686:
675:
671:
585:
502:
351:
319:, known to the
317:kings of Kartli
293:
269:
264:
240:
227:Tashir-Dzoraget
116:
114:
110:
107:
102:
99:
97:
95:
94:
68:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
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39:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1397:
1391:
1374:
1368:
1351:
1342:
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1318:
1312:
1299:
1293:
1275:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1220:, p. 445.
1207:
1205:, p. 444.
1190:
1168:
1146:
1123:
1121:, p. 441.
1106:
1104:, p. 163.
1094:
1086:Bedrosian 1987
1078:
1066:
1064:, p. 323.
1054:
1052:, p. 307.
1042:
1040:, p. 306.
1030:
1018:
1006:
1004:, p. 133.
994:
992:, p. 163.
982:
966:
964:, p. 162.
954:
938:
922:
907:
895:
893:, p. 499.
891:Toumanoff 1963
883:
881:, p. 156.
871:
869:, p. 185.
867:Toumanoff 1963
859:
847:
835:
823:
784:
772:
770:, p. 131.
757:
745:
739:978-3319054131
738:
720:
718:, p. 420.
708:
692:
690:, p. 440.
672:
670:
667:
617:E. Takaishvili
584:
581:
560:noble family.
501:
498:
350:
347:
292:
289:
268:
265:
263:
260:
250:("three") and
239:
236:
168:
167:
158:
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1463:90-256-0965-1
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1427:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
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1375:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1329:(1): 161–163.
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1313:3-88226-485-3
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1283:
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1199:
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1178:
1172:
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1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:Rayfield 2012
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1076:, p. 82.
1075:
1074:Rayfield 2012
1070:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1028:, p. 81.
1027:
1026:Rayfield 2012
1022:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1003:
998:
995:
991:
986:
983:
979:
975:
970:
967:
963:
958:
955:
951:
947:
942:
939:
935:
931:
926:
923:
920:, p. 96.
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
899:
896:
892:
887:
884:
880:
875:
872:
868:
863:
860:
857:, p. 34.
856:
851:
848:
845:, p. 14.
844:
839:
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832:
827:
824:
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815:
811:
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803:
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731:
724:
721:
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712:
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701:
696:
693:
689:
684:
682:
680:
678:
674:
668:
666:
664:
658:
656:
652:
651:Tsromi church
648:
644:
643:Constantine V
640:
635:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
613:
609:
607:
597:
589:
582:
580:
578:
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570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
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547:
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535:
531:
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511:
507:
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364:
355:
348:
346:
344:
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336:
332:
328:
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:, the mythic
302:
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93:
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71:
51:
42:
35:
30:
23:
1453:
1444:
1425:
1405:
1378:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1322:
1303:
1280:
1270:
1265:
1243:
1181:. Retrieved
1171:
1162:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1097:
1081:
1069:
1062:Thomson 1996
1057:
1050:Thomson 1996
1045:
1038:Thomson 1996
1033:
1021:
1014:Thomson 1996
1009:
997:
985:
977:
969:
957:
949:
941:
933:
925:
898:
886:
879:Thomson 1996
874:
862:
855:Thomson 1996
850:
843:Thomson 1996
838:
833:, p. 9.
831:Thomson 1996
826:
801:
797:
787:
775:
755:, p. 1.
748:
729:
723:
711:
703:
695:
659:
655:Shida Kartli
639:Sioni church
636:
625:
614:
610:
602:
565:Abdullah Beg
562:
558:Baratashvili
527:
510:Kara Koyunlu
503:
486:Ivane Orbeli
474:Malik-Shah I
451:
442:
431:Samshvildari
430:
420:
397:
388:
382:
360:
324:
294:
270:
255:
251:
247:
241:
220:
205:Kvemo Kartli
172:
171:
165:Early Modern
81:Kvemo Kartli
903:Hewsen 1992
753:Vivian 1991
573:Teimuraz II
548:. In 1636,
490:Orbeli clan
384:asomtavruli
349:Middle Ages
277:Tetritsqaro
115: /
91:Coordinates
1475:Categories
1435:0198263732
1392:9042913185
1227:References
506:Jahan Shah
454:Kiurike II
281:Bronze Age
267:Prehistory
173:Samshvilde
131:Settlement
103:44°30′20″E
100:41°30′26″N
20:Samshvilde
1183:2 October
1137:Antiquity
974:Emin 1864
818:164581256
716:Rapp 2003
628:Dormition
583:Monuments
577:Heraclius
567:employed
522:Pentecost
462:George II
443:Vrac'dast
389:pitiakhsh
291:Antiquity
238:Etymology
182:სამშვილდე
26:სამშვილდე
1403:(2012).
412:Ashot II
400:Bagratid
371:Mtskheta
343:Sagdukht
331:Parnavaz
326:eristavi
305:ethnarch
252:mshvildi
177:Georgian
73:Location
569:Lesgian
540:during
500:Decline
470:Seljuqs
427:David I
367:Tbilisi
339:Mihrdat
301:Kartlos
262:History
199:in the
193:Georgia
157:Periods
152:History
85:Georgia
1460:
1432:
1413:
1389:
1366:
1310:
1291:
1250:
1143:(325).
952:, LXII
936:, LVII
816:
798:Kadmos
736:
706:, LVII
632:menhir
472:under
439:Tashir
408:Gntuni
335:Archil
309:Kartli
273:Khrami
223:Kartli
212:Khrami
208:region
179::
136:Length
1358:[
1285:(PDF)
1269:[
1159:(PDF)
980:, XLV
814:S2CID
669:Notes
402:king
144:Width
1458:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1185:2016
734:ISBN
645:and
369:and
248:sami
128:Type
1327:156
806:doi
653:in
163:to
1477::
1385:.
1381:.
1325:.
1210:^
1193:^
1161:.
1141:84
1139:.
1135:.
1109:^
1088:,
910:^
812:.
800:.
796:.
760:^
676:^
657:.
203:,
185:,
83:,
79:,
1466:.
1438:.
1419:.
1395:.
1372:.
1316:.
1297:.
1256:.
1237:.
1187:.
1092:.
820:.
808::
802:2
742:.
175:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
