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Hampton-style education, an education that combined cultural uplift with moral and manual training, or as
Armstrong was fond of saying, an education that encompassed 'the head, the heart, and the hands.'" The general insisted that blacks should refrain from voting and politics because their long experience as slaves and, before that, pagans, had degraded the race beyond responsible participation in government. "Armstrong maintained that it was the duty of the superior white race to rule over the weaker dark-skinned races until they were appropriately civilized. This civilization process, in Armstrong's estimate, would require several generations of moral and religious development." The primary means through which white civilization could be instilled in African Americans was by the moral power of labor and manual industry.
779:. After coming to the school in 1872, Washington immediately began to adopt Armstrong's teaching and philosophy. Washington described Armstrong as "the most perfect specimen of man, physically, mentally and spiritually the most Christ-like…." Washington also quickly learned the aim of the Hampton Institute. After leaving Hampton, he recalled being admitted to the school, despite his ragged appearance, due to the ability he demonstrated while sweeping and dusting a room. From his first day at Hampton, Washington embraced Armstrong's idea of black education.
768:
764:(teacher's school) for future black teachers. In theory, these black teachers would then apply the Hampton idea of self-help and industry at schools throughout the U.S., especially the South. To this end, a prerequisite for admission to Hampton was the intent to become a teacher. In fact, "approximately 84 per cent of the 723 graduates of Hampton's first twenty classes became teachers." Armstrong strove to instill in these disciples the moral value of manual labor. This concept became the crucial component of Hampton's training of black educators.
219:
415:, when Samuel was an infant. Many chiefs and their families attended the historic church (which received its current name in 1853, under Richard Armstrong). Richard Armstrong also served on the kingdom's privy council and became the Minister of Education and later the Superintendent of Public Instruction. He established schools throughout the kingdom, and emphasized learning a manual trade in addition to farming. He graduated students proficient in blacksmithing, carpentry, and barrel-making, in addition to reading, writing, and arithmetic.
958:
163:
851:, with whom he had collaborated on black-education projects. Armstrong died at the Hampton Institute on May 11, 1893, after suffering a second stroke. His widow returned to New England. As discussed in the family section above, all his daughters would be associated with Hampton University, and his son Daniel Armstrong would become a career Naval officer and train African American troops during World War II. His grandson, Harold Howe II, became Commissioner of Education under the Presidency of
703:
210:
714:, the prevailing concept of racial adjustment promoted by whites and African Americans equated technical and industrial training with the advancement of the black race. This idea was not a new solution and traced its history to before the American Civil War. But especially after the war, blacks and whites alike realized the paradox that freedom posed for the African American population in the racist south. Freedom meant liberation from the brutality and degradation of
723:
end of slavery was the inevitable result of the Union victory, less obvious was the fate of millions of penniless blacks in the South. Former abolitionists and white philanthropists quickly focused their energies on stabilizing the black community, assisting the newly freed blacks to become independent, positive contributors to their community, helping them improve their race and encouraging them to strive toward a standard put forth by
American whites.
827:, Booker T. Washington stated that what made the greatest impression on him at Hampton was General Samuel C. Armstrong, "the noblest, rarest human being that it has ever been my privilege to meet." "One might have removed from Hampton all the buildings, classrooms, teachers, and industries, and given the men and women there the opportunity of coming into daily contact with General Armstrong, and that alone would have been a liberal education." (
42:
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883:, each of whom had arisen from modest roots to become wealthy. Dr. Washington later wrote that, by requiring matching funds, the benefactors felt they were also addressing self-esteem. The recipients locally would have a stake in knowing that they were helping themselves through their own hard work and sacrifice. In many communities, the histories of the so-called
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426:, in Honolulu, for his elementary education. There is a bronze plaque at Punahou commemorating him as a "Son of Punahou". After finishing at Punahou, he became his father's secretary. After his father suffered a horseback-riding accident and died, in 1860, Samuel Armstrong, aged 21, followed his father's wishes and sailed from Hawaiʻi for the
445:, on October 13, 1869. She died on November 10, 1878, after giving birth to two daughters, Louise H. Armstrong Scoville and Edith E. Armstrong, both of whom taught briefly at the Hampton Institute (where Louise's husband, William Scoville, served for decades as a trustee). He remained a widower for more than a decade. Armstrong remarried in
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722:
described it, a black person "felt his poverty; without a cent, without a home, without land, tools, or savings, he had entered into competition with rich, landed, skilled neighbors. To be a poor man is hard, but to be a poor race in a land of dollars is the very bottom of hardships." Although the
890:
In time, the normal schools which had been originally established primarily to work with blacks at
Hampton, Tuskegee, and elsewhere evolved from their primary focus on industrial training, practical skills, and basic literacy, into institutions of higher education focused not only upon training
750:
One instrument through which this process of racial uplift could take place was schools such as the
Hampton Normal and Industrial Institute. The Hampton Institute exemplified the paternalistic attitudes of whites who felt it was their duty to develop those they regarded as lesser races. General
759:
At the heart of the early
Hampton-style education during Armstrong's tenure was this emphasis on labor and industry. However, teaching blacks to work was a tool, not the primary goal, of the institute. Rather than producing classes of individual craftsmen and laborers, Hampton was ultimately a
755:
and the child of white missionaries in Hawaii. Armstrong believed that several centuries of the institution of slavery in the United States had left its blacks in an inferior moral state and only whites could help them develop to the point of
American civilization. "The solution lay in a
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to read or write. Similar laws were also enacted in other slave-holding states across the South. The removal of these laws after the Civil War helped draw attention to the problem of illiteracy as one of the great challenges confronting these people as they sought to join the
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469:
divided the United States. Like his father, Armstrong supported the abolition of slavery but considered himself a
Hawaiian. Nonetheless, on August 15, shortly after graduating with future General and President
939:. Other parts of Fort Armstrong became a container terminal for military supplies, which still uses the name. A building and alumni award for humanitarian contributions were named for him at Punahou School.
457:, during World War II. Their daughter, Margaret Armstrong, married the Hampton's Institute's president during the Great Depression, Arthur Howe; their sons served as trustees from the 1950s into the 1970s.
818:
were inspired by the work of pioneering educators such as Samuel
Armstrong and Dr. Washington, to create and fund educational efforts specifically for the betterment of African Americans in the South.
449:, on September 10, 1890, to Mary Alice Ford, a teacher at the Hampton Institute. Their son, Daniel Armstrong, became a career U.S. Naval officer and commanded the Negro Recruit Training Program at the
403:. Arriving in 1832, they established several Christian congregations on various Hawai'ian islands. In 1840, after the death of experienced missionary , Richard Armstrong became the second shepherd of
1928:
916:
in
Washington, D.C., was named for him in 1902. It was renamed Veterans High School in 1958, and then the Armstrong Adult Education Center in 1964. It currently hosts Friendship Armstrong Academy.
1074:
See also 1870 U.S. Federal Census for
Hampton Virginia and 1880 U.S. Federal Census for San Francisco, California, both of which reference a Hawaiian-born Samuel C. Chapman of appropriate age
1933:
1470:
328:
during the American Civil War to become a general, leading units of Black American soldiers. He became best known as an educator, founding and becoming the first principal of the
388:
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Partially disabled by a stroke while on a speaking tour in 1892, Armstrong returned to Hampton in a private railroad car provided by his multimillionaire friend,
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when its previous commander fell wounded. Armstrong's experiences in Hawai'i and with these regiments aroused his interest in the welfare of
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As the ever-increasing numbers of new teachers went back to their communities, by the first third of the 20th century, over 5,000 local
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502:(who was rumored to have been killed by his own men that day, but officially died as a result of enemy fire) to Confederate General
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225:
1351:
Heather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: the Reconstruction of America after the Civil War (Yale University Press2007) p. 202
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556:. While at Camp Stanton, Armstrong established a school to educate the black soldiers, most of whom had no education as slaves.
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1225:
Ellinghaus, Katherine (2000). "Assimilation by Marriage: White Women and Native American Men at Hampton Institute, 1878–1923".
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855:. His papers (and those of some family members) are held by the Special Collections division of the Williams College library.
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649:
645:, where Armstrong and his men were discharged out of the military on November 10, 1865, shortly after their belated arrival.
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790:, and he returned to Hampton to teach on Armstrong's faculty. Upon Sam Armstrong's recommendation to George W. Campbell,
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552:(USCT) in November 1863. When Armstrong was assigned to command the USCT, training was conducted at Camp Stanton near
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Armstrong volunteered to lead African-American troops, resigned from his New York unit, and received the rank of
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teachers, but upon teaching diverse academic subjects. Many of those institutions evolved into fully accredited
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of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the new commission on March 12, 1866.
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Educating the Disfranchised and Disinherited: Samuel Chapman Armstrong and Hampton Institute, 1839–1893
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474:, Armstrong volunteered to serve in the Union Army. By August 26, he had recruited a company near
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Fear-Segal, Jacqueline. "Nineteenth-century Indian Education: Universalism Versus Evolutionism"
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and Kaiwi were privates in different USCT regiments. Armstrong led the 8th Regiment during the
344:, which is the oldest Black American museum in the country, and the oldest museum in Virginia.
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on August 26, 1863 (but effective July 3, 1863, the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg).
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denominations. His parents were among the first missionaries to what were then known as the
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1386:(Republication of Doubleday 1901 ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc. pp.
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After being paroled in a prisoner exchange, Capt. Armstrong returned to the front lines in
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494:, who though without combat training initially held their position during the Confederate
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Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875-1928
490:'s brigade. Within weeks Armstrong and his troops were among the 12,000 man garrison at
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on September 13, 1862, but were surrendered two days later by career U.S. Army officer
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324:, particularly of non-whites. The son of missionaries in Hawaii, he rose through the
1882:
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610:
575:, and his troops became one of the first Union regiments to enter the city after the
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329:
695:, as well as training in useful job skills while paying for their education through
687:, in 1868. The institute was meant to be a place where black students could receive
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Samuel Armstrong molded the curriculum to reflect his background as both a wartime
642:
638:
423:
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316:(January 30, 1839 – May 11, 1893) was an American soldier and general during the
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794:, and Mirabeau B. Swanson, a three-man board of commissioners appointed by the
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1007:(2nd. rev. and enl. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 20.
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679:, he established the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute—now known as
1063:
371:, the sixth of ten children, eight of whom reached adulthood. His mother,
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412:
333:
321:
1129:"The Effects of the American Civil War on Hawai'i and the Pacific World"
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992:
https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Armstrong_Samuel_Chapman_1839-1893
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418:
Like many children of missionaries and tribal leaders, Samuel attended
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in December. The following summer, as part of the 3rd Division of the
1605:
864:
630:
775:
Perhaps the best student of Armstrong's Hampton-style education was
990:
Robert Francis Engs, Samuel C. Armstrong (1839-1893) available at
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701:
634:
1471:"Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole Federal Building and Courthouse"
637:. On October 10, 1865, the 8th USCT began marching from Texas to
364:
1609:
1316:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 38.
1032:"Armstrong, Samuel Chapman (1839–1893) – Encyclopedia Virginia"
1335:
1333:
1272:"Up From Slavery: A Documentary History of Negro Education"
734:
passed new legislation making it unlawful to teach slaves,
465:
During Samuel Armstrong's studies at Williams College, the
1289:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. pp. 45, 326.
1026:
1024:
810:
in the 20th century. Many religious organizations, former
332:
for Black American and later Native American pupils in
1929:
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
1190:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 739.
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had been built for blacks in the South with private
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In November 1864, Armstrong received a promotion to
389:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
153:
Hampton Institute school cemetery, Hampton, Virginia
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1090:. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. p.
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537:. Armstrong subsequently received a promotion to
1934:Hawaiian Kingdom people of the American Civil War
1480:. General Services Administration. Archived from
1167:History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-1865
1127:Vance, Justin W.; Manning, Anita (October 2012).
559:Lt. Col. Armstrong was then assigned to lead the
1507:"Fort Armstrong Container Terminal Improvements"
1259:. New York: First Vintage Books. p. 12. ll.
1412:"Collection: Samuel Chapman Armstrong Papers |"
1313:The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935
699:, as his father had advocated back in Hawai'i.
340:. He also founded the university's museum, the
1227:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
1087:Samuel Chapman Armstrong: A Biographical Study
1621:
1049:Who Was Who in American History, the Military
849:Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
798:, Booker Washington became in 1881 the first
8:
1578:University of Tennessee Press, 1999. 207 pp.
1210:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1448:. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library,
1233:(3). Virginia Historical Society: 279–303.
1139:(3). Champaign, IL: University of Illinois.
1051:. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1975. P. 15
972:List of American Civil War generals (Union)
1628:
1614:
1606:
1005:Dictionary of American Religious Biography
29:
655:nominated Armstrong for the award of the
586:"for gallant and meritorious services at
1339:
1367:. Harlan: Smock, and Kraft. p. 21.
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671:At the war's end, Armstrong joined the
441:Armstrong married Emma Dean Walker, of
272:
1203:
1043:
1041:
710:During Armstrong's career, and during
27:American soldier, general and educator
1543:"Fort Samuel Chapman Armstrong Award"
1365:The Story of My Life and Work, Vol. 1
942:Armstrong Hall (Science Building) at
910:, was named after Armstrong in 1909.
621:briefly, before being sent by sea to
7:
1845:
935:. Part of the land was used for the
859:Growth and decline of Normal Schools
806:in Alabama, which evolved to become
617:, Armstrong and his men returned to
1729:Hampton Institute Historic District
1585:1999 33(2): 323-341. ISSN 0021-8758
946:was named after Armstrong in 1929.
814:officers and soldiers, and wealthy
359:(1805–1860), Armstrong was born in
887:reflect that to have proved true.
550:9th United States Colored Infantry
395:graduates associated with various
250:8th U.S. Colored Infantry Regiment
240:9th U.S. Colored Infantry Regiment
25:
567:. Armstrong noted that Hawaiians
451:Great Lakes Naval Training Center
1939:Presidents of Hampton University
1859:
1858:
1844:
1478:Prospectus Number: PHI-0011-H012
1084:Talbot, Edith Armstrong (1904).
956:
914:Armstrong Manual Training School
871:provided by individuals such as
236:125th New York Infantry Regiment
217:
208:
161:
40:
677:American Missionary Association
391:, which was founded by several
1547:Punahou School Alumni Bulletin
579:withdrew from their trenches.
430:, to begin his own studies at
1:
1904:People from Hampton, Virginia
1516:. August 1992. Archived from
1378:Washington, Booker T (1995).
1285:Adams, David Wallace (1995).
1169:. Harrisburg: State Printers.
1003:Bowden, Henry Warner (1993).
937:Prince Kuhio Federal Building
782:Washington went on to attend
47:
1672:Coastal Athletic Association
1436:; Esther T. Mookini (2004).
728:Nat Turner's slave rebellion
486:, a three-years regiment in
295:Second Battle of Deep Bottom
1583:Journal of American Studies
1549:. Fall 2010. Archived from
1310:Anderson, James D. (1988).
845:Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
706:Armstrong in his later life
598:. The 8th USCT pursued the
478:, and received the rank of
290:First Battle of Deep Bottom
1955:
1709:Hampton Convocation Center
1450:University of Hawaii Press
1274:. ChickenBones: A Journal.
1152:, Series 1, Volume XLII/3
443:Stockbridge, Massachusetts
381:Stockbridge, Massachusetts
373:Clarissa Chapman Armstrong
1919:Hampton University people
1822:
1734:Hampton University Museum
1645:
1446:in Place Names of Hawai'i
964:American Civil War portal
732:Virginia General Assembly
600:Army of Northern Virginia
342:Hampton University Museum
307:
100:
67:
55:
39:
1799:Jerome Heartwell Holland
1774:Samuel Chapman Armstrong
1514:Environmental Assessment
1187:Civil War High Commands.
1047:Marquis Who's Who, Inc.
921:Fort Armstrong, (Hawaii)
747:and support themselves.
689:post-secondary education
548:, and assignment to the
529:in July 1863, defending
525:Armstrong fought at the
438:. He graduated in 1862.
314:Samuel Chapman Armstrong
34:Samuel Chapman Armstrong
18:Samuel Chapman Armstrong
1914:Educators from Virginia
1257:The Souls of Black Folk
1133:World History Connected
675:. With the help of the
561:8th U.S. Colored Troops
484:125th New York Infantry
268:Battle of Harpers Ferry
60:First President of
1571:Engs, Robert Francis.
772:
745:free enterprise system
707:
615:Appomattox Court House
602:during the subsequent
1924:Punahou School alumni
1809:William Robert Harvey
1794:Alonzo Graseano Morón
1779:Hollis Burke Frissell
1699:Norfolk State rivalry
1362:Washington, Booker T.
1180:Eicher, John H., and
1115:Appleton's Cyclopedia
904:Armstrong High School
821:In his autobiography
770:
705:
648:On January 13, 1866,
387:minister sent by the
348:Early and family life
197:Years of service
46:Samuel C. Armstrong,
1784:George Perley Phenix
879:, and most notably,
841:Collis P. Huntington
777:Booker T. Washington
771:Booker T. Washington
726:In the aftermath of
527:Battle of Gettysburg
354:Christian missionary
320:who later became an
280:Battle of Gettysburg
1909:Union Army colonels
1814:Darrell K. Williams
1804:Carl McClellan Hill
1597:Samuel C. Armstrong
944:Tuskegee University
808:Tuskegee University
796:Alabama Legislature
604:Appomattox Campaign
596:Siege of Petersburg
573:Siege of Petersburg
506:shortly before the
447:Montpelier, Vermont
422:and the associated
383:. His father was a
336:which later became
285:Siege of Petersburg
1682:Women's basketball
1638:Hampton University
1523:on August 23, 2011
1434:Samuel Hoyt Elbert
923:built just before
908:Richmond, Virginia
773:
708:
681:Hampton University
554:Benedict, Maryland
546:lieutenant colonel
508:Battle of Antietam
467:American Civil War
455:Waukegan, Illinois
369:Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
338:Hampton University
318:American Civil War
263:American Civil War
127:Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
1876:
1875:
1704:Armstrong Stadium
1653:Hampton, Virginia
1430:Mary Kawena Pukui
1342:, pp. 33–47.
931:battery guarding
929:coastal artillery
885:Rosenwald schools
843:, builder of the
685:Hampton, Virginia
673:Freedmen's Bureau
661:brigadier general
623:Ringgold Barracks
504:Stonewall Jackson
496:Maryland Campaign
488:George L. Willard
472:James A. Garfield
405:Kawaiahaʻo Church
357:Richard Armstrong
352:The third son of
311:
310:
226:Brigadier General
143:Hampton, Virginia
95:Hollis B. Frisell
62:Hampton Institute
16:(Redirected from
1946:
1899:People from Maui
1868:
1862:
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1854:
1848:
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1721:
1677:Men's basketball
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1553:on July 20, 2011
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1414:. Archived from
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1270:Lewis, Rudolph.
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1163:Bates, Samuel P.
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1150:Official Records
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960:
959:
881:Julius Rosenwald
835:Death and legacy
788:Washington, D.C.
784:Wayland Seminary
720:W. E. B. Du Bois
535:Pickett's Charge
432:Williams College
401:Sandwich Islands
393:Williams College
274:
221:
212:
170:Military service
165:
139:
120:January 30, 1839
119:
117:
105:Personal details
91:
81:
72:
49:
44:
30:
21:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1864:
1850:
1841:: 280.6 million
1818:
1764:
1758:
1744:
1738:
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1487:on May 22, 2011
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1382:Up From Slavery
1377:
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1355:
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1338:
1331:
1324:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1253:Du Bois, W.E.B.
1251:
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1224:
1223:
1219:
1202:
1198:
1182:David J. Eicher
1179:
1178:
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1161:
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1156:
1148:
1144:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1002:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
980:
962:
957:
955:
952:
933:Honolulu harbor
901:
877:Andrew Carnegie
873:Henry H. Rogers
861:
837:
831:, Chapter III)
829:Up from Slavery
824:Up From Slavery
816:philanthropists
669:
627:Rio Grande City
613:surrendered at
565:black Americans
463:
375:, grew up in a
350:
303:
238:
216:
178:United States (
141:
137:
121:
115:
113:
89:
79:
73:
68:
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1856:
1842:
1836:
1830:
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1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1754:Notable alumni
1750:
1748:
1740:
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1737:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1694:Howard rivalry
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1592:
1591:External links
1589:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1534:
1498:
1462:
1421:
1418:on 2020-10-14.
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1396:
1370:
1353:
1344:
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1277:
1262:
1244:
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1119:
1117:vol. VI p. 668
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951:
948:
900:
897:
869:matching funds
860:
857:
853:Lyndon Johnson
836:
833:
712:Reconstruction
668:
665:
653:Andrew Johnson
592:Fussell's Mill
531:Cemetery Ridge
523:Alexander Hays
500:Dixon S. Miles
476:Troy, New York
462:
459:
420:Punahou School
377:Congregational
349:
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187:Branch/service
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140:(aged 54)
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1399:
1397:0-486-28738-6
1393:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:Anderson 1988
1336:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:0-8078-4221-4
1319:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1296:0-7006-0838-9
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1266:
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1199:
1197:0-8047-3641-3
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1165:(1868–1871).
1164:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1101:0-8371-1512-4
1097:
1093:
1089:
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1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1065:
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1054:
1050:
1044:
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1038:
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1027:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:0-313-27825-3
1010:
1006:
999:
996:
993:
987:
984:
977:
973:
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954:
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909:
905:
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856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
834:
832:
830:
826:
825:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:normal school
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
769:
765:
763:
762:normal school
757:
754:
748:
746:
741:
737:
733:
730:in 1831, the
729:
724:
721:
717:
713:
704:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:Robert E. Lee
607:
605:
601:
597:
594:" during the
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
569:J. R. Kealoha
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:Harpers Ferry
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
436:Massachusetts
433:
429:
428:United States
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:normal school
327:
323:
319:
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306:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
286:
283:
281:
278:
275:
269:
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230:
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207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
150:Resting place
148:
144:
135:
131:
128:
124:
112:
108:
103:
99:
96:
93:
87:
83:
77:
71:
66:
63:
58:
54:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1865:
1851:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1773:
1745:Student life
1647:
1601:Find a Grave
1582:
1572:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1546:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1518:the original
1513:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1482:the original
1477:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1445:
1439:
1438:"lookup of
1424:
1416:the original
1406:
1381:
1373:
1364:
1356:
1347:
1311:
1305:
1286:
1280:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1188:
1185:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1110:
1086:
1079:
1070:
1048:
1004:
998:
986:
941:
918:
912:
902:
893:universities
889:
862:
838:
828:
822:
820:
781:
774:
758:
753:abolitionist
749:
725:
709:
697:manual labor
670:
647:
643:Pennsylvania
639:Philadelphia
608:
581:
577:Confederates
558:
543:
512:
464:
440:
424:Oahu College
417:
385:Presbyterian
351:
313:
312:
256:Battles/wars
138:(1893-05-11)
136:May 11, 1893
90:Succeeded by
69:
1894:1893 deaths
1889:1839 births
1789:Arthur Howe
925:World War I
802:of the new
792:Lewis Adams
736:free blacks
588:Deep Bottom
80:Preceded by
1883:Categories
1765:Presidents
1648:Located in
1440:Armstrong
1057:0837932017
978:References
812:Union Army
691:to become
633:border in
619:Petersburg
397:Protestant
379:family in
326:Union Army
191:Union Army
175:Allegiance
116:1839-01-30
1839:Endowment
1663:Athletics
1206:cite book
1064:657162692
899:Namesakes
800:principal
740:mulattoes
718:, but as
659:grade of
650:President
461:Civil War
200:1862–1865
158:Signature
84:Incumbent
74:1868–1893
70:In office
1866:Category
1833:Students
1687:Football
1557:April 2,
1527:April 2,
1491:April 2,
1455:April 2,
1255:(1990).
1184:(2001).
950:See also
927:, was a
919:US Army
693:teachers
667:Educator
533:against
519:II Corps
515:Virginia
409:Honolulu
334:Virginia
322:educator
246:Commands
1852:Commons
1835:: 3,516
1827:Founded
1239:4249851
865:schools
716:slavery
631:Mexican
629:on the
584:Colonel
482:in the
480:captain
453:, near
361:Wailuku
270: (
214:Colonel
123:Wailuku
1829:: 1861
1720:Campus
1394:
1320:
1293:
1237:
1194:
1098:
1062:
1055:
1011:
657:brevet
609:After
521:under
145:, U.S.
1521:(PDF)
1510:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
1474:(PDF)
1235:JSTOR
738:, or
635:Texas
625:near
539:major
434:, in
413:Oʻahu
411:, on
407:, in
180:Union
1559:2011
1529:2011
1493:2011
1457:2011
1392:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1291:ISBN
1212:link
1192:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1060:OCLC
1053:ISBN
1009:ISBN
847:and
683:—in
590:and
365:Maui
232:Unit
223:Bvt.
205:Rank
133:Died
110:Born
50:1865
1599:at
1231:108
1092:109
906:in
786:in
273:POW
1885::
1650::
1545:.
1512:.
1476:.
1444:.
1432:;
1390:.
1388:26
1332:^
1229:.
1208:}}
1204:{{
1135:.
1131:.
1094:.
1040:^
1023:^
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875:,
641:,
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510:.
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1561:.
1531:.
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1400:.
1326:.
1299:.
1241:.
1214:)
1200:.
1137:9
1104:.
1034:.
1017:.
276:)
182:)
118:)
114:(
20:)
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