378:). Rise of the "kings" was made possible by the government's preference for private ownership of the railroads and generous support to railroad entrepreneurs. The state unconditionally guaranteed bond issues by railroad companies, ensuring steady flow of new investors; during the concession period, the owner-operator was entitled to all the profits of the venture. This practice was terminated by the war of 1877–1878; instead, government opted for direct ownership and control of new railroads.
31:
397:(municipal) venture, but all shares were issued to Polyakov alone. The corporate charter was approved a whole year after the railroad commenced operations, providing Polyakov time to evade accountability to other shareholders. Polyakov used his "enrepreneurial expertise" to amass shares of other railroads which he used as a
576:
Lazar and Yakov
Polyakov survived Samuel and eventually lost their fortunes during the banking crisis of the early 1900s. Daniel, Samuel's only son, assumed his father's chair in the ORT board but was not interested in continuing his father's business and lived most his life in
393:, he managed them as his own property. None of his brothers or children had shares or influence in Polyakov's companies. Polyakov's financial maneuvers, although legal, were questionable. His first mainline railroad (Kozlov-Voronezh) was technically set up as a
237:
This type of relationship between statesmen and Jewish entrepreneurs was common in post-emancipation Russia; Tolstoy by the time of his death (1867) allegedly owned half a million roubles in
Polyakov shares. "Services" mentioned by Witte actually were running a
531:. In August 1881 Polyakov and Horace Günzburg organized the first conference of Jewish representatives from all over the Empire, searching for a strategy of actions for the Russian Jews. These and other conferences that followed adopted a negative attitude to
401:
against loans from foreign bankers, betting on the expected rise in share value. Polyakov the contractor artificially inflated costs of railroad construction in return for bribes to state officials, usually paid with railroad shares. Rival railroad contractor
470:
560:
recalled that "... apart from the Tsar's funeral, I never happened to see such a mass of people as attended
Polyakov's funeral". The cemetery still stands but Polyakov vault has been destroyed. The tomb of Samuel Polyakov by
163:. Polyakov's business interests concentrated in southern Russia and Ukraine. By the time of his sudden death at the age of 50 he was credited with the construction of one quarter of Russia's railroads, his personal
555:
at the age of 50 during a funeral ceremony for Anton (Abram) Warshawsky (Warshawsky's son Leon was married to
Polyakov's daughter). He was buried in a family vault at Saint Peterburg's Jewish Cemetery. Admiral
1418:
693:
Anan'ich 1991, chapter 4: total of 31, 425, 546 roubles identified during estate proceedings included 30, 895, 333 roubles in shares, 532, 050 roubles in real estate and only 894 roubles in cash.
1408:
219:(connected to Polyakov's business interests prior to his move into government service), Samuel Polyakov started his business empire as a proprietor of private postal station in
1388:
1230:
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1428:
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433:. Polyakov retained the original neoclassical interiors intact; after him it passed to his son Daniel and was eventually bought by the state for the
631:
disgusted and wishing to quit work for
Polyakov forever. Mikhail Danilov, Polyakov's project manager, is a key supporting character of the plot.
312:, commissioned in two stages in July and December 1869) was built in a record time of 22 months; it provided the first reliable rail link for
1383:
1349:
1328:
1304:
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1201:
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1103:
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592:, connected mismanagement of the Kursk-Kharkiv-Azov railroad to Polyakov and, particularly, "credited" him with substandard, too thin gravel
588:
that occurred two months after his death on the tracks of Kursk-Kharkiv line. The public, enraged by the accident that nearly destroyed the
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Polyakov was credited with donating three million roubles to public education, starting with the college for railroad trades established in
480:
In the last decade of his life
Polyakov concentrated on the life of Saint Petersburg Jewish community, and co-financed construction of the
474:
945:"Могу свидетельствовать только, что кроме царских похорон, мне никогда не случалось видеть такой массы народа, как на проводах Полякова."
1038:
539:. Poliakov subscribed to the "standard emancipationist argument", that promoting emigration will do more harm for the Jews, as it gave
406:
summarized
Polyakov's reputation as: "Not for any amount of money will I go into business with Polyakov, and I will not soil my name".
821:
The sale could be construed as a breach of contract: construction of the mill was part of his concession obligations — Pashkeyev.
600:
325:
1150:
228:
1423:
642:
is a reference to the
Polyakov brothers. The name Bolgarinov ("son of a Bulgarian") is a similar to Polyakov ("son of a Pole").
516:
network. Its initial purpose was to train Jews in work crafts, creating skilled workforce for the needs of rapidly developing
1064:
1025:"И зачем он оторвал меня от работы? Мало у него свиты и без меня? Сколько в них, начиная с самого шефа, чванства!"
1398:
349:
234:, later handled Tolstoy's business interests on a regular basis, and in return "Tolstoy launched Polyakov on his career".
200:
273:
mainline railroad (commissioned in
February 1868). Polyakov made himself rich charging the state 75 thousand roubles per
390:
207:
version of "Polyak", which means Pole. Samuel helped Yakov, the elder brother, in running father's business in alcohol
212:
381:
In addition to newly built roads, Polyakov acquired existing ones, including Russia's first commercial railroad from
984:
723:
616:
1393:
321:
1339:
1403:
1341:
Scenarios of power: myth and ceremony in
Russian monarchy from Peter the Great to the abdication of Nicholas II
316:
coal mines where Polyakov had substantial interests. He also acquired a concession to build a steel foundry in
305:
231:
485:
481:
355:
As a result, in the 1870s Samuel joined the ring of Russia's seven top railroad barons. These were three
257:
and completed in 1863. In 1863–1865 Polyakov performed construction subcontracts for the railroad "king"
1359:
Glazanova, Anastasia (2019). Samuil Polyakov: Life as a Jewish Tycoon in 19th Century Russia. NLI Blog
1378:
1373:
747:
Witte managed the Kursk-Kharkiv railroad where Polyakov had a substantial share but no direct control
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collection. Another statue of Polyakov by Antokolski is on display in the Museum of Arts in
501:
434:
422:
418:
382:
300:
Polyakov pioneered fast-track railroad construction schedules, introducing new standards of
140:
78:
30:
1043:. Translated by Bartlett, Rosamund. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 843.
245:
on wastelands of Tolstoy's estate, and the "launch" was granted as a contract to build the
1275:
Dilemmas of Russian capitalism: Fedor Chizhov and corporate enterprise in the railroad age
1223:
1172:
562:
442:
430:
215:
this opportunity dwindled, and Samuel started his own construction business. According to
988:
619:
published in 1907. Garin died leaving the book incomplete; it was prepared for print by
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367:
337:
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and over 20 million roubles from the government, including a 4.5 million time bonus.
270:
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168:
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1314:
540:
532:
313:
254:
216:
156:
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Samuel Polyakov's Saint Peterburg home was the former Countess Laval palace at 4,
155:
king" of the Russian Empire, the senior member of the Polyakov business family, a
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Anan'ich 1991, chapter 6, based this conclusion on an analysis of Polyakov's
513:
164:
160:
333:
869:
The same practice caused collapse of Lazar Polyakov's banking conglomerate
261:. Finally, in 1866 Tolstoy rewarded Polyakov with a contract to build the
581:. Samuel's three daughters married Russian, English, and French bankers.
438:
341:
266:
152:
720:"The Brothers Polyakov: From the Shtetls of Poland to Russian Nobility"
596:
pads that failed to cushion track vibrations as they were supposed to.
570:
394:
348:. The speed of building these railroads earned Polyakov a medal of the
329:
282:
224:
192:
1296:
For whom do I toil?: Judah Leib Gordon and the crisis of Russian Jewry
543:
a perfect reason to treat the remaining Jews as "irrevocable aliens".
552:
528:
466:
458:
421:; in the 1820s-1830s the building housed literary salons attended by
290:
1254:
Count Sergei Witte and the twilight of imperial Russia: a biography
527:
The assassination of Alexander on March 1, 1881 provoked a wave of
277:
of track, eight times above actual cost. This line was followed by
931:
See map of the Jewish Cemetery provided in Beizer, Gilbert p. XXXV
792:
578:
446:
309:
294:
278:
274:
239:
59:
317:
286:
1196:. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Johns Hopkins University Press.
1065:"Young Muscovites Find Community in High-Speed Scavenger Hunts"
227:. Polyakov performed "some kind of important services" for the
1095:
Bankirskie doma v Rossii (Банкирские дома в России, 1860-1914)
469:, an institution that eventually evolved into the present-day
1139:
Predprinimatelstvo i gorodskaya kultura v Rossii 1861-1914 (
328:
Polyakov was commissioned to build two frontline railroads,
1119:
The Jews of St. Petersburg: excursions through a noble past
389:(purchased in 1880). Although his railroads were set up as
1246:. The Jewish publication society of America, Philadelphia.
971:"Iz nachalnoy istorii muzeya (Из начальной истории музея)"
627:", appears in the book in person only once, leaving the
834:, river ferry crossing, setting up field hospitals etc.
573:, one of the many institutions sponsored by Polyakov.
496:
succeeded in securing royal approval to establish the
304:
promoted by his new ally in the government, minister
370:, former state executive Derviz and former engineer
1419:
19th-century businesspeople from the Russian Empire
899:
English translation as in Beizer, Gilbert pages 293
111:
103:
95:
85:
67:
37:
21:
830:The contract, apart from two rail lines, included
159:and a Jewish civil rights activist, co-founder of
151:businessman, informally known as the "most famous
1141:Предпринимательство и городская культура в России
359:- Polyakov himself, Bloch and Kronenberg; former
320:, but eventually preferred to sell the rights to
1409:People from the Russian Empire in rail transport
584:Samuel Polyakov was posthumously blamed for the
461:in 1867. In 1868 he co-sponsored opening of the
1192:Brumfield, Anan'ich, Petrov (editors) (2002).
1137:Brumfield, Anan'ich, Petrov (editors) (2001).
1244:"History of Jews in Poland and Russia, vol.2"
8:
1194:Commerce in Russian Urban Culture, 1861-1914
623:. Polyakov, "a small ageing gentleman in a
187:, were born in a small trader's family in
18:
1389:19th-century Jews from the Russian Empire
1229:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1178:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1116:Beizer, Mikhail; Gilbert, Martin (1989).
603:period provide the principal setting for
498:Society for Crafts and Agricultural Labor
1009:"маленький пожилой господин в котелке"
179:Samuel and his brothers, future bankers
1098:(in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Nauka.
973:(in Russian). Saratov State University.
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875:
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199:. Samuel's grandfather had moved from
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344:. Actual construction was managed by
7:
1145:(in Russian). Tri Kvadrata, Moscow.
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779:
777:
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773:
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599:Polyakov's railroad ventures of the
308:. Kursk-Kharkiv-Azov mainline (780
1429:Landowners from the Russian Empire
14:
1414:Privy Councillor (Russian Empire)
229:Minister for Posts and Telegraphs
107:Railroad financier and contractor
506:Общество Ремесленного Труда, ОРТ
374:(succeeded in 1873 by his widow
29:
795:(in Russian). 18 February 2008.
565:was salvaged and placed in the
484:. Shortly before the murder of
1344:. Princeton University Press.
1299:. Oxford University Press US.
1293:Stanislawski, Michael (1988).
1122:. Jewish Publication Society.
634:The character "Bolgarinov" in
350:Paris World Exhibition of 1878
253:local rail line, owned by the
167:was estimated at 31.4 million
1:
326:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
1384:19th-century philanthropists
1278:. Harvard University Press.
890:Beizer, Gilbert, pages 57-58
551:Polyakov suddenly died of a
445:but failed to reach coveted
985:Garin-Mikhailovsky, Nikolai
512:which eventually grew into
475:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
437:offices. Polyakov acquired
213:emancipation reform of 1861
1445:
1320:The memoirs of Count Witte
959:Beizer, Gilbert, pages 201
922:Beizer, Gilbert, pages 131
724:National Library of Israel
683:(in Russian). business.ua.
679:Pashkeyev, Sergey (2005).
617:Nikolai Garin-Mikhailovsky
145:Самуил Соломонович Поляков
1338:Wortman, Richard (2006).
1110:(2006 edition) chapter 4.
1024:
1008:
944:
709:Beizer,.Gilbert, pages 59
612:
505:
203:in 1783. "Polyakov" is a
144:
28:
1251:Harcave, Sidney (2004).
1092:Anan'ich, B. V. (1991).
969:Vodonos, Ye. I. (2004).
763:Anan'ich 1991, chapter 4
129:Samuel (Shmuel) Polyakov
1424:19th-century landowners
1272:Thomas C. Owen (2005).
913:Stanislawski, pages 171
1242:Dubnow, S. M. (1918).
793:"Polyakovy (Поляковы)"
482:Grand Choral Synagogue
1037:Tolstoy, Leo (2016).
947:- Anan'ich, chapter 4
508:), a national Jewish
417:landmark designed by
1399:People from Dubrowna
1027:- Garin, chapter XVI
1011:- Garin, chapter XVI
990:Inzhenery (Инженеры)
745:Borki train disaster
586:Borki train disaster
601:Russian-Turkish war
391:public corporations
221:Kharkov Governorate
16:Russian businessman
1222:has generic name (
1171:has generic name (
522:Pale of Settlement
471:Diplomatic Academy
411:English Embankment
302:project management
1351:978-0-691-12374-5
1330:978-0-87332-571-4
1306:978-0-19-504290-0
1285:978-0-674-01549-4
1264:978-0-7656-1422-3
1203:978-0-8018-6750-7
1190:English edition:
1129:978-0-8276-0321-9
1105:978-5-02-027315-3
1050:978-0-19-874884-7
681:"Samuil Polyakov"
533:Jewish emigration
453:Public activities
427:Alexander Pushkin
376:Nadezhda von Meck
297:line and others.
126:
125:
96:Years active
52:December 24, 1837
1436:
1394:Jewish activists
1355:
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1071:. 15 August 2007
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590:House of Romanov
547:Death and legacy
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441:and the rank of
435:Governing Senate
423:Vasily Zhukovsky
419:Thomas de Thomon
413:, a four-storey
383:Saint Petersburg
255:Don Cossack Host
211:, but after the
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79:Saint Petersburg
74:
51:
49:
33:
19:
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1404:Polyakov family
1364:
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1337:
1331:
1323:. M.E. Sharpe.
1313:
1307:
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1257:. M.E. Sharpe.
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894:
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881:Owen, pages 173
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873:
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848:Witte, pages 55
847:
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812:Owen, pages 172
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726:. 9 August 2018
718:
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708:
697:
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688:
678:
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662:Witte, pages 58
661:
652:
648:
563:Mark Antokolski
549:
490:Horace Günzburg
455:
443:privy councilor
431:Adam Mickiewicz
346:Mikhail Danilov
177:
175:Business career
119:
81:
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72:
63:
53:
47:
45:
44:
43:
42:Shmuel Polyakov
24:
23:Samuel Polyakov
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615:), a novel by
567:Russian Museum
558:Ivan Shestakov
548:
545:
510:interest group
454:
451:
387:Tsarskoye Selo
368:Vasily Kokorev
357:converted Jews
306:Pavel Melnikov
197:Russian Empire
185:Yakov Polyakov
181:Lazar Polyakov
176:
173:
157:philanthropist
124:
123:
121:Yakov Polyakov
116:Lazar Polyakov
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:Known for
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100:
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90:Russian Empire
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77:
75:(aged 50)
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1315:Witte, Sergei
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1040:Anna Karenina
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995:, chapter XVI
993:(in Russian).
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743:Prior to the
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605:The Engineers
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1075:2020-02-02
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646:References
625:bowler hat
518:capitalism
488:Polyakov,
449:'s title.
399:collateral
243:distillery
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48:1837-12-24
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