1280:, to El Paso. Arriving on November 5, Jones met with the junta leaders, negotiated their agreement to obey the law, and arranged Howard's return, arraignment, and release on bail. Jones also recruited 20 new Texas Rangers, the Detachment of Company C, under the command of Lieutenant John B. Tays, a native Canadian. Traditionally, Tays has been described as an uneducated handyman, but later research indicated he was a mining engineer, El Paso land speculator, and smuggler of Mexican cattle. His appointment to command the local Ranger detachment was approved by leading Anglos. The Ranger detachment recruited by Jones and Tays was mixed, composed of Anglos and a few Tejanos, including an old Indian fighter, several Civil War veterans, an experienced lawman, at least one outlaw, and a few community pillars. Individually, they included some capable men, but the unit lacked tradition or cohesion.
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armed men arrested the compliant jurist, however, and others went in search of Howard, locating him at
Sheriff Kerber's home in Yselta. Under the leadership of Francisco "Chico" Barela, they seized Howard and marched him back to San Elizario. For three days, he was held prisoner by several hundred men, led by Sisto Salcido, Lino Granillo, and Barela. On October 3, he was finally released upon payment of a $ 12,000 bond and his written relinquishment of all rights to the salt deposits. Howard left for
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surrendered to adversaries. Howard, Ranger
Sergeant John McBride, and merchant and ex-police lieutenant John G. Atkinson were immediately executed by firing squad with their bodies hacked and dumped into a well. The Rangers were disarmed and sent out of town. The civic leaders of San Elizario fled to Mexico, and the people of the town looted the buildings. In all, 12 people were killed and 50 wounded.
1260:, where he briefly stayed at the home of Fountain. He soon returned to the area, and on October 10, shot and killed Cardis in an El Paso (formerly Franklin) mercantile store. Howard fled back to New Mexico. The Tejano people of El Paso County were outraged. They effectively put a stop to all county government, replacing it with community juntas and daring the sheriff to take any action against them.
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context of the long and often violent social struggle of
Mexican-Americans to be treated as equal citizens in the United States and not as a subjugated people. Most recently, the "mob" has been described as an organized political-military insurgency with the goal of re-establishing local control of their fundamental political rights and economic future.
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former citizens of Mexico than to either US political party, and was influential in swinging their votes in any direction he thought beneficial to the community or to himself. Howard was elected district judge and about the same time began feuding with Cardis over who would be the county's political "top dog".
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The conflict began as a local quarrel and grew in stages to finally occupy the attention of both the Texas and federal governments. Newspaper editors throughout the nation covered the story, often with frenzied tone and in lurid detail. At the conflict's height, as many as 650 men bore arms. About 20
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who collected salt the going rate for its retrieval, but he insisted the salt was his. The
Tejanos of San Elizario, encouraged by Father Borrajo (by now the former pastor), with the support of Cardis, gathered and kept salt in spite of Howard's claim. The people did not look only to outside leaders.
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In 1872, Charles Howard, a
Virginian by birth, came to the region determined to restore the Democratic Party to power in West Texas. His natural rival was Mills, so he struck up an alliance with Cardis, who was influential with Hispanic voters in the region. Cardis had a stronger allegiance to the
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route. In 1863, the people of San
Elizario, as a community, built by subscription a road running east to the salt lakes. Early residents of the Rio Grande valley at El Paso were granted community access rights to these lakes by the King of Spain, and these rights were later grandfathered in by the
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Besides the many casualties, the war cost an estimated $ 31,050 in property damage. Additionally, many crop losses were sustained because local farmers did not till or harvest their fields for several months; loss of wheat crops alone was estimated at $ 48,000. To these immediate financial losses
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On
September 29, 1877, José Mariá Juárez and Macedonia Gandara threatened to collect a wagonload of salt. When Howard learned of their activities, he had the men arrested by El Paso County Sheriff Charles Kerber and went to court in San Elizario that evening to legally restrain them. A faction of
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Traditionally, the uprising of
Mexican-Americans during the San Elizario Salt War has been described by historians as a bloody riot by a howling mob. The Texas Rangers who surrendered, especially their commander, have been described as unfit. More recent scholarship has placed the war within the
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led by Tays. Once again, a group of armed insurgents descended upon them. Howard and the
Rangers took cover in the buildings, eventually taking refuge in the town's church. After a two-day siege, Tays surrendered the company of Rangers, marking the only time in history a Texas Ranger unit ever
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In 1870, a group of influential leaders from
Franklin claimed the land on which the salt deposits were found. They were unsuccessful in gaining sole title to the land, and a feud over its ownership and control began. William Wallace Mills favored individual private ownership,
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to keep an eye on the border and the local Mexican population. When the railroad came to West Texas in 1883, it bypassed San Elizario. The town's population decreased, and ethnic Mexicans lost much of their political influence in the region.
1204:, a supporter of Mills, was killed. Fountain and Cardis sparred with every political and legal tool at their command. The Republicans' loss of state government control in 1873 prompted Fountain to leave El Paso for his wife's home in the
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was a relatively large community south of the river from its founding in 1789 until an 1829 flood changed the course of the river, leaving San Elizario on "La Isla", a new island between the new and old channels of the Rio Grande.
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and began pushing for his plan of county government ownership with community access. San Elizario's Spanish priest, Father Antonio Borrajo, opposed the plan and gained the support of Cardis. On December 7, 1870, Judge
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mercenaries caused hundreds of Tejanos to flee to Mexico, some in permanent exile. The right of individuals to own the salt lakes, which had previously been held as a community asset, was established by force of arms.
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and identified the "deepest channel", i.e. the southern channel, as the official international boundary. The status of San Elizario was further made official by the 1853 treaty that sold the territory of the
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favored county government ownership with community access. This led Cardis and Fountain to join together as the so-called "Anti-Salt ring", while Mills became the leader of the opposing "Salt ring".
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1302:(collectively equivalent to $ 1,404,000 in 2023) can be added the further political and economic marginalization of the Mexican-American community of
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from ore in Chihuahua mines. Historically, caravans to the salt lakes traveled either down the Rio Grande and then straight north or via what became the
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proclaimed the Rio Grande as the southern border of the new country. The nationality of the people of San Elizario was disputed until the signing of the
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In response to pleas from a frightened Anglo community (numbering fewer than 100 residents out of nearly 5,000 in the county), Governor of Texas
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Charles H. Howard was long reported to have been a native of Missouri, but Virginia has now been established as his birthplace. See Sonnichsen,
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brought many entrepreneurs to the area. The families of San Elizario had deep roots and were loath to accept the newcomers. Many
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As a result of the unrest, San Elizario lost its status as county seat, which was relocated to the growing town of El Paso. The
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colonials and later Mexicans settled a series of communities along the south banks of the river, which provided protection from
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and replenishing what sweating took from humans and animals. Its value made it a commodity used for barter along
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drew salt of a high purity to the surface. This salt was valuable for a wide variety of purposes, including
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had begun to reclaim political influence in the state. The Democratic operatives, with their ties to the
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settled in the small community of Franklin, Texas, a trading village across the Rio Grande from the
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is a natural barrier in West Texas. Long before claims to the region were made by Anglo-Americans,
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Republic of Mexico and in accordance with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Beginning in 1866, the
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to 30 men were killed in the 12-year fight for salt, and perhaps double that number were wounded.
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In the summer of 1877, Howard filed a claim for the salt lakes in the name of his father-in-law,
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This position relative to the river became more important in 1836, when the newly independent
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created great changes in the political landscape of West Texas. The end of the war and
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to the United States. At that time, San Elizario was the largest US community between
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raids from the north. Prior to major water-control projects on the Rio Grande such as
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Falling back on a long tradition of local self-government, they formed committees (
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of the mid-19th century that revolved around the ownership and control of immense
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1349:"The El Paso Salt War: A Review of the Historical Literature", Paul Cool, in
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On December 12, 1877, Howard returned to San Elizario with a company of 20
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1375:"The El Paso Salt War: A Review of the Historical Literature", Paul Cool,
1392:, University of Texas Press, 1965 (1935), pp. 351–367; C. L. Sonnichsen,
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1340:, C. L. Sonnichsen, 1961, Carl Hertzog and the Texas Western Press.
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1334:, Walter Prescott Webb, 1965 (1935), University of Texas Press.
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1234:) in San Elizario and the largely Tejano neighboring towns of
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1396:, Carl Hertzog and the Texas Western Press, 1961, pp. 27–57.
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favored the Hispanic community concept of commonwealth, and
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For traditional and revisionist views of Tays, see Webb,
1422:, Texas A&M University Press, 2008, pp. 1–5, 131–134.
1346:, Oscar J. Martinez, 1995, University of Arizona Press.
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against a leading politician, who was supported by the
1459:. For Howard's political career in El Paso, see Cool,
1175:, thus overturning the traditional community rights.
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W.W. Mills (1901) Forty Years at El Paso (1858-1898)
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58:
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32:
1359:, Paul Cool, 2008, Texas A&M University Press.
1535:, El Paso Community College Local History Project
1390:The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense
1332:The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense
1409:, University of Arizona Press, 1995, pp. 85–86.
1529:"Salt War of 1877 Divided Southwest Residents"
1591:Range wars and feuds of the American Old West
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1420:Salt Warriors: Insurgency on the Rio Grande
1357:Salt Warriors: Insurgency on the Rio Grande
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1171:allowed individuals to stake claims for
874:inhabitants living on both sides of the
1541:, El Paso County Historical Association
1368:
1076:city of El Paso del Norte (present-day
93:
89:This article is part of a series on the
1223:capitalist. Howard offered to pay any
7:
1154:and was an essential element in the
950:adding citations to reliable sources
815:United States occupation of Veracruz
1083:By the beginning of the 1870s, the
583:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
527:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
1276:, commander of the Texas Rangers'
14:
1438:HTML table of contents: pp. 9-10
1152:El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
922:
650:
103:
1576:Civil wars in the United States
520:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
202:California agricultural strikes
16:1877 conflict in El Paso, Texas
850:, was an extended and complex
1:
1042:. It was a major stop on the
763:Walker's expedition to Mexico
362:Occupation of Catalina Island
172:1913 El Paso smelters' strike
1547:, U.S. National Park Service
1491:The El Paso Salt War of 1877
1449:The El Paso Salt War of 1877
1394:The El Paso Salt War of 1877
1338:The El Paso Salt War of 1877
1195:Fountain was elected to the
1056:Civil War and Reconstruction
1379:, Vol. 17, 2005, pp. 49–50.
1377:Journal of Big Bend Studies
1351:Journal of Big Bend Studies
1023:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
152:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1617:
1523:"Salt War of San Elizario"
1317:were sent to re-establish
1272:answered by sending Major
1179:Political phase, 1866–1877
1164:Butterfield Overland Mail
1025:in 1848, which ended the
897:and a sheriff's posse of
738:
372:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
197:Cantaloupe strike of 1928
24:
1190:Albert Jennings Fountain
657:United States portal
412:1985–1987 cannery strike
1545:"The El Paso Salt Wars"
1434:William Wallace Mills,
1284:Texas Rangers surrender
1264:Texas Rangers intercede
555:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
1489:, p. 367; Sonnichsen,
1388:Walter Prescott Webb,
1126:31.74335°N 105.07668°W
1089:Southern United States
534:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
451:Great American Boycott
332:Las Adelitas de Aztlán
302:Conferencia de Mujeres
1581:Texas Ranger Division
1566:Texas border disputes
890:. The arrival of the
840:San Elizario Salt War
785:San Elizario Salt War
728:Mexican–American wars
569:Mendez v. Westminster
506:Botiller v. Dominguez
422:2019 El Paso shooting
405:Post-Chicano Movement
377:Plan de Santa Bárbara
277:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
207:Citrus Strike of 1936
142:San Elizario Salt War
115:Early-American period
97:and Mexican Americans
20:San Elizario Salt War
1586:Wars fought in Texas
1246:The Salt War of 1877
1206:New Mexico Territory
1131:31.74335; -105.07668
1040:Santa Fe, New Mexico
1027:Mexican–American War
946:improve this section
842:, also known as the
748:Mexican-American War
562:Leal Garcia v. Texas
468:Justice for Janitors
337:Los Siete de la Raza
292:Colegio César Chávez
217:Mexican Repatriation
132:Mexican–American War
1601:San Elizario, Texas
1525:, Handbook of Texas
1453:"Charles H. Howard"
1405:Oscar J. Martinez,
1258:Mesilla, New Mexico
1217:George B. Zimpelman
1122: /
1101:Guadalupe Mountains
1099:At the base of the
1007:Elephant Butte Dike
888:San Elizario, Texas
860:Guadalupe Mountains
858:at the base of the
743:Capture of Monterey
498:Supreme Court cases
417:1992 Drywall Strike
392:United Farm Workers
342:Los Seis de Boulder
327:Land grant struggle
317:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
237:Sleepy Lagoon trial
95:History of Chicanos
72:Uprising suppressed
21:
1407:Troublesome Border
1344:Troublesome Border
1278:Frontier Battalion
1270:Richard B. Hubbard
1197:Texas State Senate
1169:Texas Constitution
1062:American Civil War
1036:San Antonio, Texas
985:National ambiguity
820:Mexican Expedition
805:Mexican Revolution
513:Hernandez v. Texas
312:East L.A. walkouts
287:Chicano Moratorium
182:Bisbee Deportation
127:Las Gorras Blancas
1561:Conflicts in 1877
1518:Handbook of Texas
1487:The Texas Rangers
1457:Handbook of Texas
1202:Gaylord J. Clarke
1019:Republic of Texas
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630:Dallas–Fort Worth
576:Bernal v. Fainter
548:MedellĂn v. Texas
267:Black-brown unity
232:Porvenir Massacre
227:Plan de San Diego
222:Operation Wetback
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1148:preserving meats
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187:Bloody Christmas
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1186:Louis Cardis
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1107:(located at
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1048:and was the
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1011:San Elizario
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272:Brown Berets
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25:Part of the
1533:Borderlands
1418:Paul Cool,
1311:9th Cavalry
1140:water table
1129: /
1117:105°04′36″W
1070:Republicans
1050:county seat
1045:Camino Real
895:9th Cavalry
766: [
753:Taos Revolt
732:(1845–1920)
612:Los Angeles
439:Castro 2020
427:Abolish ICE
1555:Categories
1364:References
1319:Fort Bliss
1114:31°44′36″N
991:Rio Grande
914:Background
899:New Mexico
876:Rio Grande
864:West Texas
856:salt lakes
825:Bandit War
810:Border War
775:Reform War
617:Michigan (
382:Quinto Sol
282:Chicanismo
212:La Matanza
147:Sonoratown
137:Mutualista
27:Range Wars
1074:Chihuahua
962:June 2022
933:does not
852:range war
603:Arizona (
597:by region
165:Juan Crow
36:1877–1878
1451:, p. 1;
1225:salinero
999:Comanche
41:Location
1236:Socorro
995:Spanish
954:removed
939:sources
880:El Paso
868:Mexican
846:or the
635:Houston
619:Detroit
69:Outcome
1472:Cool,
1297:Legacy
1231:juntas
1221:Austin
1160:silver
1142:, and
1038:, and
1003:Apache
872:Tejano
605:Tucson
485:Xicanx
262:Aztlán
77:Deaths
1219:, an
878:near
770:]
625:Texas
357:MEChA
80:20–30
49:Texas
1238:and
1095:Salt
1060:The
1001:and
989:The
937:any
935:cite
870:and
838:The
457:IRCA
445:DACA
367:PCUN
352:MAYO
347:MANA
297:CFMN
33:Date
1313:of
1080:).
948:by
862:in
307:CRP
1557::
1531:-
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718:e
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