27:
315:
287:. No more than two weeks later on July 24, Hideyoshi ordered the expulsion of the Jesuit missionaries from Japan. However, the 1587 decree was not particularly enforced. Even Hideyoshi himself knowingly flouted the edict and allowed Jesuit missionaries into Japan as translators and trade intermediaries. Eventually the missionaries felt safe enough to continue their proselytising in Japan, albeit discreetly.
417:'s recommendation proved to be of dubious faith, as Mashita Nagamori saw profit to be made from the situation, and advised Hideyoshi to keep the cargo for the court treasury. The Jesuits caught wind of the matter and offered to intercede on behalf of the Spanish crew, suggesting the services of another of the five commissioners, the Christian sympathiser
460:, first among the five commissioners under Hideyoshi, clarified that Hideyoshi's order was directed towards the Franciscans that openly violated his 1587 edict – the Jesuits, who were discreet in their preaching, were excluded. In the end, 26 Catholics – six Franciscan friars, 17 Japanese Franciscan
508:
at the time. The
Jesuits formally denied all these claims, instead pinning the blame on the Franciscan friars' recklessness in Japan that destroyed any previous goodwill Hideyoshi had shown: the pilot's slip-of-the-tongue only gave Hideyoshi an opportunity to act on his pre-existing suspicions. These
503:
mishap was hotly debated by the rival religious orders. The account of the friars who escaped martyrdom downplayed the statement by the pilot, while accusing the
Jesuits of inaction, and worse, treachery. The Spaniards alleged that the Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits were the instigators of the incident
389:
reached Urado, it was wrecked on a sandbar. The Chōsokabe samurai then confiscated the remaining 600,000 pesos worth of cargo on board – the rest had already been lost in the stormy voyage. Chōsokabe
Motochika claimed it was standard procedure, as it was his understanding of the
298:
viewed
Portugal's success in Japan with jealousy and sought to disrupt the Jesuit monopoly in Japan. The friars entered Japan through the Philippines in 1593, and an initial audience with Hideyoshi was deemed encouraging enough that they began to proselytize openly near the capital
355:, the ship was able to drift towards Japan, a happenstance that the crew considered a miracle. Despite sighting land on the latitude of Kyoto, the ship could not land in the strong winds and was drifted away. Amid fears of the uncontrollable ship crashing into the rocks,
492:, although the black slaves on board were recruited into Hideyoshi's service. Part of the confiscated cargo was used to finance the Japanese invasion of Korea, and the rest distributed among the Japanese nobility – some items even found their way to the
303:. The Jesuit fathers immediately complained of the friars' illegality and cautioned against their reckless disregard of the 1587 edict, but the Franciscans, convinced of the soundness of their methods due to their successes in the Americas, paid these warnings no heed.
390:
Japanese maritime law that any vessel stranded or wrecked in Japan belonged to the local authorities along with its cargo; he may also have been tempted by the cargo itself, since the Nanban trade and the wealth associated with it rarely reached
Shikoku.
520:
incident set off a new round of persecution against the
Christians, in which 137 churches were demolished and the Jesuit missionaries were ordered to leave Japan. The Jesuits made a show of compliance by loading a Macau-bound
350:
season. After being hit by two typhoons, the captain decided to sail towards Japan to refit, but on the approach to the
Japanese coast the galleon was hit by a third typhoon, leaving the ship without any sails. Thanks to the
405:
under
Hideyoshi. Captain Landecho acted upon the advice and sent two of his officers to the capital Kyoto, with the instructions that they should rendezvous with the Franciscan friars and avoid dealing with the Jesuits.
218:
ships started to arrive in Japan to trade. At the time, the
Japanese were very much looking forward to acquiring Chinese goods such as silk and porcelain, but had been prohibited from private trade with China by the
432:
s freight onto a hundred
Japanese boats to ship to Kyoto. While this was going on, Nagamori acquainted himself with the Spaniards, who entertained him with music and games and a show of fencing. He then asked
256:. Hence the Jesuits enjoyed the exclusive right to propagate Christianity in Japan, which meant their sponsors, the Portuguese, had the exclusive right to trade with Japan within Christendom.
488:
s cargo, was told there that Hideyoshi had reason to treat him as a pirate to be executed, but instead he was granted his life and be allowed to leave Japan with the crew and passengers of
425:, refused. By the time Maeda Gen'i was contacted, Mashita Nagamori was already on his way to the wreck and Maeda could do no more than to write a letter to his colleague urging leniency.
275:
came close to unifying Japan and became concerned about potential decentralizing factors, such as vassals following a foreign religion. In 1587, after a cordial audience with
370:
Assured by the tales of Hideyoshi's hospitality to the friars, the captain felt safe enough to turn down a suggestion from his crew to make their way to the friendly port of
205:
970:
504:
as they urged Hideyoshi to seize the cargo, denounced the Spaniards as pirates and conquistadors, and insulted the Spanish king despite the fact that Portugal was under a
445:
to join the newly converted in an invasion of conquest. Nagamori then inquired about the relationship between Spain and Portugal, and was indignant when the pilot and the
449:
of the ship both replied that the two empires shared one king (the Jesuits had long explained to the Japanese that the two countries were different and separate).
452:
This exchange was duly reported to Hideyoshi, who reacted with fury. The pilot's revelation was a confirmation of Hideyoshi's suspicions of Christians as "
279:, Superior of the Jesuit mission, Hideyoshi became more concerned as Coelho boasted that the Jesuits could summon Portuguese warships and rally Christian
995:
284:
229:
pirate raids. The Portuguese therefore found the opportunity to act as intermediaries trading Chinese goods for Japanese silver and profited immensely.
267:, because Portuguese traders, under the influence of the missionaries, were more willing to stop at ports belonging to a Christian lord, which for the
1000:
955:
468:
included by mistake – were paraded from Kyoto to Nagasaki, where they were crucified on a hill on February 5, 1597. A passenger of
456:" in Japan, which had been fanned by his anti-Christian retainers. He responded quickly, ordering all the missionaries in Japan to be rounded up.
381:, however, showed himself to be unfriendly to the foreigners as he forced the disabled ship to go to his home port of Urado (浦戸; in present-day
855:"The arrival of the Spanish galleons in Manila from the Pacific Ocean and their departure along the Kuroshio stream (16th and 17th centuries)"
26:
441:, and insinuated that Spain gained its empire by first converting native populations to Christianity with missionaries and then sending in
839:
965:
990:
525:
vessel with ordinary Portuguese in missionary wear, then continued to evangelize in Japan discreetly until Hideyoshi's death in 1598.
437:
Francisco de Olandia where they came from and how they came to Japan. At this point Olandia produced a map showing the extent of the
960:
882:
236:, as this Euro-Japanese trade activity came to be called, was closely tied to the propagation of Christianity. Portuguese-sponsored
253:
513:
episode were spread across the Spanish colonial empire and resulted in much resentment against Portugal and the Jesuits.
294:
in 1580 stipulating that Spain would not interfere with Portugal's colonial empire, Spanish-sponsored missionaries of the
124:
900:
985:
980:
176:
to have missionaries infiltrate a country before an eventual military conquest, depicting the Spanish campaigns in the
193:
975:
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When Nagamori reached Tosa, he asked for a monetary bribe from the Spaniards; failing that, he set about loading
189:
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438:
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131:
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108:
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When the Spanish crew protested, Motochika suggested that they take their case to Hideyoshi, the
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under captain Matías de Landecho with a cargo that was estimated to be worth over 1 million
272:
161:
104:
922:
878:
245:
135:
854:
912:
901:"The Glorious Martyrdom of the Cross. The Franciscans and the Japanese Persecutions of 1597"
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398:
352:
314:
295:
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Spain, China and Japan in Manila, 1571–1644 : Local comparisons and global connections
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of Japan. The pilot of the ship suggested to Japanese authorities that it was Spanish
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291:
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A History of Japan: During the Century of Early Foreign Intercourse (1542–1651)
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meant better access to European firearms. This situation gradually changed as
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head of government, and recommended they seek help from his personal friend
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The Christian mission in Japan enjoyed early success among the warring
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Captain Landecho, who went to Osaka himself in a bid to reclaim
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of 1575, which decided that Japan belonged to the Portuguese
184:
in this way. This led to the crucifixion of 26 Christians in
192:
by the state in Japan. The executed were later known as the
318:
Northerly trade route as used by eastbound Manila galleons
31:
The crucifixion of the 26 Christians in Nagasaki in 1597
705:
703:
649:
647:
645:
16:
Spanish shipwreck in Japan with political consequences
834:. University of California Press. GGKEY:BPN6N93KBJ7.
632:
630:
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debates and the exaggerated stories surrounding the
516:Along with the martyrdom of the 26 Christians, the
206:
Global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries
83:
75:
67:
59:
51:
36:
240:took the lead in proselytizing in Japan, and the
808:
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745:
694:
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682:
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8:
19:
421:; but the Franciscan commissary in Kyoto,
25:
18:
971:History of the foreign relations of Japan
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877:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
831:The Christian Century in Japan: 1549–1650
292:union of the Spanish and Portuguese crown
374:, center of the Nanban trade. The local
338:. This relatively late departure of the
539:
214:Soon after the first contacts in 1543,
156:) seized the cargo of the richly laden
285:Hideyoshi's upcoming invasion of Korea
905:Culture & History Digital Journal
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772:
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594:
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570:
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7:
322:On July 12, 1596, the Spanish ship
853:Mateo, Jose Eugenio Borao (2007).
14:
996:Anti-Christian sentiment in Japan
899:Thanh, Hélène Vu (May 19, 2017).
862:Journal of Geographical Research
160:, and the incident escalated to
1001:1596 in the Spanish East Indies
956:16th-century maritime incidents
873:Tremml-Werner, Birgit (2015).
848:. Kobe, Japan: Kobe Chronicle.
1:
385:) with 200 armed boats. Once
125:Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
79:Crucifixion of 26 Christians
809:Murdoch & Yamagata 1903
785:Murdoch & Yamagata 1903
761:Murdoch & Yamagata 1903
746:Murdoch & Yamagata 1903
695:Murdoch & Yamagata 1903
671:Murdoch & Yamagata 1903
194:Twenty-Six Martyrs of Japan
1017:
346:sailed during the Pacific
203:
111:on the Japanese island of
40:October 19, 1596
991:Religious policy in Japan
842:; Yamagata, Isoh (1903).
506:personal union with Spain
476:, was among the martyrs.
190:persecution of Christians
93:On October 19, 1596, the
71:Suspicion of infiltration
24:
961:Catholic Church in Japan
359:approached the coast of
223:as a punishment for the
439:Spanish colonial empire
410:Interview and reaction
319:
966:Japan–Spain relations
918:10.3989/chdj.2017.005
464:, and three Japanese
367:on October 19, 1596.
317:
204:Further information:
986:26 Martyrs of Japan
981:Shipwrecks of Japan
415:Chōsokabe Motochika
379:Chōsokabe Motochika
188:, the first lethal
132:Chōsokabe Motochika
103:was shipwrecked on
21:
20:San Felipe incident
811:, pp. 296–97.
775:, pp. 166–67.
736:, pp. 422–24.
683:Tremml-Werner 2015
622:Tremml-Werner 2015
609:, pp. 162–63.
597:, pp. 159–60.
585:, pp. 152–53.
499:The blame for the
403:five commissioners
320:
273:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
162:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
246:Pope Gregory XIII
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494:Emperor of Japan
458:Ishida Mitsunari
454:fifth columnists
399:Mashita Nagamori
353:Kuroshio current
296:Franciscan Order
254:Diocese of Macau
244:was approved in
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840:Murdoch, James
836:
820:
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799:, p. 167.
789:
787:, p. 299.
777:
765:
763:, p. 292.
750:
748:, p. 295.
738:
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724:, p. 166.
714:
712:, p. 421.
699:
697:, p. 288.
687:
685:, p. 220.
675:
673:, p. 287.
658:
656:, p. 164.
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626:
624:, p. 219.
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573:, p. 147.
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423:Pedro Bautista
411:
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340:Manila galleon
326:set sail from
311:
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265:Sengoku period
201:
198:
173:modus operandi
158:Manila galleon
150:Warring States
136:Chōsokabe clan
115:en route from
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549:, p. 91.
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443:conquistadors
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404:
401:, one of the
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361:Tosa Province
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277:Gaspar Coelho
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242:fait accompli
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140:Tosa province
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39:
35:
28:
23:
976:Kōchi, Kōchi
946:1596 in Asia
933:
908:
904:
874:
865:
861:
844:
830:
826:Boxer, C. R.
819:Bibliography
804:
792:
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741:
729:
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690:
678:
639:, p. 9.
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472:, the friar
469:
451:
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290:Despite the
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268:
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241:
234:Nanban trade
231:
224:
221:Ming dynasty
213:
171:
165:
149:
143:
127:. The local
99:
98:
92:
55:Urado, Japan
486:San Felipe'
435:Pilot Major
430:San Felipe'
419:Maeda Gen'i
182:Philippines
142:during the
138:that ruled
940:Categories
911:(1): 005.
797:Boxer 1951
773:Boxer 1951
734:Boxer 1951
722:Boxer 1951
710:Boxer 1951
654:Boxer 1951
637:Mateo 2007
607:Boxer 1951
595:Boxer 1951
583:Boxer 1951
571:Boxer 1951
559:Boxer 1951
547:Boxer 1951
529:References
518:San Felipe
511:San Felipe
501:San Felipe
490:San Felipe
470:San Felipe
462:tertiaries
387:San Felipe
357:San Felipe
344:San Felipe
324:San Felipe
309:San Felipe
250:papal bull
216:Portuguese
210:Kirishitan
200:Background
152:period of
100:San Felipe
44:1596-10-19
927:2253-797X
534:Citations
480:Aftermath
307:Wreck of
164:, ruling
63:Shipwreck
868:: 17–38.
828:(1951).
395:de facto
372:Nagasaki
332:Acapulco
186:Nagasaki
180:and the
178:Americas
121:Acapulco
52:Location
523:carrack
466:Jesuits
365:Shikoku
348:typhoon
263:of the
238:Jesuits
134:of the
123:in the
113:Shikoku
95:Spanish
76:Outcome
42: (
925:
881:
447:ensign
376:daimyo
342:meant
328:Manila
281:daimyo
269:daimyo
261:daimyo
129:daimyō
117:Manila
84:Deaths
858:(PDF)
383:Kōchi
336:pesos
301:Kyoto
226:wokou
167:taikō
154:Japan
109:Kōchi
105:Urado
97:ship
68:Cause
923:ISSN
879:ISBN
283:for
232:The
208:and
60:Type
37:Date
913:doi
363:on
330:to
248:'s
119:to
107:in
942::
921:.
907:.
903:.
866:47
864:.
860:.
753:^
702:^
661:^
644:^
629:^
614:^
496:.
196:.
87:26
929:.
915::
909:6
887:.
148:(
46:)
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