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222:, the Soviet leader who had originally requested all republics of the Soviet Union to have membership in the United Nations, but the US government launched a counterproposal in which all US states would obtain membership in the United Nations. The counterproposal encouraged Stalin to attend the Yalta Conference by accepting only Ukraine and Belarus's admission to the United Nations. That was intended to ensure a balance of power within the United Nations, which, in the opinion of the Soviets, was unbalanced towards the Western countries. For that purpose, modifications were made to the constitutions of the two republics in question so that Belarus and Ukraine's international legal subjects were limited while they were still part of the Soviet Union.
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procedures), Technical
Committee 2 (political and security functions), Technical Committee 3 (economic and social cooperation) and Technical Committee 4 (trusteeship system). Commission III considered the security council. It oversaw the work of Technical Committee 1 (structure and procedures), Technical Committee 2 (peaceful settlement), Technical Committee 3 (enforcement arrangements) and Technical Committee 4 (regional arrangements). Commission IV studied judicial organization. Its committees were Technical Committee 1 (international court of justice) and Technical Committee 2 (legal problems).
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430:, the head of the British delegation. As he submitted the final text of the Charter to the assembly, he said: "The question we are about to solve with our vote is the most important thing that can happen in our lives." Therefore, he proposed to vote not by show of hands but by having those in favor stand. Each of the delegations then stood and remained standing, as did the crowd gathered there. There was then a standing ovation when Lord Halifax announced that the Charter had been adopted unanimously.
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to intervene, but in the case of a conflict between two countries that are permanent members of the council, they could proceed arbitrarily. Therefore, they wanted to reduce the scope of the veto. However, the great powers insisted that the provision was vital and stressed the fact that the United
Nations was for the greater responsibility in maintaining world peace. Finally, the great powers got their way.
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The issue of the veto power of the permanent members of the
Security Council proved to be an obstacle on the quest to reach agreement on the United Nations Charter. Several countries feared that if one of the "big five" assumed a behavior that threatened peace, the Security Council would be helpless
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The draft of the United
Nations Charter was divided into four sections, each of which was studied by a commission. The first of these was responsible for the organization's purposes, principles, membership, secretariat and the question of amendments to the Charter. The second considered functions of
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The
Charter of the United Nations which you have just signed is a solid structure upon which we can build a better world. History will honor you for it. Between the victory in Europe and the final victory, in this most destructive of all wars, you have won a victory against war itself.... With this
418:
At the conference, delegates reviewed and sometimes rewrote the text agreed upon at the
Dumbarton Oaks conference. The delegations agreed on a role for regional organizations under the "umbrella" of the United Nations. The delineation of the responsibilities of the Secretary General, as well as the
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Commission I studied general provisions and managed the work of
Technical Committee 1 (preamble, purposes and principles) and Technical Committee 2 (membership, amendment and secretariat). Commission II focused on the general assembly. It coordinated the work of Technical Committee 1 (structure and
463:
The United
Nations did not instantly come into being with the signing of the Charter since in many countries, the Charter had to be subjected to parliamentary approval. It had been agreed that the Charter would come into effect when ratified by the governments of China, France, Britain, the Soviet
247:
We recognize that our future is linked with a world future in which the term “good neighbor” has become a global consideration. We have learned that understanding of one another’s problems is the greatest assurance of peace. And that true understanding comes only as a product of free consultation.
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Poland, despite having signed the
Declaration by United Nations, did not attend the conference because there was no consensus on the formation of the postwar Polish government. Therefore, a space was left blank for the Polish signature. The new Polish government was formed after the conference (28
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Below the committee level, four general commissions studied the main issues and coordinated the work of twelve technical committees. The technical committees drafted proposals and could designate subcommittees as needed. The leadership of the commissions and technical committees consisted of a
234:
On 25 April 1945, the conference started in San
Francisco. 850 delegates, along with advisors, employees and staff of the secretariat, attended the conference, totalling 3,500 attendees. In addition, the conference was attended by 2,500 representatives of the media and observers from numerous
214:
during the war. Several Latin American countries opposed the inclusion of Belarus and Ukraine unless Argentina was admitted. In the end, Argentina was admitted to the conference with support from the United States and the desire for the participation of the Soviet Union at the conference was
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the General Assembly. The third dealt with the Security Council. The fourth dealt with the assessment of the draft Statute of the International Court of Justice, which had been drafted by a team of legal experts from 44 countries, meeting in Washington in April 1945.
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The Coordination Committee assisted the Executive Committee and supervised the final drafting of the charter. It was composed of representatives of the fourteen delegations previously mentioned. An Advisory Committee of Jurists provided assistance to this committee.
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If we fail to use it, we shall betray all those who have died so that we might meet here in freedom and safety to create it. If we seek to use it selfishly – for the advantage of any one nation or any small group of nations – we shall be equally guilty of that
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A Secretariat provided general administration to the conference. It prepared agenda and working papers for discussion, compiled minutes and records of meetings, and provided the array of standard services required by any international conference."
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The Executive Committee was a smaller unit that made recommendations to the Steering Committee; it was composed of the chairmen of fourteen delegations. These fourteen represented the four sponsoring governments and the ten co-elected members.
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210:. The participation of these countries was not without controversy. The decision on the participation of Argentina was troubled because of Soviet opposition to Argentine membership, arguing that Argentina had supported the
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275:"The Steering Committee considered major questions of policy and procedure and distributed work to the committees. The committee had fifty members, consisting of the chairman of each national delegation.
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chairman and a rapporteur; these positions were divided among all of the national delegations. The Steering Committee nominated delegates for these positions, with approval by the conference.
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The next day, in the auditorium of the Veterans Memorial Hall, the delegates signed the Charter. China signed first, as it had been the first victim of an Axis power. US President
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conference on international organization. A total of 46 countries were invited to San Francisco, all of which had declared war on Germany and Japan, having signed the
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Rofe, J. Simon, "Pre-war Post-war Planning: The Phoney War, the Roosevelt Administration, and the Case of the Advisory Committee on Problems of Foreign Relations",
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Act of Creation: the Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World
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Due to the fact that President Roosevelt, who was supposed to host the conference, died on 12 April 1945, the delegates held a commemorative ceremony in
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In 2019, the General Assembly, recognizing of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the conference, proclaimed April 25 as International Delegate's Day.
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Charter the world can begin to look forward to the time when all worthy human beings may be permitted to live decently as free people.
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June) and signed the United Nations Charter on 15 October, which made Poland one of the founding countries of the United Nations.
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creation of the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council was also debated, eventually resulting in a consensus.
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This conference is proof in itself of the new conception of neighborliness and unity which must be recognized in world affairs.
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The Credentials Committee verified the credentials of delegates and was composed of representatives from six delegations.
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President Truman's Address To Opening Session Of United Nations Conference On International Organization At San Francisco
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The participation of Belarus and Ukraine at the conference came as a result of Roosevelt and Churchill's concession to
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Truman then pointed out that the Charter would work only if the peoples of the world were determined to make it work:
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On 25 June, delegates met for the last time in plenary at the San Francisco Opera. The session was chaired by
1454:"Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (April 25, 1945 – June 26, 1945)"
179:, it was proposed that the permanent members have veto power. This proposal was adopted shortly after at the
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international order. These countries, with the addition of France, would assume the permanent seats on the
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Union, the United States, and a majority of the other signatory countries and when they had notified the
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Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China
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in which the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China would lead the post-
1608:
V. K. Wellington Koo's speech 'The Conference and China' to the Commonwealth Club of California
1306:; Weisbrode, K. "The Master, the Maverick, and the Machine: Three Wartime Promoters of Peace",
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1245:. Washington: U.S. Department of State – Office of the Historian. October 2005. Archived from
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Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco, 1945
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The conference directly invited four additional countries: Denmark (newly liberated from
142:. A square adjacent to the Civic Center, called "UN Plaza", commemorates the conference.
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1962:
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1243:"The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 – October 1945"
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1500:"Register of the United Nations Conference on International Organization proceedings"
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1171:"Charter of the United Nations and Statute for the International Court of Justice"
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1974:
1593:
Guide to the United Nations Conference on International Organization Proceedings
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Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China
1334:. Internet Archive. New York : Columbia University Press. pp. 24–25.
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118:, United States. At this convention, the delegates reviewed and rewrote the
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the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) (1945)
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of the previous year. The convention resulted in the creation of the
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by F.L.W. Wood (Official history of New Zealand in World War II)
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1994:
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The United States and the origins of the cold war, 1941-1947
1558:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Westview, Perseus Books Group.
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of their ratifications, which happened on 24 October 1945.
345:"United Nations Conference on International Organization"
1610:
at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University.
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at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University.
243:, set the tone for the conference in his welcome speech:
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Allied ideas for the postwar world appeared in the 1941
2192:
United Nations Conference on International Organization
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Cathedral Grove to place a comparative plaque for him.
96:
United Nations Conference on International Organization
35:
United Nations Conference on International Organization
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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
1429:"San Francisco - the birthplace of the United Nations"
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that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in
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Insignia of the conference, prototype of the current
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1268:United Nations, Dept of Public Information (1986).
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representing Communist forces and controlled zones.
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34:
130:, with the Charter being signed on 26 June at the
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2006:
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2489:Diplomatic conferences in the United States
437:President Truman speaking at the conference
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1991:
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1626:San Francisco Conference at the UN website
40:
31:
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396:Learn how and when to remove this message
202:), Argentina and the Soviet republics of
2148:Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference
1922:Conference on International Organization
1427:Schlesinger, By Stephen (19 June 2015).
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2427:Sino-American Cooperative Organization
1597:sound recordings of proceedings online
332:Please improve this article by adding
27:1945 founding meeting in San Francisco
1582:at the United Nations Digital Library
7:
1402:"1945: The San Francisco Conference"
1396:
1394:
1377:"1945: The San Francisco Conference"
2494:20th-century diplomatic conferences
2291:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship
2022:Diplomatic history of World War II
25:
1864:Covenant of the League of Nations
177:February 1945 conference in Malta
2458:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
2422:Anglo-French Supreme War Council
2267:Declaration of St James's Palace
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1554:Schlesinger, Stephen E. (2004).
1209:List of World War II conferences
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2339:Declaration of the Four Nations
173:United Nations Security Council
163:was the vision of US President
2519:United Kingdom in World War II
2453:German Instrument of Surrender
2279:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre
2237:Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact
2056:Second Inter-Allied Conference
1814:International Court of Justice
1619:Political and External Affairs
1589:at the United Nations Archives
1526:"International Delegate's Day"
1:
2303:Declaration by United Nations
2074:Third Inter-Allied Conference
2044:First Inter-Allied Conference
2038:U.S.–British Staff Conference
1892:Declaration by United Nations
1214:History of the United Nations
410:Charter of the United Nations
334:secondary or tertiary sources
235:organizations and societies.
193:Declaration by United Nations
2437:Council of Foreign Ministers
2432:European Advisory Commission
2128:Greater East Asia Conference
2080:Second Washington Conference
1304:10.1080/09592296.2012.679475
1185:The China delegate included
265:Muir Woods National Monument
258:Muir Woods National Monument
48:emblem of the United Nations
2315:Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942
2104:Third Washington Conference
1804:Economic and Social Council
1328:Gaddis, John Lewis (1972).
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2539:1945 in the United Nations
2484:United Nations conferences
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151:Preparation and background
2309:Punishment for War Crimes
2243:Destroyers-for-bases deal
2160:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
1951:
1910:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
1316:10.1017/S0898030609990133
1308:Journal of Policy History
1271:Everyone's United Nations
120:Dumbarton Oaks agreements
102:), commonly known as the
39:
2479:World War II conferences
2249:Franco-Italian Armistice
2172:Fourth Moscow Conference
2166:Second Quebec Conference
2154:Bretton Woods Conference
2086:Second Moscow Conference
1829:Military Staff Committee
1296:Diplomacy and Statecraft
445:'s closing speech said:
128:War Memorial Opera House
104:San Francisco Conference
66:– 26 June 1945
18:San Francisco Conference
2393:Treaty of San Francisco
2225:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2142:Second Cairo Conference
2116:Third Moscow Conference
2110:First Quebec Conference
2062:First Moscow Conference
1433:San Francisco Chronicle
1310:21 (4) (2009), 366-91,
1176:. United Nations. 1945.
58:25 April 1945
2514:1940s in San Francisco
2381:United Nations Charter
2321:Armistice of Cassibile
2273:Anglo-Soviet Agreement
1854:Paris Peace Conference
1662:United Nations Charter
1298:23 (2) (2013), 254-79
466:US Department of State
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321:relies excessively on
302:United Nations Charter
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241:Governor of California
124:United Nations Charter
2399:Austrian State Treaty
2092:Casablanca Conference
472:Participant countries
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2387:Paris Peace Treaties
1859:Treaty of Versailles
2375:Potsdam Declaration
2333:Moscow Declarations
2255:Moscow Peace Treaty
2050:Atlantic Conference
1968:Politics portal
1809:Trusteeship Council
1461:Library of Congress
2509:1945 in California
2199:Potsdam Conference
2068:Arcadia Conference
1880:London Declaration
1479:Hoover Institution
1249:on 23 October 2005
660:Dominican Republic
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165:Franklin Roosevelt
157:London Declaration
2524:April 1945 events
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2369:Potsdam Agreement
2363:Nuremberg Charter
2327:Cairo Declaration
2135:Tehran Conference
1988:
1987:
1947:
1946:
1904:Tehran Conference
1898:Moscow Conference
1524:Nations, United.
1341:978-0-231-03289-6
1281:978-92-1-100273-7
1274:. UN. p. 5.
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136:Veterans Building
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16:(Redirected from
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2499:1945 conferences
2357:Moscow Armistice
2285:Atlantic Charter
2219:Munich Agreement
2185:Yalta Conference
2178:Malta Conference
2122:Cairo Conference
2098:Adana Conference
2015:
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1408:. 26 August 2015
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1379:. United Nations
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2212:and treaties
2210:Declarations
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2070:(1941– 1942)
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1533:. Retrieved
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1482:. Retrieved
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1381:. Retrieved
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1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1198:
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1023:Soviet Union
1009:South Africa
970:Saudi Arabia
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2030:Conferences
1932:Signatories
1873:Preparation
1824:Secretariat
1585:Records of
1106:Philippines
1077:British Raj
892:New Zealand
879:Netherlands
701:El Salvador
237:Earl Warren
212:Axis Powers
183:. While at
2473:Categories
1847:Background
1776:Amendments
1484:20 October
1438:20 October
1412:20 October
1406:www.un.org
1220:References
1148:Yugoslavia
853:Luxembourg
607:Costa Rica
356:newspapers
323:references
271:Committees
146:Conference
116:California
86:California
70:1945-06-26
62:1945-04-25
1681:Chapter I
1383:22 August
1253:22 August
1187:Dong Biwu
1134:Venezuela
905:Nicaragua
756:Guatemala
500:Australia
487:Argentina
459:betrayal.
386:June 2020
175:. At the
1676:Preamble
1535:20 April
1509:12 April
1203:See also
1168:Source:
944:Paraguay
784:Honduras
715:Ethiopia
594:Colombia
2446:Related
2335:(1943)
1839:History
1818:statute
1121:Uruguay
840:Liberia
827:Lebanon
673:Ecuador
647:Denmark
526:Bolivia
513:Belgium
370:scholar
230:Opening
208:Ukraine
204:Belarus
134:in the
68: (
60: (
2407:(1990)
2401:(1955)
2395:(1951)
2389:(1947)
2383:(1945)
2377:(1945)
2371:(1945)
2365:(1945)
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2329:(1943)
2323:(1943)
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2275:(1941)
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239:, the
88:, U.S.
78:Cities
1766:XVIII
1617:from
1457:(PDF)
1174:(PDF)
770:Haiti
687:Egypt
580:China
566:Chile
377:JSTOR
363:books
185:Yalta
100:UNCIO
1761:XVII
1741:XIII
1716:VIII
1669:Text
1595:and
1560:ISBN
1537:2020
1511:2021
1486:2019
1440:2019
1414:2019
1385:2016
1336:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1255:2016
957:Peru
813:Iraq
798:Iran
621:Cuba
349:news
206:and
94:The
55:Date
1771:XIX
1756:XVI
1746:XIV
1736:XII
1711:VII
1691:III
1312:doi
1300:doi
325:to
2475::
1751:XV
1731:XI
1721:IX
1706:VI
1696:IV
1686:II
1528:.
1502:.
1477:.
1459:.
1431:.
1404:.
1393:^
1350:^
1228:^
1180:C.
336:.
195:.
114:,
84:,
2014:e
2007:t
2000:v
1820:)
1816:(
1726:X
1701:V
1654:e
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393:(
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384:(
374:·
367:·
360:·
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98:(
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64:)
20:)
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