237:
Bagley that we could not feel justified in withdrawing the general charge against him, for though in the particular cases mentioned we had not been satisfied that he was the party at fault, yet the general character we heard was against him. To this Mr. Bagley urged that our informants were all enemies of his, which, in one sense of the word, is true, though they are not the persons he supposes. At our last interview with Mr. B. we told him that if he could bring some respectable persons, known to us, who would vouch for him, and explain away what had been told to us, we would take pleasure in saying as much in our paper. Several such have called on us, but whilst they are unanimous in saying that Bagley behaves himself very well at present, yet when we ask them, for instance, about the fight with Casey, they cannot explain satisfactorily. Our impression at the time was, that in the Casey fight Bagley was the aggressor. It does not matter how bad a man Casey had been, nor how much benefit it might be to the public to have him out of the way, we cannot accord to any one citizen the right to kill, or even beat him, without personal provocation. The fact that Casey has been an inmate of Sing Sing prison in New York, is no offence against the laws of this State; nor is the fact of his having stuffed himself through the ballot box as elected to the Board of
Supervisors from a district where it is said he was not even a candidate, any justification for Mr. Bagley to shoot Casey, however richly the latter may deserve to have his neck stretched for such fraud on the people. These are acts against the public good, not against Mr. Bagley in particular, and however much we may detest Casey's former character, or to be convinced of the shallowness of his promised reformation, we cannot justify the assumption by Mr. Bagley to take upon himself the redressing of these wrongs. This case of Bagley's has caused us much anxiety, and we should have been pleased to have withdrawn cheerfully his name from the list alluded to, but we cannot conscientiously do more than express our gratification at the assurances we get of his present conduct, in which we trust he will persevere. As to Casey fight, we suggest to Mr. Bagley if he can explain that away, it would not be amiss to do so, and he can have the use of our columns for that purpose.
96:
an association for the maintenance of the peace and good order of society, and the preservation of the lives and property of the citizens of San
Francisco, and do bind ourselves, each unto the other, to do and perform every lawful act for the maintenance of law and order, and to sustain the laws when faithfully and properly administered; but we are determined that no thief, burglar, incendiary or assassin, shall escape punishment, either by the quibbles of the law, the insecurity of prisons. the carelessness or corruption of the police, or a laxity of those who pretend to administer justice.
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government; and who is to say that the
Vigilance Committee may not be composed of the worst, instead of the best, elements of a community? Indeed, in San Francisco, as soon as it was demonstrated that the real power had passed from the City Hall to the committee room, the same set of bailiffs, constables, and rowdies that had infested the City Hall were found in the employment of the "Vigilantes."
54:. The explosive population growth following the discovery of gold in 1848 was cited as the source of the alleged need for the revival of the committee. The small town of about 900 individuals grew to a booming city of over 20,000 very rapidly. Founders alleged that the growth in population overwhelmed the previously established law enforcement, and led to the organization of vigilante
109:
heinous crimes", who were hanged on August 24, 1851. The lynching of
Whittaker and McKenzie occurred three days after a standoff between the committee and the nascent police force trying to protect the prisoners; the committee nabbed Whittaker and McKenzie after storming the jail during Sunday church services.
236:
Among the names mentioned by "a purifier," in his communication of Friday last, as objectionable appointments of the Custom House, was that of Mr. Bagley, who has since called on us, and by whose request we have made more particular inquiries into the charges made against him. On Monday we told Mr.
100:
It boasted a membership of 700 and claimed to operate in parallel to, and in defiance of, the duly constituted city government. Committee members used its headquarters for the interrogation and incarceration of suspects who were denied the benefits of due process. The committee engaged in policing,
95:
WHEREAS it has become apparent to the citizens of San
Francisco, that there is no security for life and property, either under the regulations of society as it at present exists, or under the law as now administered; Therefore the citizens, whose names are hereunto attached, do unit themselves into
280:
may have been a response by frustrated citizens to ineffectual law enforcement, or a belief that due process would result in acquittals. Popular histories have accepted the former view: that the illegality and brutality of the vigilantes was justified by the need to establish law and order in the
140:
The
Committee of Vigilance was reorganized on 14 May 1856 by many of the leaders from the first one and adopted an amended version of the 1851 constitution. Unlike the earlier committee, and the vigilante tradition generally, the 1856 committee was concerned with not only civil crimes but also
108:
A total of four were executed: John
Jenkins, an Australian from Sydney accused of burglary, who was hanged on June 10, 1851; James Stuart, also from Sydney and accused of murder, who was hanged on July 11, 1851; and Samuel Whittaker and Robert McKenzie, associates of Stuart accused of "various
292:
As controlled the press, they wrote their own history, and the world generally gives them the credit of having purged San
Francisco of rowdies and roughs; but their success has given great stimulus to a dangerous principle, that would at any time justify the mob in seizing all the power of
203:
Vigilante headquarters in 1856 consisted of assembly halls, meeting rooms, a military kitchen and armory, an infirmary, and prison cells, all of which were fortified with gunny sacks and cannons. Four people were officially executed again in 1856, but the death toll also includes
153:
The 1856 committee was also much larger than the committee of 1851, claiming 6,000 in its ranks. The committee worked very closely with the formal government of San
Francisco. The president of the Vigilance Committee, William T. Coleman, was a close friend of Governor
105:; fourteen were informally ordered to leave California; fifteen were handed over to public authorities; and forty-one were discharged. The 1851 Committee of Vigilance was dissolved during the September elections, but its executive members continued to meet into 1853.
215:
The 1856 committee also engaged in policing, investigations, and secret trials, but it far exceeded its predecessor in audacity and rebelliousness. Most notably, it seized three shipments of armaments intended for the state militia and tried the chief justice of the
163:. Sherman was running a bank when Governor Johnson requested he become the commander of the San Francisco branch of the state militia in order to curb the activities of the Committee. Sherman accepted the position two days before the murder of King by Casey.
314:
in 1858 to address issues of lawlessness and a vacuum of effective governmental authority created by the sudden influx of prospectors to the new
British colony. The Vigilance Committee, which in San Francisco had persecuted disgraced Philadelphia lawyer
145:. King, along with many San Francisco residents, was outraged by Casey's appointment to the city board of supervisors and believed that the election had been rigged. The motivation behind this murder came from King's publishing an article in the
327:
of an assault against Fifer in British Columbia but McGowan's defense statement, which described some of the activities of the San Francisco vigilantes and his own personal experience of vigilantism, impressed and disturbed Begbie who, like
149:
accusing Casey of illegal activities, and serving a prison term for Grand Larceny in New York. The combination of the political unrest surrounding the election and the article resulted in Casey's shooting of James King.
1000:
Narrative of Edward McGowan, including a full account of the author's adventures and perils while persecuted by the San Francisco vigilance committee of 1856, together with a report of his trial, which resulted in his
1182:
101:
investigating disreputable boarding houses and vessels, deporting immigrants, and parading its militia. Four people were hanged by the committee; one was whipped (a common punishment at that time); fourteen were
158:
and the two men met on several occasions working towards the shared goal of stabilizing the town. Another important figure at this time who would later come to make a name for himself in the Civil War is
2054:
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politics and political corruption. The catalyst for the committee was a murder, in the guise of a political duel in which James P. Casey shot opposition newspaper editor
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170:
494:
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132:, but in its 1856 vigilante context conveyed surveillance as a means of social discipline, not the Masonic meaning of scientific and aesthetic knowledge. Note that
276:, and there were rumors that the jury had been bribed. Casey's friends sneaked him into the jail precisely because they were afraid that he would be hanged. This
2100:
1718:
1446:
1212:
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These militias hanged eight people and forced several elected officials to resign. Each Committee of Vigilance formally relinquished power after three months.
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King had also denounced the corruption of City Officials who he believed had let Cora off the hook for Richardson's murder: Cora's first trial had ended in a
853:
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The 1851 Committee of Vigilance was inaugurated on June 9 with the promulgation of a written doctrine declaring its aims and hanged John Jenkins of
1858:
1524:
1017:
707:
Ethington, Philip J. (Winter 1987). "Vigilantes and the Police: The Creation of a Professional Police Bureaucracy in San Francisco, 1847-1900".
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William H. Richardson who had drunkenly insulted Cora's mistress, Belle Cora, while Casey shot James King of William, editor of rival newspaper
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movements. For example, both Charles Cora and James Casey were hanged in 1856 as murderers by the Committee of Vigilance: Cora shot and killed
571:
2021:
1207:
943:
178:
174:
1052:
History of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance: A Study of Social Control on the California Frontier in the Days of the Gold Rush,
1043:
History of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance: A Study of Social Control on the California Frontier in the Days of the Gold Rush,
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886:
630:
288:, who resigned from his position as Major-general of the Second Division of Militia in San Francisco. In his memoirs, Sherman wrote:
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470:
434:
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220:. The committee's authority, however, was bolstered by almost all militia units in the city, including the California Guards.
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371:
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California, from the conquest of 1846 to the second vigilance committee in San Francisco - A study of American character
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1634:
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1363:
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774:
Asbury, Herbert. The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld. pp. 86–87. Basic Books, 2002.
217:
69:
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Asbury, Herbert. The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld. p. 84. Basic Books, 2002.
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51:
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was determined to prevent conditions in the goldfields of British Columbia from deteriorating into mob rule.
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immigrant and professional boxer who killed himself after being terrorized and detained in a Vigilante cell.
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Political power in San Francisco was transferred to a new political party established by the vigilantes, the
81:, on June 10 after he was convicted of stealing a safe from an office in a trial organized by the committee:
1970:
1320:
307:
241:
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The 1856 Committee of Vigilance dissolved on 11 August 1856, and marked the occasion with a "Grand Parade".
1887:
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San Francisco vigilance committee of '56 : with some interesting sketches of events succeeding 1846.
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gang. It was revived in 1856 in response to rampant crime and corruption in the municipal government of
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Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1921. (Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of California, 1919)
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124:
1856 Committee of Vigilance medallion inscribed: "Organized 9th June 1851. Reorganized 14th May 1856.
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1946:
1821:
1815:
1809:
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on the lower Fraser in 1858–1859. At the end of the so-called "War", McGowan was convicted by Judge
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189:
185:
513:
The Rivals: William Gwin, David Broderick, and the Birth of California By Arthur Quinn, 1997, p. 109
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17:
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2015:
2009:
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Papers of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1851, Volume II University of California
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78:
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394:
320:
266:
155:
30:
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A former member of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance, physician Max Fifer, moved to
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Charles Cora and James Casey are hanged by the Committee of Vigilance, San Francisco, 1856.
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1760:
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1416:
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535:. Daily Alta California, Volume 2, Number 185, 13 June 1851, page 2, column 3. 1851-06-13
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1997:
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2003:
1910:
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1221:
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743:
573:
The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900
82:
998:
1791:
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311:
258:
209:
133:
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47:
1154:
1027:
745:
History of the Barbary Coast – An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld
177:. The vigilantes had thus succeeded in their objective of usurping power from the
1142:
1133:
1059:
966:
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254:
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129:
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group formed in 1851. The catalyst for its formation was the criminality of the
1727:
686:
361:
1703:
1463:
903:
Kelly, Joseph M. "Shifting Interpretation of the San-Francisco Vigilantes."
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273:
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that hitherto dominated civic politics in the city. Notable people included
43:
863:
Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism
720:
664:
788:"Chapter V: California," in The Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, Complete
1897:
1874:
1752:
1373:
460:
728:
465:. San Francisco, Calif.: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy.
310:, and participated in the organization of a Vigilance Committee on the
277:
55:
1143:
Papers of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1851, Volume III
936:
The Rivals: William Gwin, David Broderick, and the Birth of California
890:
421:
The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld
265:, for publishing an editorial that exposed Casey's criminal record in
85:
was punishable by death under California law at the time. The June 13
1777:
1134:
Papers of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1851, Volume I
787:
1850:
240:
119:
68:
29:
1962:
1552:
1455:
1191:
1125:
Guide to the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1856 Papers
1116:
Guide to the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1851 Papers
849:
Against the Vigilantes: The Recollections of Dutch Charley Duane
576:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 88–89.
522:
Johnson, John. Historic US Court Cases. Pg. 49. Routelidge, 2001
73:
Hanging of Samuel Whittaker and Robert McKenzie, August 24, 1851
1164:
967:
Land, Violence, and the 1856 San Francisco Vigilance Committee
919:
Let Justice Be Done: Crime and Politics in Early San Francisco
173:, which ruled until 1867 and was eventually absorbed into the
2055:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
986:
reprinted 1917. (Discussion of 1856 vigilante activities) (
1004:. San Francisco, CA: self-published, 1857, reprinted 1917.
960:
Committee of Vigilance; Revolution in San Francisco, 1851
284:
One prominent critic of the San Francisco vigilantes was
435:"Second vigilante committee organizes in San Francisco"
952:(Stanford University Press, 1985), a scholarly history
462:
The enterprise of law : justice without the state
400:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
687:"General Sherman and the 1856 Committee of Vigilance"
619:, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2000, p. 110.
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1271:
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1206:
1055:
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1921.
1082:NEW YORK : THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1905.
631:"1856 Vigilantes Changed Corrupt Political System"
1013:San Francisco, CA: Barry, Baird & Co., 1883.
984:Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, Volume 1
852:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999. (
234:
232:, James King of William, Editor. May 14, 1856:
93:
112:The committee also tried to punish arsonists.
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912:San Francisco, 1846-1856: From Hamlet to City
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8:
1155:San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1856
1149:San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1851
493:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
353:: Episode: "The Battle of San Francisco Bay"
196:, and San Francisco's first chief of police
27:Vigilante organization founded in California
1112:. San Francisco: The History Company, 1887.
1032:Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
810:, Vancouver: New Start Books, 2003, p. 136
661:Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
1723:
1451:
1217:
1183:
1169:
1161:
1064:San Francisco : James H. Barry, 1887.
497:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2060:Mass racial violence in the United States
1028:Committees of Vigilance (Primary sources)
533:"Organization of the Vigilance Committee"
2081:Australian diaspora in the United States
1095:Panama-Pacific Exposition Edition. 1915.
1018:"Malachi Fallon: First Chief of Police"
411:
486:
298:Influence in British Columbian affairs
950:Vigilantes in Gold Rush San Francisco
7:
2101:Organizations based in San Francisco
931:. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1966
874:, Vancouver: New Start Books, 2003.
128:." The eye symbol was borrowed from
40:San Francisco Committee of Vigilance
1199:in the history of the United States
1093:California Men and Events 1769-1890
2022:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
418:Herbert Asbury. "Sydney Ducks" in
25:
2106:1851 establishments in California
2010:Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot
962:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1964.
938:, Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1997,
319:, played a role in the bloodless
18:San Francisco Vigilance Committee
2091:Vigilantism in the United States
1742:San Francisco Vigilance Movement
1612:Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall
1525:New York anti-abolitionist riots
1411:Protestant Revolution (Maryland)
617:Law in the western United States
459:Benson, Bruce L., 1949- (1990).
364:
1859:Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854
1145:University of California, 1919.
1061:The Vigilance Committee of 1856
929:San Francisco's Reign of Terror
914:(Oxford UP. 1974), pp. 213–275.
629:Kamiya, Gary (August 1, 2014).
330:Colonial Governor James Douglas
1136:University of California, 1910
1:
2016:New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot
1287:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
1022:Encyclopedia of San Francisco
570:Ethington, Philip J. (2001).
372:San Francisco Bay Area portal
245:The hanging of Cora and Casey
1654:1824 Hard Scrabble race riot
1630:Muncy Abolition riot of 1842
1382:Gloucester County Conspiracy
1088:EXCITING EVENTS FROM 1850-56
1635:Philadelphia nativist riots
1364:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
1292:New York Conspiracy of 1741
1067:Royce, Josiah, (1855-1916)
2132:
1883:Know-Nothing Riots of 1856
1834:Marais des Cygnes massacre
1828:Battles of Franklin's Fort
1681:1811 German Coast uprising
1358:Philadelphia Election riot
657:"William Tecumseh Sherman"
606:Vol 3 (1897), pp. 313-330.
2116:Anti-Australian sentiment
1952:New York City draft riots
1935:New York City Police riot
1917:Detroit race riot of 1863
1007:Frank Meriweather Smith,
709:Journal of Social History
249:There remains historical
52:San Francisco, California
1976:Cincinnati riots of 1855
1659:1831 Snow Town race riot
1576:Cincinnati riots of 1841
1571:Cincinnati riots of 1836
1566:Cincinnati riots of 1829
1079:the vigilance committees
980:William Tecumseh Sherman
861:Brown, Richard Maxwell.
742:Asbury, Herbert (1933).
218:California Supreme Court
91:printed this statement:
2086:Crimes in San Francisco
1971:Cincinnati riot of 1853
308:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
206:James "Yankee" Sullivan
2111:Crime in San Francisco
1888:Baltimore riot of 1861
1686:Nat Turner's Rebellion
1606:Philadelphia race riot
1495:Abolition Riot of 1836
1489:Ursuline Convent riots
1098:Hubert Howe Bancroft,
663:. 2014. Archived from
615:Gordon Morris Bakken,
325:Matthew Baillie Begbie
304:Yale, British Columbia
295:
246:
239:
230:Daily Evening Bulletin
192:, San Francisco mayor
147:Daily Evening Bulletin
137:
98:
74:
35:
1981:Battle of Fort Fizzle
1911:Detroit brothel riots
1804:Pottawatomie massacre
1333:War of the Regulation
1297:Battle of Golden Hill
1157:- WorldCat Identities
1151:- WorldCat Identities
1049:Mary Floyd Williams,
948:Senkewicz, Robert M.
898:History of California
604:History of California
290:
286:General W. T. Sherman
244:
194:Henry F. Teschemacher
143:James King of William
123:
103:deported to Australia
88:Daily Alta California
72:
33:
2096:California Gold Rush
2034:Southern bread riots
1947:Buffalo riot of 1862
1822:Battle of Osawatomie
1816:Battle of Fort Titus
1810:Battle of Black Jack
1561:1792 Cincinnati riot
1394:Chesapeake rebellion
1321:Culpeper's Rebellion
1129:The Bancroft Library
1120:The Bancroft Library
1076:Charles James King,
721:10.1353/jsh/21.2.197
390:William Tell Coleman
263:The Evening Bulletin
186:William Tell Coleman
126:Be Just and Fear Not
1840:Battle of the Spurs
1798:Sacking of Lawrence
1698:Baltimore bank riot
1624:Lombard Street riot
1281:Leisler's Rebellion
1085:George H. Tinkham,
1038:Mary Floyd Williams
965:Taniguchi, Nancy J.
907:24.1 (1985): 39–46.
905:Journal of the West
865:(1977) pp. 134–143.
667:on February 6, 2006
306:at the time of the
136:is not blindfolded.
1531:Flour riot of 1837
1339:Battle of Alamance
1303:1788 doctors' riot
1230:1689 Boston revolt
956:Stewart, George R.
910:Lotchin, Roger W.
868:Hauka, Donald J.,
336:In popular culture
247:
161:William T. Sherman
138:
75:
36:
2068:
2067:
2043:
2042:
1941:Dead Rabbits riot
1906:1849 Detroit riot
1864:Portland Rum Riot
1713:
1712:
1600:Fries's Rebellion
1594:Whiskey Rebellion
1500:Broad Street Riot
1441:
1440:
1388:Bacon's Rebellion
1235:Boston bread riot
1108:Popular Tribunals
1101:Popular Tribunals
944:978-0-8032-8851-5
925:Myers, John Myers
921:(1990) on 1849-51
917:Mullen, Kevin J.
842:John Boessenecker
806:Donald J. Hauka,
793:Project Gutenberg
424:Basic Books, 1933
350:Death Valley Days
79:Sydney, Australia
16:(Redirected from
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1724:
1542:Astor Place Riot
1452:
1327:Cary's Rebellion
1262:Shays' Rebellion
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997:Edward McGowan,
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748:. Alfred A Knopf
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179:Democratic Party
175:Republican Party
156:J. Neely Johnson
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1786:Bleeding Kansas
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1767:Charleston riot
1761:Lager Beer Riot
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1736:Squatters' riot
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1692:Blackburn Riots
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1417:Stono Rebellion
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1256:Boston Massacre
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1241:Knowles Riot
1208:Colonial era
1196:civil unrest
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750:. Retrieved
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690:. Retrieved
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669:. Retrieved
665:the original
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380:Sydney Ducks
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312:Fraser River
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2000:(1853–1854)
1913:(1855–1859)
1788:(1854–1861)
1744:(1851–1856)
1666:(1841–1842)
1602:(1799–1800)
1596:(1791–1794)
1538:(1839–1845)
1519:Eggnog riot
1335:(1765–1771)
1283:(1689–1691)
1264:(1786–1787)
1237:(1710–1713)
1201:(1607–1865)
439:History.com
317:Ned McGowan
251:controversy
224:Controversy
130:Freemasonry
2075:Categories
1728:California
880:1554200016
752:2007-09-03
589:2007-09-03
539:2018-11-21
406:References
253:about the
1719:1849–1865
1704:Snow Riot
1464:Honey War
1447:1789–1849
1213:1776–1789
1110:Volume II
1030:from the
1020:from the
1001:acquittal
992:tufts.edu
489:cite book
274:hung jury
255:vigilance
228:From the
44:vigilante
1927:New York
1898:Michigan
1875:Maryland
1753:Illinois
1511:New York
1374:Virginia
1273:New York
1103:Volume I
692:April 5,
671:April 5,
641:April 5,
637:. Hearst
481:21525168
444:April 5,
358:See also
267:New York
58:groups.
2048:Related
1248:Liberty
1073:, 1892.
969:, 2016.
891:excerpt
729:3788141
278:hanging
182:machine
56:militia
2036:(1863)
2030:(1862)
2024:(1859)
2018:(1858)
2012:(1857)
2006:(1855)
1991:Others
1983:(1863)
1954:(1863)
1943:(1857)
1937:(1857)
1866:(1855)
1842:(1859)
1836:(1856)
1830:(1856)
1824:(1856)
1818:(1856)
1812:(1856)
1806:(1856)
1800:(1856)
1794:(1855)
1778:Kansas
1769:(1864)
1763:(1855)
1738:(1850)
1706:(1835)
1700:(1835)
1694:(1833)
1688:(1831)
1674:Others
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1626:(1842)
1620:(1838)
1614:(1838)
1608:(1834)
1544:(1849)
1527:(1834)
1521:(1826)
1502:(1837)
1491:(1834)
1472:(1840)
1466:(1839)
1434:(1772)
1428:(1772)
1426:affair
1424:Gaspee
1419:(1739)
1413:(1689)
1404:Others
1396:(1730)
1390:(1677)
1384:(1663)
1360:(1742)
1341:(1771)
1329:(1711)
1323:(1677)
1299:(1770)
1258:(1770)
1252:(1768)
1250:affair
1243:(1747)
942:
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854:Review
846:, ed.
727:
635:SFGate
580:
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281:city.
42:was a
1851:Maine
1192:Riots
1091:from
725:JSTOR
210:Irish
208:, an
1963:Ohio
1553:Ohio
1456:Iowa
1194:and
1105:and
940:ISBN
883:ISBN
876:ISBN
694:2016
673:2016
643:2016
578:ISBN
499:link
495:link
477:OCLC
467:ISBN
446:2016
116:1856
65:1851
38:The
1127:at
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990:) (
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