1121:
532:"This nation Great Temple, where all its resolutions for peace and wars had his consultations Oracle ;" "they came from other distant provinces to ask favour and ask him in his works, doubts and what must be done". The pre-Hispanic settlement was largest and most important: more than four thousand families lived in their beautiful valleys next to rivers, occupying in the work of the field, "and so they are not neglect, had indicated as criers, official elected for a year, so that every morning at the first light, uploaded on top of the House of his Republic""with great shouts, they rang and excitasen all, saying: come out, come out to work, to work" (Burgoa, 1934b I: chaps. 23-26).
982:
469:
1082:
346:
1971:
know the language and therefore had not achieved good communication with the place inhabitants. Friar hadn’t a good reception and the people abandoned him almost to death by starvation, cause he intended to put end to the idolatry and destroyed the
Chalcatongo's graveyard, situated in one La Mixteca highest hills. His Christian doctrine in Mixtec language was an attempt to understand indigenous people and teach them the new faith. Unfortunately, the single original in the world which is incomplete in the Burgoa Library in Oaxaca, lacks front cover and colophon. The work is written in the Teposcolula’s Mixtec variant.
1058:
1105:
998:
746::…and between their infamous altars, they had one devoted to an idol, called The People´s Heart, that was great veneration object, and a greatly appreciated matter, because it was an emerald as large as a big chili pepper from this earth, had carved above a little bird, with great gracefulness, and top to bottom coiled a little snake did with the same art, the stone was transparent. It shined from the bottom, where it seemed like a candle burning flame; it was a very ancient jewel, that there was no memory of the commencement of its worship and adoration .
306:
1006:
990:
793:
45:
1961:(Bixa Orellana) is abundant", but achiote grows in tropical regions, between 100 and 1,500 metres (330 and 4,920 ft) above sea level and this plant does not support the frosts, whereas Achiutla had 1,992 and freezes in winter. As condiment is not usually in the High Mixteca; in pre-colonial times was used to get the red color for codex and other pigmentation, but its use to that effect was low; that is why it is completely doubtful the achiote was copious in Achiutla, .
1030:
605:(Achiutla), the priests placed these stones next to the primary lagoon at the great Ceiba foot, made their prayers spread her blood on paper and offered ground “piciete”. Then, the tree was opened and gave birth to the ancestor founder, Lord 2 Grass "Deceased which manifests as a Feathered Serpent". Six brothers, probably six noble Añute families (Jaltepec) ancestors followed him. I.e., this origin story tells us about a group of seven men who were born from the
1113:
862:
1090:
1014:
1066:
974:
824:) sent an embassy with some gifts for "The People’s Heart" deity and consult the Oracle "to know the fate that was reserved for his people", the Ñuu Ndecu "Pontiff" came to the shrine and "The people that had been left to the party from outside"", they heard between confusing noise of voices" the fateful announcement that "the Moctezuma lordship is over...¨." The Lord 2 Vulture, Snake of Fire-Sun and Mrs. 13 House, Flower of Bat, ruled
1413:
San Juan
Achiutla, the drainage introduction, a market and a municipal house construction as well as the cooperative industry for the exploitation of limestone and other construction materials creation to create sources of employment and entrench the inhabitants of the Mixteca on their land. He returned to writing in May 1988 insisting on these subjects and the introduction of public passenger transport. There were no results.
966:
1022:
325:) is represented today - wrote Diguet 1906- by two towns located a short distance one from another San Juan Achiutla and San Miguel Achiutla, in that the total population barely reaches 1,800 individuals. The average altitude taken between the two populations is 1,800 metres (5,900 ft). The ancient city of Achiutla was north of the town of San Miguel, on the plateau where today the Church stands.
920:, and more illegible words in red. It could be inferred that at that time there was sufficient financial capacity of some people as to order to do oil paintings possibly out of the town, probably in the San Miguel convent or Teposcolula, make solemn Eucharistic celebrations, and the existence of sufficient population and economic activity could be inferred to generate at least medium-sized wealth.
1074:
1038:
730:
114:
572:
540:- Mixtec nation-, chroniclers makes an implicit comparison with the Aztecs famous largest temple in their capital, Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Even today stands the old pyramid silhouette, a kind of Acropolis, which tradition referred to as the Sun Temple. All this is as we said, on a hill with promontory between rivers(which run north to South). On the Western side, the river
1599:
1547:
1050:
958:
52:
894::…and have a solemn day prevented, and together many towns, pulled the stone and he broke it with great difficulty, through instruments, because its hardness, sent grind it into powder there and mixed with ground, he threw and stepped on, in front of the eyes of a huge crowd that attended the event, and then made them a big sermon
657:
1209:
collaboration for the construction. At the beginning, the work of the people was loaned free of charge as required by the
Mexican Federal Government in their conventions, which provided one-third of its funding. After the first five years in which people worked for free, the workers were paid, though sparsely.
1518:, the first article on San Juan Achiutla, who initiates the recovery of identity and cultural and historical memory of the place, its inhabitants, migrants and their descendants, many of them Mixtec born in other parts of the country and abroad. In January 2012, the English translation was published in
1970:
Fray Benito Hernández took the
Dominican order habit in the San Esteban convent in Salamanca. Reached Mexico by Fray Vicente de las Casas. So they went to the Mixtec region where he learned the Mixtec language in a short time. He was sent to evangelize Achiutla because the father who was there didn’t
1593:
speakers retained their ethnic identity, their customs, and managed to adapt to the circumstances of the new country, initially in the
Mixteca and eventually beyond: in Puebla, the central valleys, the North and Northwest Mexico; at present, can be found Mixtec everywhere in North America. This group
1412:
On July 26, 1986, RaĂşl Ruiz
Bautista wrote twice to the then Senator Heladio RamĂrez LĂłpez, already elected Oaxaca's Governor, suggested him to include in his Government's actions plan the road Ixtapa - Tlacotepec paving, and the Colegio Nacional de EducaciĂłn Profesional TĂ©cnica (Conalep) creation in
1320:
In 1962 was held in San Juan
Achiutla first meeting Educational Area School Number 18. In November of that year there was a conflict between the priest attending to celebrate mass at San Juan and the Regional Committee For the Ixtapa – Tlacotepec Road, because tool and machinery for construction were
1286:
In August 1956 the
Progressive Avant-garde of San Juan Achiutla in the Federal District identifies and invited 56 migrant achiutlenses in the State of Veracruz, to integrate an autonomous organization similar to the Progressive Avant-garde in the region of RĂo Blanco and surrounding cities and towns,
1930:
The Church mentioned by Diguet belongs to the San Miguel convent which included a great dimensions walled garden. It is on the pre-Columbian temple platform, perhaps the main, and in front, used as cemetery which prevents appreciate what actually is, different levels and boards of another pyramid of
1342:
On
November 19, 1965, a tribute was held in Mexico City for Ixtapa - Tlacotepec road construction to Dr. Alfonso Caso, Dr, Manuel Hernández Hernández, Eng. Miguel GarcĂa Cruz (absent in the event), Dr. Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán and Eng. Adrián Breña Garduño. Don Rutilio Ruiz Hernández was awarded with
1264:
In
January 1953 through Rutilio Ruiz Hernández proposed to the National Indigenous Institute (INI, now National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples) the establishment of an Indigenous Coordinating Centre in the Mixteca Alta, postulating as headquarters to San Miguel Achiutla. Such a
1253:
In April 1951 the Regional Committee For the Ixtapa – Tlacotepec Road joins to the Coalition of Mixtec – Oaxacan Towns directed by Dr. Manuel Hernández Hernández, one of the major characters who due to his political position - Federal Deputy - help obtaining federal funds for the construction of the
1230:
In January 1951 the Regional Committee For the Ixtapa – Tlacotepec Road requests the Oaxaca State Governor financial resources and his influence before the Federal Government to obtain it. Not importing applications repeated during the construction of the road, never received a satisfactory response
1223:
In 1950 at the request of Rutilio Ruiz Hernández from San Juan Achiutla, Chairman of the Regional Committee For the Ixtapa – Tlacotepec Road, several towns sent to the President of the Republic, Miguel Alemán Valdés, written to requesting resources for the road, neither the National Committee or the
1137:
memoirs. Partially this book without being or pretending to be a site history, came to partially remedy the documents absence about San Juan Achiutla. For it we can retrieve some people and town events after the Mexican Revolution until 21st century first decade. San Juan history and the road Ixtapa
915:
The work has several levels; the top appears the Holy Trinity, in the central part an Archangel, then Saint Dominic and St. Francis of Assisi. At the next level the purgatory image: a man with the papal tiara, another with the bishop tiara, one cleric, a woman and a man, all burn between the flames;
676:
and kernel of his liturgical and political life in the pre-colonial era is also expressed in the main deity worshipped name here. The main sanctuary was at the highest mountain summit, where the high priest gave worship to the Sacred Wrapper called The People's Heart. Wrapped in precious fabrics was
878:; people that continued practicing their ancient religious customs in a hidden form in the caves and hills close to the place making worship to "The People’s Heart" deity . Fray Benito heard about the existence of this image and rose to the summit in question, where destroyed the ceremonial center.
1607:
The Mixtec culture has developed and maintained for more than three millennia in a vast region which covers a territory of 40,000 km (15,000 sq mi), which extends from South of Puebla to the Pacific coast and the Valley of Oaxaca to the East of Guerrero. The Mixteca region comprises
1470:
2004 the Instituto de Estudios de Bachillerato del Estado de Oaxaca (IEBO) campus 126 "Achiutla" was established among San Juan Achiutla, San Miguel Achiutla and San Sebastián Atoyaquillo, in order to provide to several towns educational service. It has three classrooms and seven computers in 2010
1385:
In 1977 Raúl Ruiz Bautista wrote to the State of Oaxaca Governor, general Eliseo Jiménez Ruiz, to return the buses run by the road Ixtapa - Tlacotepec from the Mexico City and Oaxaca City to Chalcatongo de Hidalgo, which already operated and were suspended, being that the short route to Tlacotepec
1316:
primary school receives a substantial provision of furniture and materials: highlighted 125 chair desks, one vertical file, three desks, a microscope, a typewriter, a national flag, three basketball balls and six national heroes portraits, which today it may seem insignificant, but that it was not
516:
The Sun and Venus gods threw darts from the sky with which drilled the big hill precious the place of sand. One of his darts fertilized the Earth and thus was born the first lineage ancestor. The Primordial Lord's granddaughter, married a prince, who was born from a big tree in the City on Flames,
1208:
On October 15, 1949, the San JosĂ© de Gracia authorities adhere to the Manifesto, the other towns of the route, Santo Tomás Tecolotitlán, Santa MarĂa Ndoayaco, San Sebastián Atoyaquillo, Santo Domingo HuendĂo and San AgustĂn Tlacotepec also would in due course, providing and at times to deny their
1169:
In 1936 the young Eliseo Ruiz LĂłpez was carried by her father Tranquilino Ruiz to Normal Rural School of Cuilapan, near Oaxaca City to study for rural teacher, being the first to come out of San Juan Achiutla to study. So the San Juan Achiutla's Mayor, in an arbitrary way, decided to imprison and
1150:
In the decade beginning in 1920, due to resources scarcity for families livelihood in San Juan Achiutla, peasants migrated to RĂo Blanco, Orizaba, CĂłrdoba, Potrero Viejo, Santa Rosa and other places in Veracruz State, Mexico, to find work in the field and in factories, they got job in fabrics and
1324:
On March 18, 1963, Dr. Alfonso Caso, the Indigenous National Institute Chairman visited San Juan Achiutla with Dr. Manuel Hernández Hernández to inaugurate the way Ixtapa - Tlacotepec after 15 years Manifesto launching for its construction. It was also the formal opening ceremony of the drinking
1200:
launched its Road Manifesto calling for the towns of the region to the road San Felipe Ixtapa - San AgustĂn Tlacotepec construction in order to get out of backwardness, poverty and the isolation deprived High Mixteca towns. The Manifesto was endorsed by don Rutilio Ruiz Hernández, who became the
1615:
We must remember that the Mixtec culture did not disappear with the conquest, during the colonial period, or in the 19th and 20th centuries radical national transformations. It exists today in the Mixteca, everywhere in Mexico and anywhere in the world where the Mixtecs have reached in its vast
1308:
In 1961 begins the potable water system construction and its introduction in this town, for which the municipality requested and obtained financial backing from Vanguardia Progresista. Installs the first electricity generator in the town. Builds the first potable water tank in El Calvario spot.
1293:
In that year, after repeated requests from the Regional Committee For the Ixtapa - Tlacotepec Road, would begin the pay of a basic wage to workers in the road, residents of the towns, as came doing it free for nearly five years, as required (the provision of free labor by towns) by the National
1502:
In the 2010-2011 the number of pupils attending primary school is 27, secondary school 31, and Achiutla IEBO pre college level is 84. Total 142 students in the locality, taking into account the Achiutla IEBO attend not only students from San Juan but also joined 12 students from the Guadalupe
1443:, other to the Oaxaca's Governor and to the Planning Development Committee of the State of Oaxaca (Coplades) requesting the road's extension and paving, without any result. In February 1994 he wrote to the Secretary of Communications and Transport and the Governor of Oaxaca, with zero results.
1297:
In 1958 it was built the Post Office and telephone at San Juan Achiutla, same year in which started the construction of the first basketball court in the town (of rammed earth) both with the economic support of the Progressive Avant-Garde of San Juan Achiutla in Mexico City. This organization
1260:
San Juan Achiutla intervenes by Rutilio Ruiz Hernández in peacemaking, mediation and signing of the agreements of boundaries between San Miguel Achiutla and San Bartolomé Yucuañe, concluded between 1952 and 1953. Raúl Ruiz Bautista was responsible for the follow-up the legal settlement of the
1234:
1951 San Juan Achiutla and the Mixtec Region were represented by RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista in the Second National Congress of the Confederation of Indigenous Young People in Mexico City. It was a Congress to try to incorporate indigenous organizations for purely political purposes, as reported RaĂşl
953:
San Juan Achiutla has no municipal archive so it is virtually impossible to do an history based on the documentary source. If we compare with people, we could say that the municipality works verbally; it would seem that municipality is in illiteracy in the absence of documentary collections.
1151:
yarns factories and CervecerĂa Moctezuma, brewery, or in the field collecting coffee, cutting cane or other agricultural work. Returning to the village especially to be on December 27 at the town's feast. Many of them were rooted in those populations for many years, some permanently.
831:
From 1522 to 1528 Achiutla, what would be San Miguel and San Juan, was subjected unduly by the conquer MartĂn Vázquez who would be prosecuted for mistreating and threatening death to the people's chiefs by not delivering extraordinary tributes and pretended to be the legitimate
1325:
water system, electricity generator and the repaired school classrooms (classrooms that were demolished “to expand the garden” between the Church and the municipal Palace in February 2011, actually is a machinery parking lot). In that year was built the Monument to the Flag.
1154:
In 1929 it was built and established the first primary school where taught the teacher Rutilio Ruiz Hernández. One of the homes the school occupied was the premise and building called "La sala" owned by Bartolo Ruiz, who provided it for that purpose. This building no longer
772:, is waiting for its historical and archaeological recovery, relevant to the Mixtec culture, the State of Oaxaca and Mexico; as well as claim linguistic and ethnic indigenous, of the Mixtec Indian, object sometimes of denial, rejection and self-destruction of the maternal
1201:
leader and road construction organizer in the region while Raul Ruiz would be the negotiator of financial resources and contact with authorities, organizations and politicians in the country's capital, both during the fifteen years that would last its construction.
1535:
Achiutla Pre-Hispanic site and San Miguel Arcángel Dominican Convent, for have been the pre-Hispanic City of Achiutla the place that gave birth to San Miguel Achiutla as to San Juan Achiutla, none in the original space although San Miguel next to the original
1503:
Hidalgo's IEBO which was closed due to students' lack), of San Miguel Achiutla, San Sebastián Atoyaquillo and other villages. As more above has been said, in 1965 when only primary school worked, it had 285 students, more than double that the total in 2011.
1165:
In 1935 the elementary school was converted into Rural Federal School Francisco I. Madero, being substituted Rutilio Ruiz Hernández as teacher by the professor Pedro Hernández, graduated from the Normal Rural School. At school existed only until the fourth
317:
Two locations are identified as being the Mixtec country colonization focal point: Apoala and Achiutla. These settlements have grown and flourished as urban centres which although now reduced to simple towns, before the European conquest were flourishing
1338:
In November 1965, school census, attending primary school 130 boys and 135 girls, there were six teachers (in 2011 the actual population of the town did not reach the 200 people). Took inventory of the resources of primary school. Classrooms were again
1287:
and systematically raise funds and send them to the municipality as a support for the town's development of public works and community services. Those, instigated by traditional leaders focused on supporting only the religious festivals, didn't accept.
865:
Explosion chamber. In a large number were used in San Juan Achiutla from the colony until the early 20th century rather than rockets, it was filled with gunpowder and detonated by the hole in the side. Iron. 10 cm high, 4.5 cm wide at the
1498:
The old classrooms of elementary school in San Juan Achiutla, ancient “adobe” constructions and part of the town cultural heritage were demolished, the ground is used as machinery parking lot. This was a cultural heritage destruction municipal
1328:
In December 1963, for the San Juan Achiutla's feast, Vanguardia Progresiva de San Juan Achiutla in Mexico City, on the initiative of JesĂşs A. Ruiz Sanchez, made the gift of the first turntable and sound system to the municipality of San Juan
1173:
In 1938 RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista and Natalio RamĂrez PĂ©rez left the town with the same goal, they were followed by many young people who would be teachers and professionals, employees in other parts of the country or in the United States of
1244:"still important not to carry out the last segment with Tlacotepec, pursuant to the expressed desire of does not arise on the short road, the vehicles in the region of Chalcatongo and trying to have as a forced via the Tlaxiaco City."
1212:
In December 1949 were sent letters to the Roads National Committee General Secretary JosĂ© Rivera R. To ask resources for the road's construction and in the same month to the Communications and Transport Secretary Lic. AgustĂn GarcĂa
698:
Making sacrifices and worshiped its first founder said he was the People´s Heart and kept it in a safe place and sacrificed to it valuables things as gold and precious stones. Front of the Heart always burned wood, where they burned
1948:: epidemic that could be typhus, plague, hemorrhagic fever or smallpox brought this last by the Spaniards. At that time there wasn’t an accurate diagnosis. Achiutla never recovered its population the size that had in ancient times.
411:
Achiutla's geographical location splendor and religious importance are probably the causes have done, so to consider as the Mixtec nation origin place. Although nowadays the information doesn’t exist can prove their priority over
641:(a vegetal and natural bowl) - jade and gold, wealth in abundance -the eagle and the fire serpent - power to transform and fly into trance, as a ball of fire - as well as the hand with the knife and the rope - civilian authority.
1673:, give Posada to the pilgrims, with images of the pilgrims Mary and Joseph in a procession calling the Inn to the house inhabitants, who give after prayers and doubts, they offer to the pilgrims and the procession hot drinks,
1188:
On October 28, 1942, the communal property of the community of San Juan Achiutla, of the San Juan Achiutla municipality, were titled by presidential resolution published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on March 3,
1231:
from the Government of Oaxaca, only contributed with an amount equivalent to less than half a kilometre, its attention to the project was sent the requests for resources "to the corresponding area" where fell into a vacuum.
340:
personification. It was represented by a large dimension emerald on which were carved a bird and a snake. This jewel excited the Spaniards admiration by the job perfection. It was destroyed by the missionaries as described
1654:
reception is a solemn ceremony in which small speeches are addressed to deliver and receive the contributions, being a usual commitment to spontaneously to reciprocate the help at the moment in which the counterpart need
242:. Its weather is temperate. It is in the Mixteca Alta (the High Mixteca), one of the three parties that make up the Mixteca region and in the Mixteca Alta is part of what was Achiutla, the significant Prehispanic place.
1204:
The Regional Committee For the Ixtapa – Tlacotepec Road was founded in 1949; it organized the towns of this route during the entire period that lasted its construction, Rutilio Ruiz Hernández was named chairman of this
1506:
Until 2011 the road Ixtapa - Tlacotepec ranging from Ixtapa to San Juan Achiutla (town called and led its construction) remains without be paved, meanwhile long route the "obligated" Tlaxiaco pass, was paved long time
751:
These historical references--continues Lejarazu - aren't sufficient to identify The People’s Heart worship exact place, nor their accurate relationship with the Achiutla’s Oracle. It is clear the river represents the
1142:
released his proclamation for their construction and San Juan Achiutla led the project and this road construction with Rutilio Ruiz Hernández to the head. The following are the relevant facts from the 20th century.
291:
The Mixtec name given to this country before the conquest is unknown, we only know by Father Antonio de los Reyes, missionary who settled in Teposcolula around 1593. A Mixtec grammar author, the Mixtecs were named
760:
It appears in the 15th century, Achiutla was conquered by the Aztecs, who destroyed and burned their main temple, in 1462 the temple and the city suffered the fire, to this fact is due to carry the Mixtec name of
331:
Established in the High Mixteca center, Achiutla was the chief who ruled the Mixtécapan residence. After the schism that divided the country into three principalities, this city was the spiritual center or the
1436:
The Mixteco Towns Union, chaired by Professor Neftalà Ruiz Sánchez, San Juan Achiutla's Mayor, was created in 1993 who scheduled in its work programme the expansion and paving of the road Ixtapa - Tlacotepec.
853:
In 1555 the viceroy don Luis de Velasco ordered to allow entering Santo Domingo religious order to Achiutla, since the encomendero's cleric of the place prevented. The Dominicans settled finally in 1557 in
1170:
submit to penal labour Tranqulino his father with the claim that the boy did not was lose to the Catholic faith and return to the village to serve the municipality and to abandon his studies, which failed.
1892:
1238:
The Regional Committee of Indigenous Youth and Communities was founded in may, 1951 in San Juan Achiutla and designating San Juan Achiutla as the official seat of the Mixtec Regional Congress in the same
648:; the Lord 5 Deer, Turkey; the Lord 5 Movement, Quail; the Lord 5 Lizard, Rain, and the Lord 5 Eagle, Rain. They were the primary founders and owners, which gave life to the region. They were the first
1646:
which is mutual support mainly in supplies or in cash between neighbors and relatives that bring to those who have a celebration, feast or compromise, such as weddings, baptisms, funerals or
1487:
In September, 2010 in the National Commission for development of indigenous Peoples in Mexico City and in December of that same year in San Juan Achiutla and Tlaxiaco, is presented the book
1257:
On October 6, 1951, was received in San Felipe Ixtapa the first set of tools and materials by the Federal Government to begin construction of the road, so the work began this month and year.
1276:
and other hard achiutlenses that would work to support their town with economic resources and materials for education and infrastructure, as well as for the annual Patron Saint festivities.
911:
From this last period, the San Juan Evangelista's Church in San Juan Achiutla retains the following historical trail: an oil painting approximately 1.4 for 1.2 m whose lower part said
1639:, which is obligatory work as contribution to the town public works and services, that allows the people and the municipality to be clean and healthy place in an exemplary fashion.
578:
Stone, Mixtec household utensil used from pre-Columbian times to the 20th century first half, to insert into the center firewood and light in the dark to do chores like grinding
1662:
which is the responsibility of an individual for the celebration of the Patron Saint San Juan fest, this custom however is of great economic burden for those who assume it.
428:), p. 6-III, we see how the 6 Monkey Princess embarks on a journey underground. Apparently starts from an opening in the rock wall over a river, where it is venerated the
1980:
Partido in this case means, according to the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language Dictionary: district or territory of jurisdiction or body that has a main town per head
358:
On the old city edge opens a cave the entrance suggest a tunnel that connects with the town of San Juan and for which, in times of war it could go from one to another.
285:, locative, place. This name would have been given to the country because the cold weather frequently prevails over the elevated regions of the High Mixteca Mountains.
1242:
On May 23, 1951, the Communications and Public Works Ministry orders the layout of the road but directs to the last section, the HuendĂo - Tlacotepec is not done:
923:
The colonial period, the 19th century and the Mexican Revolution at San Juan Achiutla are pending of being researched and counted. At this point we know that in:
296:(wild cats) by their neighbors the Zapotecs, designation probably ironic and coming from the roughness of the places that these Indians had chosen to settle.
637:, surrounded by snakes of fog and darkness, that is to say by mysterious and impressive superhuman powers. They were offered to him - placed in basket and
2008:
2227:
883::…an immensity of several figures of idols, which were in niches, on stones stained foolishly of human blood and smoke of incense which sacrificed them.
1957:
There are other Achiutla's meaning versions: a "cave which drips water" which is effectively linked with meanings explained by Diguet. Another "Where
1783:
Itineraries Vol. 8 / 2008 ISSN paper version: 1507–7241, University of Warsaw. Iberian and Latin American Studies Institute. Oboźna 8, 00-927 Warsaw.
1623:(a lyric) among multiple ethnic groups that form the Mexican Republic, perhaps the nation more sentimental, nostalgic and loyal to its roots is the
1120:
677:
an ancient jade stone in a large chili pepper size, sculpted in a bird, and a coiled snake form. In other worlds, a Feathered Serpent picture the
408:
pulverized made dust. This name would have been given to the city because the revered Emerald would have been reduced to dust by the missionaries.
76:
903:
1580 There were few Spaniard settlers in the Mixtec communities in the mountains, because they avoided visit them for fear of its inhabitants.
288:
This territory includes the current geographical division, an important Oaxaca State part and a fraction of the States of Puebla and Guerrero.
1771:
1460:
Between 1996 and 1998 a channel, two barriers and four reservoirs for irrigation water storage were built, being President Juan Pablo LĂłpez.
1837:
Book: Camino por la Mixteca. Un testimonio y documentos para la microhistoria de San Juan Achiutla y la Mixteca Alta en el Estado de Oaxaca
1439:
On 5 November 1993, Professor Neftalà Ruiz Sánchez summarizes that he has sent two separate letters, one to the President of the Republic,
1312:
October 26, 1961, through the Vanguardia Progresista intermediary and personally RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista before the Public Education Ministry,
1246:(Note No. 324-RGB-1947, dossier 441.2 / 5-1 folio 15362 signed by Manuel LĂłpez sailing from Secretary of Communications an Public Works,
1433:
wrote to Diodoro Carrasco Altamirano Governor of the State requesting the necessary expansion and paving of the Ixtapa - Tlacotepec road.
1290:
On October 12, 1956, was open the telephone network in San Miguel Tixá and San Juan Achiutla was also connected to the telephone service.
621:
By this magic and religious act grew in that place the Origin Great Tree, which lifted and holds the sky. It was the “Tree of the Eye”,
1757:
Journal de la Société des américanistes de Paris. Nouvelle series. Tome III. Au sige de la Société. 61, Rue de Buffon, 61. France 1906.
44:
1856:
Biblioteca Burgoa de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca. Joyas Bibliográficas. Note about Fray Benito Hernández and its
1081:
981:
126:
1732:
Camino por la Mixteca. Un testimonio y documentos para la microhistoria de San Juan Achiutla y la Mixteca Alta en el estado de Oaxaca
1573:
Camino por la Mixteca. Un testimonio y documentos para la microhistoria de San Juan Achiutla y la Mixteca Alta en el estado de Oaxaca
1131:
Camino por la Mixteca. Un testimonio y documentos para la microhistoria de San Juan Achiutla y la Mixteca Alta en el estado de Oaxaca
1061:
Same view in January 2011 without the old classrooms. San Juan Achiutla's historical, cultural and architectural heritage destruction
1025:
1957, basquetball games award ceremony, patronal fest of San Juan Achiutla. Dressed in dark suit giving the coup, RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista
916:
below represents a solemn mass attended by men on the right and women on the left. On the deteriorated work lower place we can read:
328:
Before the conquest the population likely reached 14,000 inhabitants, but it significantly reduced following a "mazahuatl" epidemic.
2266:
1585:
The Mixtec culture, to which San Juan Achiutla and the achiutlecos belong, is a living culture, says Ronald Spores on the subject:
1489:
Camino por la Mixteca. Un testimonio y documentos para la microhistoria de San Juan Achiutla y la Mixteca Alta del Estado de Oaxaca
1261:
conflict in the Supreme Court of Justice in Mexico City at the request of Salvador Montes in representation of San Miguel Achiutla.
1057:
1616:
adaptation diaspora. Many have left the Mixteca, but their hearts, thoughts and feelings remain on their land and their tradition.
1447:
1001:
1952, San Juan Achiutla's people, at the center with gray moustache, don Rutilio Ruiz Hernández, and with tie, Raúl Ruiz Bautista
194:
173:
1446:
On 2 February 1995, the route Ixtapa - Tlacotepec mayors headed by Neftalà Ruiz Sánchez wrote to the President of the Republic,
567:. It is the primordial lake concept, which like the darkness is a metaphor for the area which we see today the world's creation.
2001:
468:
345:
1474:
In 2008 began the delivery of public Internet services in San Juan Achiutla in private establishing "The Grandfather's House".
1864:
1283:, National Indigenous Institute general director visits the Mixteca Alta and decides to support the construction of the road.
597:, p. 1-III). We notice in passing the conceptual overlap between this lizard stone and the lizard relief in a building early
1104:
1842:
1576:. RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista, published in 2010 and graded as high relevance by the library of the Congress of the United States.
1396:
The rural clinic under the programme IMSS - COPLAMAR, was built in 1979 when the municipal president was Mr. Juan Santos.
1227:
In that same year Rutilio Ruiz Hernández was appointed general organizer of the Indigenous Congress in the Mixtec region.
2113:
997:
336:
or religious leader residence. The temple was famous, they came from everywhere to worship a deity considered to be a
2053:
1033:
1957, basquetball games award ceremony, patronal fest of San Juan Achiutla. Dressed in dark suit, RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista
593:
sanctuary (Apoala), where they received blessings and instructions from the 9 Lizard Lady, who reigned there (Codex
2153:
2133:
2058:
1994:
907:
In 1584 San Juan Achiutla land titles were issued by the colonial government, that in 1748 issued communal titles.
584:
early in the morning. Basalt. Diameter 13 cm (5.1 in), height 8 cm (3.1 in). San Juan Achiutla
257:
The mountainous and hilly region which is the Mixtec Indians' country formed, after the Spaniards' establishment,
2193:
2158:
2083:
2043:
1440:
1386:
and YosondĂşa. He also asked for paving the road. It has not returned to have regular runs of buses on this route.
2168:
1884:
2215:
305:
207:
30:
2163:
1005:
2198:
2173:
2128:
989:
552:, "Flowers River" passes. At the foot of the convent's promontory, these streams come together and form the
1850:
1792:, volume II. CEOLA. Incidentele Publicaties 24. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Leuven University. Belgium.
2088:
2063:
2033:
1766:
Centre for Research and Higher Studies in Social Anthropology. CIESAS. Mexico. 1st Edition, Mexico, 2009.
218:. The municipality covers an area of 49.76 km. It is located in a mountain range, between the hills
444:
packaging (1934 Burgoa, I: 319, 332-333) was preserved. The Princess began with asking for permission to
2123:
2048:
1511:
1492:
1430:
1344:
1273:
1197:
1139:
1134:
733:Ă‘uu Ndecu path to and site, the City in Flames, Achiutla, colonial and pre-Columbian archaeological site
1699:(Turkey dance), in which the salient mayordomo delivered a turkey as a gift through dancers to the new
1406:
In 1980 the Federal Secondary School Eng. Alfonso MartĂnez Berges was established in San Juan Achiutla.
660:
The god Dzahui consecrate a Mixtec ruler by pouring over him with his jug (Nutall Codex, page 5, back).
1184:
On October 17, 1942, the municipality of San Juan Achiutla was established by presidential resolution.
792:
2188:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2038:
1128:
In 2010, Mexican Independence bicentennial and Mexican Revolution centennial year, appeared the book
183:
2098:
1831:
1730:
1571:
1313:
1129:
1029:
2073:
809:
2143:
2138:
784:, to supplant the dignity and wealth that involve to belong to this ancient culture, even alive.
741:'s description made about this piece in 1674, more than one hundred years after its destruction:
725:), in other words, "The Mixtec People’s Heart”. It is situated in a large cave on top of a river.
721:, page 6-III, where it is painted as a precious stone with " The People of the Rain Heart" name (
1112:
927:
1825, San Juan Achutla Nusuñe (it was its name then) was part of the constituency of the called
861:
1265:
centre was established in Tlaxiaco due to the community of San Miguel slow response to the INI.
1089:
1013:
2183:
2178:
2148:
2118:
2018:
1986:
1767:
1692:
of the town, staging Christmas performed with volunteer actors of the town prior to Christmas.
1250:, the path would be a long alley without exit, without connection to YosondĂşa and Chalcatongo.
961:
1945, a peasant and his "jacal", a rural house mainly used at that time in San Juan Achiutla.
373:, locality or place: place of the cave frequented. Another possible etymology is as follows:
253:
In 1906 the French scientist Leon Diguet published in Paris the following about La Mixteca:
1802:. ArqueologĂa Mexicana. Bi-Monthly Magazine, March–April 2008. Volume XV, number 90. MĂ©xico.
1065:
738:
1371:
In 1971 the dam for agricultural irrigation Las Lajas was built in the course of the river
973:
870:
Among the Dominican religious who came to Achiutla was Fray Benito Hernández who wrote his
1416:
Between 1988 and 1989 the three domes of the Church of St. John the Evangelist were built.
1335:
In August 1965 the music band was reorganized and acquired two saxophones to reinforce it.
993:
1948, San Juan Achiutla inhabitants, the young man with the deer was Jesús A. Ruiz Sánchez
1855:
1484:
Starts the streets paved and construction of sidewalks on the main street of the village.
828:
when in the Land of the Rain, were known these dire first news concerning the Spaniards.
1358:(Don Rutilio's road) where extensively was portrayed the leader's struggle for the road.
965:
589:
The two priests led stones of power - the Rain's God stone and the Lizard stone--to the
361:
The Achiutla Nahuatl name seems to come from this cave. Deconstructing it is in effect:
2078:
1812:
National Institute for Federalism and Municipal Development, Interior Ministry, Mexico.
1354:, a newspaper of Oaxaca City published a MarĂa del Refugio G. de Alva article entitled
2260:
1747:
Thesis for the degree of m.a. in history. Universidad Nacional AutĂłnoma Mexico. 2009.
1361:
In 1969 the construction of the electric network was initiated in San Juan Achiutla.
1298:
processed before the Ministry of Public Education the backboards and goals donation.
1021:
900:
So the pulverizing of this jewel, would be a little after 1557 (PĂ©rez Ortiz, 2009).
1280:
821:
805:
682:
337:
1669:
are the festivities during eight days leading up to Christmas. Consist of put the
1610:
the High Mixteca ―escenario of the development of the main towns of this culture―,
1594:
tenacity and adaptability for more than 3,000 years deserves everyone's attention.
1332:
In June 1964 the Education Ministry gave 35 chair desks for the elementary school.
1836:
1009:
1953, San Juan Achiutla peasants during the Ixtapa - Tlacotepec road construction
693:
The People's Heart - say Burgoa - represented the Mixtec people lineage founder:
1073:
1037:
834:
777:
729:
678:
598:
563:
valley was formerly a large lagoon, which barely lifted the promontory and the
477:
Pre-Columbian rain's deity is formed in raindrops, found in San Juan Achiutla.
1745:
Pueblo en llamas, la inobediencia de los mixtecos de Achiutla en el siglo XVI.
858:
founded their community, at the time they would build the "doctrine-convent".
839:
528:("Burning City"), was in ancient times the High Mixteca spiritual center, the:
2242:
2229:
1531:
There are as goods of cultural and historical heritage of San Juan Achiutla:
91:
78:
1912:
Contribution a l'Etude geographique du mexique précolombien. "Le Mixtecapan"
1542:
18th-century oil paintings collection in the St. John the Evangelist Church.
1426:
The fourth drinking water tank was built in San Pedro neighbourhood in 1991.
571:
164:
1845:
Contribution a l'etude geographique du mexique précolombien. Le Mixtecapan"
1681:
1612:
the Low Mixteca ―o Ñuiñe ("Tierra Caliente") — and the Mixteca de la Costa.
1598:
1546:
1931:
huge dimensions of the same time, waiting for their study and restoration.
1755:
Contribution a l'Etude geographique du mexique précolombien. Le Mixtecapan
1631:
Following ancient cultural traditions are preserved in San Juan Achiutla:
1049:
957:
481:
For its part Manuel A. Hermann Lejarazu explains in his work on the Codex
2203:
813:
580:
850:
and "Achiotla" (Achutla) passed to doña Isabel Roxas (Rojas) his wife.
706:
686:
633:
1710:(wind music band) of both religious and social present at every party.
2022:
781:
773:
473:
215:
211:
131:
119:
1193:
The Municipal Palace was built in 1947 being Mayor Mr. Teodoro José.
1053:
ancient classrooms of San Juan Achiutla (demolished in January 2011)
977:
1945, peasant of San Juan Achiutla with usual clothing at that time.
913:"Don Juan Ortiz and his wife doña MarĂa Daniel devotion year 1749".
765:
in one of their etymologies meaning burned town or city in flames.
1675:
1597:
1545:
1270:
Vanguardia Progresista de San Juan Achiutla en el Distrito Federal
1119:
1111:
1103:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
980:
972:
964:
956:
860:
801:
791:
728:
701:
656:
627:
570:
489:
Focus on the High Mixteca area, the most mountainous and elevated
467:
344:
304:
190:
169:
1736:
1409:
In 1984, the first public telephone service Telmex was installed.
874:, and to whom is attributed the evangelization of the Mixtecs of
1893:
Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal
448:, probably the entrance guardian to the underground hall: named
1990:
1764:
Códice Yucunama. Edición facsimilar, interpretación y Análisis.
644:
With him were born: the Lord 1 Eagle, Water; the Lord 3 Water,
1851:
Códice Yucunama. Edición facsimilar, interpretación y Análisis
1819:
Plan Municipal de Desarrollo de San Juan Achiutla 2008 - 2010
1800:
La Mixteca y los mixtecos. 3,000 años de adaptación cultural
1017:
1957, basquetball games, patronal fest of San Juan Achiutla.
245:
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 401.
309:
The Achiutla's man. Pre-Columbian piece. San Juan Achiutla.
816:- concerns Alfonso Pérez Ortiz citing José Antonio Gay –
918:"F. GarcĂa Ruiz and JosĂ© Isidro Ruiz, JosĂ© de la Luz..."
846:
contributed to him 48 gold dust "tejuelos". In 1550 his
1085:
Francisco I. Madero primary school of San Juan Achiutla
985:
1945, Teodoro Trujillo, countryman of San Juan Achiutla
617:
In this regard, Jansen and Pérez Jiménez, also depict:
1781:
Paisajes sagrados: cĂłdices y arqueologĂa de Ă‘uu Dzaui.
1558:
The prison and the municipal buildings adjacent to it.
1378:
In 1975, the second drinking water tank was built in
838:. In 1528 Achiutla became part Francisco Maldonado's
418:
Paisajes Sagrados: cĂłdices y arqueologĂa de Ă‘uu Dzaui
1309:
Desiderio López José presided the municipality then.
609:
tree, the principal of which was the dynasty ruler (
416:
Jansen and Pérez Jiménez refer to Achiutla in their
389:
locality or place: site were the roads oozing water.
1735:Mexico 2010, 295 pp. ISBN 978 - 607-00-3376-6
1510:In July, 2011, as a result and in follow-up to the
1235:
recommending not participates in such organization.
944:
1891 was a municipality in the Tlaxiaco's District.
938:, sub-prefecture of Tlaxiaco, Teposcolula district.
796:
San Juan Achiutla's Baptismal font. Colonial period
180:
163:
155:
150:
142:
137:
125:
107:
21:
1453:In the same year the fifth drinking water tank in
1294:Committee on Community roads in their conventions.
493:part. In the pre-colonial era flourished here the
313:Leon Diguet also made historiography on Achiutla:
717:pictorial manuscripts, specifically in the Codex
536:With qualifying Ă‘uu Ndecu as the Great Temple in
1865:Enciclopedia de los Municipios de MĂ©xico, Oaxaca
1777:Jansen, Maarten and Pérez Jiménez, Gabina Aurora
1077:San Juan Evangelista church in San Juan Achiutla
941:1858 again belonged to the Tlaxiaco's District.
737:PĂ©rez Ortiz quotes the historian and Dominican
889:And he got done in The People's Heart” deity.
672:important position as the spiritual center of
436:, the Mixtec people); probably it is the cave
2002:
1321:temporarily stored in the parish of the town.
1248:to keep traffic on the long road, by Tlaxiaco
1124:Municipal assembly in San Juan Achiutla, 2018
8:
1224:Secretariat of Communications had responded.
1564:The kiosk in the front garden at City Hall.
1138:- Tlacotepec construction are inseparable,
559:The oral tradition of the place holds that
2009:
1995:
1987:
1343:a gold medal. The speech was in charge of
788:San Juan Achiutla's Colonial period traces
18:
1921:more accurate current measurement: 1992 m
1108:Traditional kitchen in San Juan Achiutla.
234:to the South. It is crossed by the river
51:
1889:Enciclopedia de los Municipios de MĂ©xico
1810:Enciclopedia de los Municipios de MĂ©xico
1589:After the independence war the language
1389:The third tank of drinking water in the
1041:Ixtapa-Tlacotepec road reaches San Juan
713:This People's Heart also appears in the
655:
277:(cloudy or foggy land), made up term by
1876:
1602:Kiosk of San Juan Achiutla (demolished)
1317:for a rural primary school at the time.
162:
149:
136:
106:
71:
37:
16:Municipality and town in Oaxaca, Mexico
1516:Knowledge (XXG), la enciclopedia libre
1196:In August 1949 from San Juan Achiutla
787:
353:winch were found in San Juan Achiutla.
1832:Book's review "Camino por la Mixteca"
872:Christian catechism written in Mixtec
524:Achiutla, as is at the present known
179:
154:
146:49.76 km (19.21 sq mi)
141:
124:
7:
1644:gueza (guelaguetza, give to receive)
934:1844 was a village of the Achutla's
556:, "Extended River " or "Blue River".
969:1945, family from San Juan Achiutla
776:, language and culture, effects of
349:Stone Axe, obsidian arrowheads and
1100:women sellers in San Juan Achiutla
513:(Achiutla) kingdoms, among others.
430:El CorazĂłn del Pueblo de la lluvia
14:
1816:San Juan Achiutla's Municipality
1806:San Juan Achiutla's Municipality
1555:"El chorrito" drinking water box
1527:Cultural and historical heritage
544:passes; on the eastern side the
432:jewel (The rain people’s heart,
261:province, was designated by the
112:
50:
43:
1539:St. John the Evangelist Church.
1737:http://lccn.loc.gov/2010538507
1679:, collations, gifts, breaking
269:name, a word derived from the
1:
1448:Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de LeĂłn
1717:which Achiutla is mentioned.
664:Hermann Lejarazu continues:
1858:Catecismo en Lengua Mixteca
1761:Hermann Lejarazu. Manuel A.
1713:The pre-Hispanic legend of
1069:street of San Juan Achiutla
2283:
1514:´s work, was published in
812:and his troops arrival to
2212:
2114:San Pedro Mártir Yucuxaco
2029:
1567:The monument to the flag.
1550:Jail of San Juan Achiutla
1441:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
1350:Wednesday, June 7, 1967,
1116:Barrio de Dolores' chapel
456:, can decipher as "bone (
72:
38:
28:
2267:Municipalities of Oaxaca
2216:Municipalities of Oaxaca
1608:three ecological zones:
1356:El Camino de don Rutilio
2154:Santa MarĂa del Rosario
2134:Santa Catarina YosonotĂş
2059:San CristĂłbal Amoltepec
1787:Maarten E.R.G.N. Jansen
1520:Knowledge (XXG), the đź’•
1450:asking the road paving.
1393:spot was built in 1978.
681:divine power, known as
521:, the current Achiutla.
281:(cloud) and the suffix
2194:Santo Domingo Ixcatlán
2159:Santa MarĂa Tataltepec
2084:San MartĂn Huamelulpam
2064:San Esteban Atatlahuca
2044:San AgustĂn Tlacotepec
2034:Chalcatongo de Hidalgo
1603:
1551:
1471:with Internet service.
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
978:
970:
962:
867:
797:
734:
661:
585:
478:
354:
310:
2164:Santa MarĂa Yolotepec
2124:Santa Catarina Tayata
2054:San Bartolomé Yucuañe
2049:San Antonio Sinicahua
1944:, the correct way is
1601:
1549:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
864:
795:
732:
659:
574:
471:
442:El CorazĂłn del Pueblo
440:(Achiutla) where the
392:For the Mixtec name,
348:
321:Achiutla or Achutla (
308:
238:and has a dam called
195:Central Daylight Time
182: • Summer (
174:Central Standard Time
2199:Santo Tomás Ocotepec
2174:Santa MarĂa Yucuhiti
2129:Santa Catarina Ticuá
2109:San Pablo Tijaltepec
2104:San Miguel El Grande
1742:PĂ©rez Ortiz, Alfoso.
1728:Ruiz Bautista. RaĂşl.
1715:El flechador del sol
1627:, the Mixtec nation.
1561:The Municipal Palace
1268:On May 3, 1953, the
611:yaa tnuhu iya toniñe
548:, "Salt River", and
2239: /
2169:Santa MarĂa YosoyĂşa
2099:San Miguel Achiutla
2089:San MartĂn Itunyoso
1885:"San Juan Achiutla"
1843:LeĂłn Diguet's book
1697:danza del guajolote
1591:ñu savi (Ñuu Dzaui)
1581:Cultural traditions
1457:was put in service.
1429:On 25 January 1993
1314:Francisco I. Madero
949:Contemporary period
739:Francisco de Burgoa
88: /
2144:Santa Cruz Tacahua
2139:Santa Cruz Nundaco
2017:Municipalities of
1685:, pray the Rosary.
1621:La CanciĂłn Mixteca
1604:
1552:
1512:RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista
1493:RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista
1431:RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista
1345:RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista
1274:RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista
1198:RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista
1140:RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista
1135:RaĂşl Ruiz Bautista
1126:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
979:
971:
963:
868:
798:
735:
662:
586:
479:
355:
311:
226:to the Northwest,
156: • Total
143: • Total
64:Location in Mexico
2243:17.333°N 97.517°W
2222:
2221:
2189:Santiago YosondĂşa
2179:Santiago Nundiche
2149:Santa Cruz Tayata
2119:San Pedro Molinos
2094:San Mateo Peñasco
2069:San Juan Achiutla
2039:Magdalena Peñasco
2019:Tlaxiaco District
1940:Diguet text says
1772:978-607-486-042-9
230:to the North and
214:in south-western
204:San Juan Achiutla
201:
200:
92:17.333°N 97.517°W
58:San Juan Achiutla
23:San Juan Achiutla
2274:
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1708:mĂşsica de viento
1619:As reflected in
1352:Carteles del Sur
842:its real owner,
365:means frequent,
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808:, took news of
790:
509:(Tlaxiaco) and
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97:17.333; -97.517
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2184:Santiago NuyoĂł
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1826:External links
1824:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1803:
1796:Spores. Ronald
1793:
1784:
1774:
1758:
1748:
1739:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1693:
1686:
1663:
1656:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1617:
1613:
1596:
1595:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1152:
950:
947:
946:
945:
942:
939:
932:
898:
897:
887:
886:
789:
786:
758:
757:
749:
727:
726:
723:Ini Ă‘uu Dzavui
719:Añute (Selden)
711:
691:
690:
654:
653:
642:
615:
614:
569:
568:
557:
534:
529:
522:
514:
497:(Tilantongo),
466:
465:
414:
413:
409:
390:
359:
343:
342:
329:
326:
319:
302:
299:
298:
297:
289:
286:
250:
247:
206:is a town and
199:
198:
188:
178:
177:
167:
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
109:
105:
104:
70:
69:
63:
57:
56:
49:
48:
42:
41:
40:
39:
36:
35:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2279:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:San Juan Ă‘umĂ
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1977:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1946:matlazahualtl
1943:
1937:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
999:
991:
983:
975:
967:
959:
955:
948:
943:
940:
937:
933:
930:
926:
925:
924:
921:
919:
914:
909:
908:
904:
901:
895:
892:
891:
890:
884:
881:
880:
879:
877:
873:
863:
859:
857:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:Hernán Cortés
807:
803:
794:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
755:
750:
747:
744:
743:
742:
740:
731:
724:
720:
716:
712:
710:
708:
703:
700:
696:
695:
694:
688:
684:
680:
675:
671:
667:
666:
665:
658:
651:
647:
643:
640:
636:
635:
630:
629:
624:
620:
619:
618:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:
583:
582:
577:
573:
566:
562:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
533:
530:
527:
523:
520:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
486:
484:
476:
475:
470:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:Añute (Selden
424:In the Codex
423:
422:
421:
419:
410:
407:
404:village, and
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
356:
352:
347:
339:
335:
330:
327:
324:
320:
316:
315:
314:
307:
300:
295:
290:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
254:
248:
246:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:to the East,
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
196:
192:
189:
185:
175:
171:
168:
166:
158:
145:
133:
130:
128:
121:
110:
101:
73:Coordinates:
46:
32:
27:
20:
2224:
2068:
1976:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1857:
1844:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:Diguet. LĂ©on
1750:
1744:
1741:
1731:
1727:
1722:Bibliography
1714:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1609:
1590:
1584:
1572:
1530:
1519:
1515:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1464:
1463:
1454:
1420:
1419:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1302:
1301:
1281:Alfonso Caso
1279:In May 1954
1272:, headed by
1269:
1247:
1243:
1217:
1216:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1130:
1127:
1097:
1093:
1042:
952:
935:
931:de Tlaxiaco.
928:
922:
917:
912:
910:
906:
905:
902:
899:
893:
888:
882:
875:
871:
869:
855:
852:
847:
843:
833:
830:
825:
818:Moctecuhzoma
817:
806:Tenochtitlan
800:When in the
799:
769:
767:
762:
759:
756:deep valley.
753:
745:
736:
722:
718:
714:
704:
697:
692:
683:Quetzalcoatl
673:
669:
663:
649:
645:
638:
632:
626:
622:
616:
610:
606:
602:
594:
590:
579:
575:
564:
560:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
531:
525:
518:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
480:
472:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:as follows:
417:
415:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
350:
338:Quetzalcoatl
333:
322:
312:
293:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
252:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
208:municipality
203:
202:
31:Municipality
2246: /
1648:mayordomĂas
1373:Los Sabinos
835:encomendero
778:colonialism
679:Mesoamerica
599:Huamelulpan
565:Siki Tinduu
542:Los Sabinos
499:Chiyo Cahnu
294:Mixtoquijxi
249:The Mixteca
236:Los Sabinos
95: /
1871:References
1790:Huisi Tacu
1671:nacimiento
1660:mayordomĂa
1205:committee.
1045:, Achiutla
848:encomienda
840:encomienda
768:Achiutla,
650:Nuuddzahui
613:) founder.
591:Yuta Tnoho
460:) before (
454:Yeque Yata
381:dripping,
323:Achioztlan
267:Mixtecapan
259:La Mixteca
240:Cahuayande
151:Population
2214:See also
1942:mazahuatl
1701:mayordomo
1690:pastorela
1570:The book
1380:El Jazmin
1339:repaired.
1329:Achiutla.
1094:Tortillas
1043:Ă‘uu Ndecu
896:…(Burgoa)
876:Ă‘uu Ndecu
856:Ă‘uu Ndecu
844:Ă‘uu Ndecu
826:Ă‘uu Ndecu
822:Moctezuma
804:capital,
770:Ă‘uu Ndecu
763:Ă‘uu Nducu
754:Ă‘uu Ndecu
715:Ă‘uu Dzaui
674:Ă‘uu Dzaui
670:Ă‘uu Ndecu
652:(Mixtec).
623:Yutnu Nuu
607:Ă‘uu Ndecu
603:Ă‘uu Ndecu
561:Ă‘uu Ndecu
554:Yute Ndaa
538:Ă‘uu Dzaui
526:Ă‘uu Ndecu
519:Ă‘uu Ndecu
511:Ă‘uu Ndecu
507:Ndisi Nuu
503:Ă‘uu Ndaya
491:Ă‘uu Dzaui
450:Hueso-Coa
438:Ă‘uu Ndecu
434:Ă‘uu Dzaui
265:with the
224:Yucuquise
165:Time zone
2261:Category
2204:Tlaxiaco
1898:June 12,
1495:Memoirs.
1455:El Ocote
1391:El Moral
1174:America.
885:(Burgoa)
814:Veracruz
581:nixtamal
550:Yute Ita
546:Yute Uha
495:Ă‘uu Tnoo
483:Yucunama
400:Mixtec,
369:, cave,
351:malacate
334:Taysacca
301:Achiutla
232:Totolote
33:and town
2234:97°31′W
2231:17°20′N
1959:achiote
1682:piñatas
1676:tamales
1667:posadas
1625:ñu savi
1499:action.
1155:exists.
1098:zapotes
936:Partido
929:Partido
707:incense
687:Nahuatl
634:pochote
576:Negrito
412:Apoala.
398:Sundico
394:Sundecu
379:chipimi
377:water,
318:cities.
275:Mixtlan
271:Nahuatl
108:Country
83:97°31′W
80:17°20′N
2023:Oaxaca
1770:
1650:. The
1637:tequio
1213:LĂłpez.
1166:grade.
782:racism
774:ethnic
646:Maguey
639:jĂcara
474:Dzahui
385:road,
341:below.
279:Mixtli
263:Nahuas
216:Mexico
212:Oaxaca
132:Oaxaca
120:Mexico
117:
1808:, in
1652:gueza
1536:site.
1382:spot.
1254:road.
1239:year.
1189:1943.
866:base.
802:Aztec
702:copal
631:or a
628:ceiba
595:Añute
458:yeque
367:oztli
363:achio
273:word
228:Cuate
220:Negro
191:UTC-5
170:UTC-6
127:State
1900:2009
1768:ISBN
1706:The
1695:The
1688:The
1665:The
1658:The
1642:The
1635:The
1507:ago.
1479:2010
1465:2000
1421:1990
1401:1980
1366:1970
1303:1960
1218:1950
1179:1940
1160:1930
1145:1920
1096:and
780:and
709:too.
668:The
625:, a
462:yata
446:Ă‘uhu
406:dico
402:nunu
387:tlan
383:otli
371:tlan
283:tlan
138:Area
1655:it.
705:or
685:in
464:)".
396:or
375:Atl
210:in
184:DST
159:401
2263::
2021:,
1891:.
1887:.
1798:,
1779:.
1753:,
1491:.
601:.
485::
452:,
2010:e
2003:t
1996:v
1902:.
1860:.
1839:.
1821:.
1703:.
1522:.
1375:.
1347:.
820:(
748::
689:.
197:)
193:(
186:)
176:)
172:(
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