San people - Knowledge (XXG)

2454:, who has lived with the famous tongue-clicking hunter-gatherers said, 'In the 1970s the name "San" spread in Europe and America because it seemed to be politically correct, while 'Bushmen' sounded derogatory and sexist.' Unfortunately, the hunter-gatherers never actually had a collective name for themselves in any of their own languages. 'San' was actually the insulting word that the herding Khoi people called the Bushmen. Harpending noted, 'The problem was that in the Kalahari, "San" has all the baggage that the "N-word" has in America. Bushmen kids are graduating from school, reading the academic literature, and are outraged that we call them "San." one did not call someone a San to his face. I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous. It quickly became a badge among Western academics: If you say "San" and I say "San," then we signal each other that we are on the fashionable side, politically. It had nothing to do with respect. I think most politically correct talk follows these dynamics.'" 437: 953: 1805: 1070: 709: 282: 1550: 1610: 1196: 124: 1211: 54: 1178: 849:, which uses the same set of terms as in European cultures but adds a name rule and an age rule for determining what terms to use. The age rule resolves any confusion arising from kinship terms, as the older of two people always decides what to call the younger. Relatively few names circulate (approximately 35 names per sex), and each child is named after a grandparent or another relative, but never their parents. 1128:. The government of Botswana decided to relocate all of those living within the reserve to settlements outside it. Harassment of residents, dismantling of infrastructure, and bans on hunting appear to have been used to induce residents to leave. The government has denied that any of the relocation was forced. A legal battle followed. The relocation policy may have been intended to facilitate diamond mining by 2281:"Objectively speaking and taking into account the context in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman' and the evidence of the San Council witness, I find that the usage of the word did not cause harm, hostility or hatred. Instead, the San Council's representative was adamant that no hurt or harm was caused to them or the San community with the manner in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman'." 160: 88: 106: 142: 1297: 834: 810: 1108:), was conquered during colonization. Loss of land and access to natural resources continued after Botswana's independence. The San have been particularly affected by encroachment by majority peoples and non-indigenous farmers onto their traditional land. Government policies from the 1970s transferred a significant area of traditionally San land to majority 768:, completed in 2009, found that the genetic diversity of the San was among the top five of all 121 sampled populations. Certain San groups are one of 14 known extant "ancestral population clusters"; that is, "groups of populations with common genetic ancestry, who share ethnicity and similarities in both their culture and the properties of their languages". 818: 1606:), Matthews recalls hearing the music of the San and, upon asking his guide what the words to their songs were, being told that "there are no words to these songs, because these songs, we've been singing since before people had words." He goes on to describe the song as his "homage to meeting... the most advanced people on the planet." 751:

tried to "civilize" the San and make them adopt a more agricultural lifestyle, but were not successful. By the 1870s, the last San of the Cape were hunted to extinction, while other San were able to survive. The South African government used to issue licenses for people to hunt the San, with the last

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the term 'San' comes from the Haiǁom language and has been abbreviated in the following way ... Saa – Picking things up (food) from the ground (i.e. 'gathering'), Saab – A male person gathering, Saas – A female person gathering, Saan – Many people gathering, San – One way to write 'all of the people

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Villages range in sturdiness from nightly rain shelters in the warm spring (when people move constantly in search of budding greens), to formalized rings, wherein people congregate in the dry season around permanent waterholes. Early spring is the hardest season: a hot dry period following the cool,

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Historical evidence shows that certain San communities have always lived in the desert regions of the Kalahari; however, eventually nearly all other San communities in southern Africa were forced into this region. The Kalahari San remained in poverty where their richer neighbours denied them rights

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eggs are gathered, and the empty shells are used as water containers. Insects provide perhaps 10% of animal proteins consumed, most often during the dry season. Depending on location, the San consume 18 to 104 species, including grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars, moths, butterflies, and termites.

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plant, p57 (glycoside), to be used as a pharmaceutical drug for dieting. Once this patent was brought to the attention of the San, a benefit-sharing agreement was reached between them and the CSIR in 2003. This would award royalties to the San for the benefits of their indigenous knowledge. During

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Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; Bodo, J. -M.; Doumbo, O.; Ibrahim, M.; Juma, A. T.; Kotze, M. J.; Lema, G.; Moore, J. H.; Mortensen, H.; Nyambo, T. B.; Omar, S. A.; Powell, K.; Pretorius, G. S.; Smith, M. W.;

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This benefit-sharing agreement is one of the first to give royalties to the holders of traditional knowledge used for drug sales. The terms of the agreement are contentious, because of their apparent lack of adherence to the Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing, as

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Children have no social duties besides playing, and leisure is very important to San of all ages. Large amounts of time are spent in conversation, joking, music, and sacred dances. Women may be leaders of their own family groups. They may also make important family and group decisions and claim

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Van der Post's work brought indigenous African cultures to millions of people around the world for the first time, but some people disparaged it as part of the subjective view of a European in the 1950s and 1960s, stating that he branded the San as simple "children of Nature" or even "mystical

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to go to the Kalahari desert with a film crew in search of the San. The filmed material was turned into a very popular six-part television documentary a year later. Driven by a lifelong fascination with this "vanished tribe," Van der Post published a 1958 book about this expedition, entitled

2070:"The old Dutch also did not know that their so-called Hottentots formed only one branch of a wide-spread race, of which the other branch divided into ever so many tribes, differing from each other totally in language While the so-called Hottentots called themselves Khoikhoi (men of men, 581:

was used generally by the people themselves. The adoption of the term was preceded by a number of meetings held in the 1990s where delegates debated on the adoption of a collective term. These meetings included the Common Access to Development Conference organized by the

1762:, the San hero, David Mungo Booi, is tasked by his fellow tribesmen with asking the Queen for the protection once promised, and to evaluate the possibility of creating a colony on the island. He discovered England in the manner of 19th century Western explorers. 719:

The hunter-gatherer San are among the oldest cultures on Earth, and are thought to be descended from the first inhabitants of what is now Botswana and South Africa. The historical presence of the San in Botswana is particularly evident in northern Botswana's

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bottle). By the time this movie was made, the ǃKung had recently been forced into sedentary villages, and the San hired as actors were confused by the instructions to act out inaccurate exaggerations of their almost abandoned hunting and gathering life.

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A DNA study of fully sequenced genomes, published in September 2016, showed that the ancestors of today's San hunter-gatherers began to diverge from other human populations in Africa about 200,000 years ago and were fully isolated by 100,000 years ago.

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Water is important in San life. During long droughts, they make use of sip wells in order to collect water. To make a sip well, a San scrapes a deep hole where the sand is damp, and inserts a long hollow grass stem into the hole. An empty

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features a small boy, stranded in the desert, who encounters a group of wandering San. They help him and then abandon him as a result of a misunderstanding created by the lack of a common language and culture. The film was directed by

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series of novels features a South African San named ǃXabbu, whom Williams confesses to be highly fictionalized, and not necessarily an accurate representation. In the novel, Williams invokes aspects of San mythology and culture.

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meaning "foragers" and is used in a derogatory manner to describe people too poor to have cattle. Based on observation of lifestyle, this term has been applied to speakers of three distinct language families living between the

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This film, the account of a woman who grew up while the San lived as autonomous hunter-gatherers, but who later was forced into a dependent life in the government-created community at Tsumkwe, shows how the lives of the

494: 1541:, whose PhD was entitled "Believing and Seeing: Symbolic meanings in southern San rock paintings". Lewis-Williams draws parallels with prehistoric art around the world, linking in shamanic ritual and trance states. 1050:

A 2008 study suggested that the San may have been isolated from other original ancestral groups for as much as 50,000 to 100,000 years and later rejoined, re-integrating into the rest of the human gene pool.

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From the 1950s through to the 1990s, San communities switched to farming because of government-mandated modernization programs. Despite the lifestyle changes, they have provided a wealth of information in

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Statement by delegates of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) and the South African San Institute attending the 2003 Africa Human Genome Initiative conference held in

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dry winter. Most plants still are dead or dormant, and supplies of autumn nuts are exhausted. Meat is particularly important in the dry months when wildlife cannot range far from the receding waters.

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the case, the San people were represented and assisted by the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA), the South African San Council and the South African San Institute.

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on behalf of the aboriginal San addressing the international community and calling on the governments throughout Southern Africa to respect and reconstitute the ancestral land-rights of all San.

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was chosen as an inclusive group name for this report, since WIMSA representatives have decided to use it until such time as one representative name for all groups will be accepted by all.

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Tishkoff, S. A.; Gonder, M. K.; Henn, B. M.; Mortensen, H.; Knight, A.; Gignoux, C.; Fernandopulle, N.; Lema, G.; Nyambo, T. B.; Ramakrishnan, U.; Reed, F. A.; Mountain, J. L. (2007).

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in Western anthropology dates to the 1970s, and this remains the standard term in English-language ethnographic literature, although some authors later switched back to using the name

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communities in Botswana, many have spoken of a consistent sense of exclusion from government decision-making processes, and many San and Bakgalagadi have alleged experiencing

4516: 1653:, are about a white boy encountering a wandering San and his wife, and how the San's life and survival skills save the white teenagers' lives in a journey across the desert. 4659: 3316:

Knight, Alec; Underhill, Peter A.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Lin, Alice A.; Henn, Brenna M.; Louis, Dorothy; Ruhlen, Merritt; Mountain, Joanna L. (2003).

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and San peoples lost their lives as a result of genocide, murder, physical mistreatment, and disease. There were cases of “Bushman hunting” in which commandos (mobile

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in 1993, the 1996 inaugural Annual General Meeting of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) held in Namibia, and a 1997 conference in

540:, etc. Representatives of San peoples in 2003 stated their preference for the use of such individual group names, where possible, over the use of the collective term 5618: 1149: 982:

In 2006, what is thought to be the world's oldest ritual is interpreted as evidence which would make the San culture the oldest still practiced culture today.

2450:"The fashion of renaming the Bushmen of Southwestern Africa as the 'San' exemplifies many of the problems with the name game. University of Utah anthropologist 1630:, he mentions his time spent with the San for an assignment. His title comes from the San's belief that a solar eclipse occurs when a crocodile eats the sun. 1024:

branches in the human mitochondrial DNA tree. This DNA is inherited only from one's mother. The most divergent (earliest branching) mitochondrial haplogroup,

3221: 4962: 1686:), the San people are portrayed through two major characters, O'wa and H'ani; Smith describes the San's struggles, history, and beliefs in great detail. 3550:

Schlebusch, Carina M.; Naidoo, Thijessen; Soodyall, Himla (2009). "SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa".

2463:"Schapera is the author of the convenient term Khoisan, compounded of the Hottentot's name for themselves (Khoi) and their name for the Bushmen (San)." 1389:

wrote several books and numerous articles about the San, based in part on her experiences living with these people when their culture was still intact.

497:. The San Council testified that it had no objection to its use in a positive context, and the court ruled that the use of the term was not derogatory. 2349: 2372: 1929: 861:

is used to collect the water. Water is sucked into the straw from the sand, into the mouth, and then travels down another straw into the ostrich egg.

1231:. Van der Post grew up in South Africa, and had a respectful lifelong fascination with native African cultures. In 1955, he was commissioned by the 2697: 2611: 4509: 1397:

published in 2006, are two of them. John Marshall and Adrienne Miesmer documented the lives of the ǃKung San people between the 1950s and 1978 in

732:, and edible plants. Peoples related to or similar to the San occupied the southern shores throughout the eastern shrubland and may have formed a 3260: 3795: 4955: 4652: 4076: 1496: 1409:

South African film-maker Richard Wicksteed has produced a number of documentaries on San culture, history and present situation; these include

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is used to refer to the pastoralist Khoi and the foraging San collectively. It was coined by Leonhard Schulze in the 1920s and popularized by

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that are 14,000 years old. Because of their similarities, the San works may illustrate the reasons for ancient cave paintings. The presenter

1720:. One of the main characters, a small San boy named ǃKoga, uses traditional methods to help the character Max Gordon travel across Namibia. 1124:. Loss of land is a major contributor to the problems facing Botswana's indigenous people, including especially the San's eviction from the 285:

Map of modern distribution of "Khoisan" languages. The territories shaded blue and green, and those to their east, are those of San peoples.

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Ouzman, Sven (2004). "Silencing and Sharing Southern Africa Indigenous and Embedded Knowledge". In Smith, Claire; Wobst, H. Martin (eds.).

1307: 479:, is still used by others and to self-identify, but is now considered pejorative or derogatory by many South Africans. In 2008, the use of 3409:

Naidoo, Thijessen; Schlebusch, Carina M; Makkan, Heeran; Patel, Pareen; Mahabeer, Rajeshree; Erasmus, Johannes C; Soodyall, Himla (2010).

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for insect use in medicine, poison for arrows etc. Also page 188 regarding Kaggen, the Praying Mantis trickster deity who created the moon

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By the end of the 18th century after the arrival of the Dutch, thousands of San had been killed and forced to work for the colonists. The

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through harsh desert conditions. It provides an illustration of how early man may have pursued and captured prey with minimal weaponry.

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documentary based on the book follows these markers throughout the world, demonstrating that all of humankind can be traced back to the

1406:, who lived for millennia as hunter gatherers, were forever changed when they were forced onto a reservation too small to support them. 1247:

a narrative which he admits in the introduction uses two previous works of stories and mythology as "a sort of Stone Age Bible," namely

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ownership of water holes and foraging areas. Women are mainly involved in the gathering of food, but sometimes also partake in hunting.

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Forced Evictions-- Towards Solutions?: Second Report of the Advisory Group on Forced Evictions to the Executive Director of UN-HABITAT

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Guenther, Mathias (2006). "Contemporary Bushman Art, Identity Politics, and the Primitivism Discourse". In Solway, Jacqueline (ed.).

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In 2017, Botswana was home to approximately 63,500 San, making it the country with the highest proportion of San people at 2.8%.

1804: 5542: 5386: 3282: 2441: 1683: 1043:, were the most genetically diverse of any living humans studied. This high degree of genetic diversity hints at the origin of 4931: 2299: 595: 4986: 4978: 3460:

Chen, Yu-Sheng; Olckers, Antonel; Schurr, Theodore G.; Kogelnik, Andreas M.; Huoponen, Kirsi; Wallace, Douglas C. (2000).

1430: 1249: 1125: 1069: 2261: 606:. The "South African San Council" representing San communities in South Africa was established as part of WIMSA in 2001. 3611: 1875: 603: 306: 3654: 2737: 2719: 1385:

of Southern Africa, from 1951 to 2000. Marshall was a vocal proponent of the San cause throughout his life. His sister

5522: 4052:"Download How Art Made the World (Hardback) - Common ePub eBook @6B3B522E7DEEE17DDA23E86C6926E2F6.NMCOBERTURAS.COM.BR" 3411:"Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations" 1755: 1468: 1669:

centered on South Africa. The first section of the book concerns a San community's journey set roughly in 13,000 BC.

1322: 1169:(CBD). The San have yet to profit from this agreement, as P57 has still not yet been legally developed and marketed. 1081:

In 1652, when Europeans established a full-time presence in Southern Africa, there were some 300,000 San and 600,000

5552: 5314: 4921: 3965: 1044: 708: 5537: 5339: 4541: 4525: 3711: 3462:"MtDNA Variation in the South African Kung and Khwe—and Their Genetic Relationships to Other African Populations" 3218: 1386: 869: 5406: 5396: 4456: 4226: 1441: 440:

Portrait of a bushman. Alfred Duggan-Cronin. South Africa, early 20th century. The Wellcome Collection, London.

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San Spirituality: Roots, Expression,(2004) and Social Consequences, J. David Lewis-Williams, David G. Pearce,

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https://www.world-archaeology.com/world/africa/botswana/ritual-organised-activity-identified-as-worlds-oldest/

4206: 3919:, Documentary Educational Resources (Firm), Public Broadcasting Associates, Documentary Educational Resources 3365:

Hammer, MF; Karafet, TM; Redd, AJ; Jarjanazi, H; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S; Soodyall, H; Zegura, SL (2001).

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which proved to be an international hit. This comedy portrays a Kalahari San group's first encounter with an

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In a study published in March 2011, Brenna Henn and colleagues found that the ǂKhomani San, as well as the

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language families, and can be defined as a people only in contrast to neighboring pastoralists such as the

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A set of tools almost identical to that used by the modern San and dating to 42,000 BC was discovered at

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series, Mr. J. L. B. Matekoni, adopts two orphaned San children, sister and brother Motholeli and Puso.

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to the land. Before long, in both Botswana and Namibia, they found their territory drastically reduced.

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Women gather fruit, berries, tubers, bush onions, and other plant materials for the band's consumption.

796: 776: 467:"Bushmen" is the older cover term, but "San" was widely adopted in the West by the late 1990s. The term 3199: 728:, moving seasonally within certain defined areas based on the availability of resources such as water, 448:. The San have no collective word for themselves in their own languages. "San" comes from a derogatory 281: 3594: 903:

Women's traditional gathering gear is simple and effective: a hide sling, a blanket, a cloak called a

876:, based on giving each other gifts regularly rather than on trading or purchasing goods and services. 5472: 5421: 5391: 5347: 5306: 5109: 5023: 4366: 4027:"How Art Made the World. Episodes . The Day Pictures Were Born. The San People of South Africa | PBS" 3799: 3033: 2404: 1900: 1846: 1661: 1638: 1538: 1228: 1007: 1003: 583: 397: 4279: 2848: 1976:"The economic wellbeing of the San of the western, central and eastern Kalahari regions of Botswana" 907:

to carry foodstuffs, firewood, smaller bags, a digging stick, and perhaps, a smaller version of the

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features an encampment of Basarwa near the (imaginary) Botswana town where the main action is set.

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prefixes used for disreputable people and animals, is offensive and was changed at independence.

445: 4026: 3318:"African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages" 3078: 1425:(2009), which covers the history and situation of San communities in southern Africa today; and 771:

Despite some positive aspects of government development programs reported by members of San and

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Haiom in the Etosha region: A History of Colonial Settlement, Ethnicity and Nature Conservation

1508:(2003) series includes video footage of an indigenous San of the Kalahari desert undertaking a 1366: 845:

reflects their history as traditionally small mobile foraging bands. San kinship is similar to

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More on Kaggen, who might sabotage a hunt by transforming into a louse and biting the hunter:

3176: 3059: 2914: 2854: 2827: 2676: 2646: 2639:; Chennells, Roger (2009). "Green Diamonds of the South: An Overview of the San-Hoodia Case". 2534: 2490: 2422: 2318: 2295: 2241: 2214: 2187: 2160: 2130: 2021: 1987: 1890: 1776: 1678: 1656: 1577: 1492: 1101: 1017: 1011: 883:, but if a hunter is able to obtain enough food, he can afford to have a second wife as well. 765: 741: 537: 461: 428:, who are the last remnant of the previously extensive indigenous peoples of southern Africa. 349: 185: 3195: 3170: 1318: 4926: 4094: 3868: 3834: 3734: 3625: 3615: 3559: 3522: 3481: 3473: 3432: 3422: 3381: 3329: 3283:

https://damienmarieathope.com/2017/03/stone-snake-of-south-africa-first-human-worship-70000/

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to the whole race, and call the two families, each by the native name, that is the one, the

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were first brought to the globalized world's attention in the 1950s by South African author

1109: 517: 513: 193: 2583:"San, Khwe, Basarwa, or Bushmen? Terminology, Identity, and Empowerment in Southern Africa" 2237:

Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community

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in Southern Africa. During the early phases of European colonization, tens of thousands of

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is perceived as a pejorative in parts of the central Kalahari. By the late 1990s, the term

509: 58: 4908: 4885: 4772: 4581: 4451: 3969: 3386: 3300: 3237: 3225: 1880: 1650: 1480: 1144: 629: 618: 421: 302: 5274: 4716: 4611: 4566: 4391: 4193: 3914: 2582: 2510: 1851: 1403: 501: 3686: 3595:"Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans" 3037: 2982: 2408: 1596:

was written as an evocation of the music and culture of the San. In a story told to the

1195: 1152:(CSIR) in 1998, for its presumed appetite suppressing quality. A licence was granted to 693:

refers to any foraging tribesmen and as such overlaps with the terminology used for the

5439: 5378: 5362: 5158: 4898: 4866: 4576: 4561: 4441: 4416: 4314: 4194:"The myth of ritual origins? Ethnography, mythology and interpretation of San rock art" 4155: 3838: 3768:

Advisory Group on Forced Evictions, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2007).

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The First Ethiopians: The image of Africa and Africans in the early Mediterranean world

2667: 2636: 2556:"Torn Apart – A Report on the Educational Situation of San Children in Southern Africa" 1834: 1693: 1609: 1450: 1362: 1267: 1210: 1032: 842: 748: 656: 562: 533: 393: 341: 181: 53: 3334: 3317: 1177: 787:, people in Botswana in 2013 as the "principal human rights concern" of that country. 5572: 5557: 5454: 5449: 5185: 5172: 5166: 5151: 5043: 4871: 4861: 4851: 4797: 4777: 4767: 4754: 4745: 4726: 4698: 4616: 4606: 4601: 4556: 4461: 4426: 4421: 4411: 4396: 4376: 4371: 4129: 4102: 3913:

N!ai; Marshall, John; Marshall-Cabezas, Sue; Miesner, Adrienne; Mbulu, Letta (2004),

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settlers Much of the government's policy regarding land tended to favor the dominant

1028:, has been identified at its highest frequencies in the southern African San groups. 1025: 976: 919: 846: 721: 521: 380: 357: 345: 269: 241: 189: 3853: 3579: 3351: 1276: 5517: 5237: 5137: 5117: 5096: 5089: 5068: 5048: 5033: 5028: 5018: 5013: 5003: 4995: 4762: 4596: 4536: 4478: 4406: 4386: 4381: 4294: 3100: 2386: 1997: 1699: 1673: 1534: 1189: 1129: 1113: 1090: 1036: 995: 958: 931: 927: 873: 865: 804: 800: 757: 729: 725: 697: 686: 678: 425: 334: 257: 249: 245: 213: 129: 4299: 1020:

studies also provide evidence that the San carry high frequencies of the earliest

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Traditionally, the San were an egalitarian society. Although they had hereditary

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Indigenous Peoples, Consent and Benefit Sharing Lessons from the San-Hoodia case

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studies show that the San carry some of the most divergent (earliest branching)

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

621:) word meaning "those who do not rear cattle", that is, equivalent to Khoekhoe 5332: 5319: 4820: 4815: 4546: 4002: 2560:

Although the people are also known by the names Bushmen and Basarwa, the term

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were the first ones to split from those of the ancestors of the bulk of other

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Men, and presumably women when they accompany them, hunt in long, laborious

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Documentary Educational Resources and Public Broadcasting Associates, 1980.

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ZOONIMIA HISTÓRICO-COMPARATIVA BANTU: Os Cinco Grandes Herbívoros Africanos

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who said that the film "constitutes an act of preservation and a requiem."

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is now standard in South African, and used officially in the blazon of the

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word used to refer to foragers without cattle or other wealth, from a root

4319: 3427: 868:, their authority was limited. The San made decisions among themselves by 809: 17: 5284: 5257: 5038: 4830: 4731: 4685: 4468: 4175:

Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the ǃKung San & Their Neighbors

1960: 1905: 1731: 1476: 1224: 1204: 1094: 1086: 1082: 1040: 880: 761: 694: 670: 587: 529: 449: 417: 353: 326: 310: 229: 165: 93: 3962: 3854:"The Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing" 2768: 1421:(2002) on the murder of San tracker Optel Rooi by South African police; 5054: 4361: 1930:"Foragers to First Peoples: The Kalahari San Today | Cultural Survival" 1885: 1370: 896: 817: 737: 733: 557: 409: 401: 330: 314: 237: 111: 62: 27:

Members of various indigenous hunter-gatherer people of Southern Africa

4304: 4207:"Offerings to a Stone Snake Provide the Earliest Evidence of Religion" 3822: 617:) is used for the San collectively in Botswana. The term is a Bantu ( 5075: 4893: 4805: 3022:"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans" 2129:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. p. 209. 1589: 1200: 908: 413: 405: 388: 322: 318: 147: 2417: 2392: 825: 3712:"A Single Migration From Africa Populated the World, Studies Find'" 3477: 1600:

audience (an edited version of which appears on the DVD version of

1104:'s land in Botswana, including land occupied by the San people (or 5325: 4787: 4483: 4309: 3271: 2802:(in Portuguese), Utrecht, Netherlands: Rhino Resource Center, 2013 1803: 1608: 1548: 1209: 1194: 1176: 1068: 951: 935: 923: 832: 824: 816: 808: 707: 435: 280: 4269: 3020:

Thera, M. A.; Wambebe, C.; Weber, J. L.; Williams, S. M. (2009).

2896:(Report). United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2. 1743:

The San feature in several of the novels by Michael Stanley (the

500:

The San refer to themselves as their individual nations, such as

4227:"African Hunter-Gatherers Are Offshoots of Earliest Human Split" 3861:

Review of European Community and International Environmental Law

2314:

The Bushmen of Southern Africa: A Foraging Society in Transition

1513: 1275:

ecologists." In 1992 by John Perrot and team published the book

356:

and descendants of more recent waves of immigration such as the

4951: 4641: 4498: 4323: 2669:

Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa

2210:

McBride of Frankenmanto: The Return of the South African Insult

1417:(1995) on the San cultural legacy in the southern Drakensberg; 594:

on "Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage" organized by the

4782: 4621: 4436: 3593:

Henn, Brenna; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Jobin, Matthew (2011).

3367:"Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity" 3250:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061130081347.htm

2993: 1488: 1290: 1232: 664: 2823:

Representing Bushmen: South Africa and the Origin of Language

2393:"Issues raised by use of ethnic-group names in genome study" 1734:, the capital of Botswana. The fiancé of the protagonist of 1429:(2009) on the San's epic land rights struggle in Botswana's 1381:(2002) is a series documenting 50 years in the lives of the 2826:. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 3. 2082:, the Sonqua of the Cape Records We should apply the term 1002:. These haplogroups are specific sub-groups of haplogroups 4274: 2891:

Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana

2126:

Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice

1373:

over a period spanning more than 50-years. His early film

340:

The San speak, or their ancestors spoke, languages of the

4284: 3727:"Genocide of Khoekhoe and San Peoples of Southern Africa" 2533:. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien. pp. 300–302. 4305:

International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs – Africa

2262:"Use of the word 'boesman' not hate speech, court finds" 1280: 3655:"Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa" 1747:

of Michael Sears and Stanley Trollip), particularly in

1314: 309:

of the region. Their recent ancestral territories span

3206:

Tricksters and Trancers: Bushman Religion and Society.

2744:. The Botswana Centre for Human Rights. Archived from 1010:, the two earliest branches on the human Y-chromosome 4290:

Bradshaw Foundation – The San Bushmen of South Africa

4131:

The Bushman Myth: The Making of a Namibian Underclass

3714:. New York Times, by Zimmer, Karl. 21 September 2016. 3196:

Brian Morris (2005). Insects and Human Life, pp39-40.

2612:"Africa's Bushmen May Get Rich From Diet-Drug Secret" 1974:

Hitchcock, Robert K.; Sapignoli, Maria (8 May 2019).

1148:, used by the San, was patented by the South African 4056:

6b3b522e7deee17dda23e86c6926e2f6.nmcoberturas.com.br

3219:"How San hunters use beetles to poison their arrows" 2936:"Southern Africa's hunter-gatherers seek a foothold" 1978:. In Fleming, Christopher; Manning, Matthew (eds.). 1325:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 5510: 5463: 5430: 5305: 5256: 5236: 5184: 5108: 4994: 4985: 4907: 4884: 4844: 4796: 4753: 4744: 4707: 4684: 4675: 3095: 3093: 2675:. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre. pp. 3–4. 2631: 2629: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2292:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers

2183:

The Politics of Egalitarianism: Theory and Practice

1613:

Rock engraving of a giraffe in Twyfelfontein valley

223: 207: 174: 156: 138: 120: 102: 84: 79: 69: 4128: 1156:, for development of the active ingredient in the 2769:"Botswana historical place names and terminology" 2698:"Bushmen Driven From Ancestral Lands in Botswana" 2290:Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard Heywood (1999) 783:described ongoing discrimination against San, or 383:, the term "San" has a long vowel and is spelled 3938:"Reflecting on N!ai, The Story of a !Kung Woman" 3725:Hitchcock, Robert K.; Babchuk, Wayne A. (2017), 3238:Earliest' evidence of modern human culture found 2489:(Fourth ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 9. 1808:A photograph of !Kweiten-ta ken when she was in 752:one being reportedly issued in Namibia in 1936. 632:prefixes are used for people; the older variant 2961:"World's most ancient race traced in DNA study" 2558:. Kuru Development Trust and WIMSA. p. 2. 2159:. Claremont: New Africa Books. pp. 23–24. 2108:Tsuni-ǁGoam: The Supreme Being to the Khoi-Khoi 2527:Dieckmann, Ute (2007). "Shifting Identities". 2186:. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 181–182. 1569:, who returned to the San a decade later with 1553:Rock painting of a man in Twyfelfontein valley 1150:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 444:The designations "Bushmen" and "San" are both 30:"Bushmen" redirects here. For other uses, see 4963: 4653: 4510: 4335: 3963:"Notes on 'Nǃai: The Story of a ǃKung Woman'" 3077:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 1499:, the so-called "out of Africa" hypothesis). 643:In Angola, they are sometimes referred to as 8: 4275:ǃKhwa ttu – San Education and Culture Centre 3796:"Botswana's bushmen get Kalahari lands back" 2847:Anton, Donald K.; Shelton, Dinah L. (2011). 2515:ǃKhwa ttu – San Education and Culture Centre 2342:"San, Bushmen or Basarwa: What's in a name?" 713:Bush-Men Hottentots armed for an Expedition, 42: 3101:"San - Bushmen - Kalahari, South Africa..." 2853:. Cambridge University Press. p. 640. 2775:. University of Botswana History Department 2605: 2603: 2442:"Feature: Name game – 'Inuit' or 'Eskimo'?" 2213:. Johannesburg: 30° South. pp. 18–19. 473: 301:, are the members of any of the indigenous 4991: 4970: 4956: 4948: 4750: 4681: 4660: 4646: 4638: 4517: 4503: 4495: 4342: 4328: 4320: 3982:Van Gelder, Lawrence (29 September 2000). 3827:The Journal of World Intellectual Property 2738:"Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous Peoples" 2317:. Cape Town: New Africa Books. p. 2. 2148: 2146: 1980:Routledge Handbook of Indigenous Wellbeing 573:, as it has been reported that the exonym 52: 41: 4099:Nisa: The Life and Words of a ǃKung Woman 3629: 3619: 3526: 3485: 3436: 3426: 3385: 3333: 3125:Nisa: The Life and Words of a ǃKung Woman 3053: 2850:Environmental Protection and Human Rights 2416: 2336: 2334: 2273:"Court: Use of 'boesman' not hate speech" 2009: 2007: 1395:The Old Way: A Story of the First People, 1345:Learn how and when to remove this message 420:; and the southern people in the central 4200:. South African Archaeological Bulletin. 3889:The Old Way: A Story of the First People 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2722:. Government of Botswana. Archived from 2118: 2116: 1079:Robert K. Hitchcock, Wayne A. Babchuk, " 4249:Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa. 4001:Attenborough, David (5 February 2003). 3823:"Rhetoric, Realism and Benefit-Sharing" 3798:. CNN. 13 December 2006. Archived from 3240:, Nick Crumpton, BBC News, 31 July 2012 2976: 2974: 1921: 1537:draws largely on the work of Professor 1436:A documentary on San hunting entitled, 918:excursions. They kill their game using 3466:The American Journal of Human Genetics 3303:. Art of Africa. Retrieved 2012-01-29. 2907:Smith, Malvern van Wyk (1 July 2009). 2581:Hitchcock, Robert K.; Biesele, Megan. 1497:Recent African origin of modern humans 1479:analysis of the San and asserts their 1306:contains content that is written like 1097:in various parts of Southern Africa." 1093:or posses) sought to dispatch San and 456:"picking up from the ground" + plural 5619:Indigenous peoples of Southern Africa 4015:from the original on 4 November 2021. 3387:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 3311: 3309: 2375:from the original on 14 October 2013. 2352:from the original on 17 January 2012. 2240:. Ohio University Press. p. 28. 1365:, documented the lives of San in the 813:Drinking water from the bi bulb plant 305:cultures of southern Africa, and the 7: 4003:"Human Mammal, Human Hunter (video)" 3086:. United States Department of State. 2645:. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 102. 2391:Schlebusch, Carina (25 March 2010). 80:Regions with significant populations 4225:Choi, Charles (21 September 2012). 4173:Lee, Richard; Irven DeVore (1999). 3892:. Macmillan. pp. xiii, 45–47. 3886:Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall (2007). 3127:. New York: Vintage Books. Page 10. 2983:"Africa's genetic secrets unlocked" 2720:"Basarwa Relocation – Introduction" 2271:Schroeder, Fatima (14 April 2008). 2044:. WIMSA. p. 58. Archived from 1240:It was to be his most famous book. 1065:Ancestral land conflict in Botswana 1059:Ancestral land conflict in Botswana 779:on the part of the government. The 3839:10.1111/j.1747-1796.2004.tb00231.x 3687:"Human line 'nearly split in two'" 2078:), they called those other tribes 1957:The Mountain Bushmen of Basutoland 1737:The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency 1167:Convention on Biological Diversity 1120:peoples over the minority San and 673:. The San are also referred to as 25: 4205:Minkel, J. R. (1 December 2006). 3080:Botswana 2013 Human Rights Report 1438:The Great Dance: A Hunter's Story 1399:Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman. 781:United States Department of State 493:newspaper was brought before the 4315:Survival International – Bushmen 4270:The site of the Khoisan Speakers 4077:Nǃai, the Story of a ǃKung Woman 3972:. RIT. n.d. Web. 5 October 2013. 3916:N!ai: the story of a !Kung woman 3000:from the original on 1 July 2009 2994:British Broadcasting Corporation 2696:Marshall, Leon (16 April 2003). 2610:Marshall, Leon (16 April 2003). 1295: 659:term for "Bushmen"). The terms 565:in 1930. Anthropological use of 487:equivalent of "Bushman") in the 158: 140: 122: 104: 86: 3515:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3374:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3272:http://afrol.com/articles/23093 3228:, Biodiversity Explorer website 3204:Mathias Georg Guenther (1999). 1684:Courtneys of Africa book series 1238:The Lost World of the Kalahari. 1139:traditional knowledge agreement 961:Bushmen), North Kalahari desert 724:region. San were traditionally 669:are sometimes used for them in 569:was detached from the compound 3731:Genocide of Indigenous Peoples 3685:Rincon, Paul (24 April 2008). 3294:"The modern day Bushmen / San" 2440:Sailer, Steve (20 June 2002). 2363:Coan, Stephen (28 July 2010). 2294:, Cambridge University Press, 2020:. Oxford: Berg. pp. 4–7. 1531:Paleolithic European paintings 1440:(2000), directed by Damon and 1000:human Y-chromosome haplogroups 596:University of the Western Cape 547:Adoption of the Khoekhoe term 1: 4979:Ethnic groups in South Africa 3335:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1 2981:Gill, Victoria (1 May 2009). 2042:"WIMSA Annual Report 2004-05" 1628:When A Crocodile Eats the Sun 1431:Central Kalahari Game Reserve 1287:Documentaries and non-fiction 1250:Specimens of Bushman Folklore 1126:Central Kalahari Game Reserve 764:. One broad study of African 412:and Botswana, extending into 408:; central peoples of most of 404:, extending up into southern 4295:Cultural Survival – Botswana 4280:Kuru Family of Organisations 4251:Cambridge University Press. 4152:Demography of the Dobe ǃKung 3612:National Academy of Sciences 2959:Connor, Steve (1 May 2009). 2889:Anaya, James (2 June 2010). 2311:Smith, Andrew Brown (2000). 2017:Anthropology and the Bushman 1955:Walsham How, Marion (1962). 1876:First People of the Kalahari 1173:Representation in mass media 4300:Cultural Survival – Namibia 4285:South African San Institute 3774:. UN-HABITAT. p. 115. 2554:Le Raux, Willemien (2000). 5635: 5614:Hunter-gatherers of Africa 4127:Gordon, Robert J. (1999). 2234:Adhikari, Mohamed (2009). 1580:from the outside world (a 1357:John Marshall, the son of 1062: 1045:anatomically modern humans 963:, published in 1892 (from 794: 471:, from 17th-century Dutch 29: 5609:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe 5594:Ethnic groups in Botswana 4542:Barokologadi Ba Ga Maotwa 4532: 4526:Ethnic groups in Botswana 4357: 1387:Elizabeth Marshall Thomas 1214:San paintings near Murewa 700:of South-Central Africa. 307:oldest surviving cultures 228: 212: 179: 74: 51: 5599:Ethnic groups in Namibia 4669:Ethnic groups in Namibia 3123:Marjorie Shostak, 1983, 2702:National Geographic News 2616:National Geographic News 2483:Lee, Richard B. (2012). 2156:First People of the Cape 1934:www.culturalsurvival.org 1726:has written a series of 1245:The Heart of the Hunter, 1077:According to professors 520:(part of the ǂKhomani), 5589:Ethnic groups in Angola 4351:Ethnic groups in Angola 4247:Barnard, Alan. (1992): 3873:10.1111/1467-9388.00346 3739:10.4324/9780203790830-7 3665:Nature Publishing Group 3621:10.1073/pnas.1017511108 3046:10.1126/science.1172257 2470:The Languages of Africa 2207:Britten, Sarah (2007). 2153:Mountain, Alan (2003). 1963:: J. L. Van Schaik Ltd. 1645:(1972) and its sequel, 1444:. This was reviewed by 1393:published in 1959, and 829:Preparing poison arrows 821:Starting a fire by hand 4192:Solomon, Anne (1997). 4150:Howell, Nancy (1979). 3564:10.1002/elps.200900197 3415:Investigative Genetics 3172:Insects and human life 2666:Suzman, James (2001). 2106:." – Theophilus Hahn, 2014:Barnard, Alan (2007). 1813: 1724:Alexander McCall Smith 1682:(an instalment in the 1614: 1572:The Gods Must Be Crazy 1554: 1529:from 200 years ago to 1522:How Art Made the World 1377:shows a giraffe hunt. 1277:"Bush for the Bushman" 1272:Mantis and His Friend. 1243:In 1961, he published 1215: 1207: 1192: 1074: 1073:San family in Botswana 968: 838: 830: 822: 814: 716: 584:Government of Botswana 474: 441: 286: 4310:Kalahari Peoples Fund 3653:Kaplan, Matt (2011). 3528:10.1093/molbev/msm155 3428:10.1186/2041-2223-1-6 3169:Brian Morris (2004). 2820:Moran, Shane (2009). 2587:Kalahari Peoples Fund 1896:Botswanan art#San art 1807: 1665:(1980), is a work of 1643:A Story Like The Wind 1612: 1552: 1485:Homo sapiens sapiens. 1427:My Land is My Dignity 1327:neutral point of view 1219:Early representations 1213: 1198: 1180: 1072: 955: 836: 828: 820: 812: 797:San healing practices 795:Further information: 777:ethnic discrimination 711: 604:national coat-of-arms 538:Gǁana and Gǀui (ǀGwi) 439: 284: 224:Related ethnic groups 4198:The Antiquity of Man 3968:14 July 2008 at the 3821:Wynberg, R. (2005). 3733:, pp. 143–171, 3299:18 June 2011 at the 3175:. Berg. p. 57. 3104:www.krugerpark.co.za 2348:. 5 September 2007. 1986:. pp. 170–183. 1649:(1974), made into a 1639:Laurens van der Post 1539:David Lewis-Williams 1467:—in connection with 1391:The Harmless People, 1229:Laurens van der Post 1132:within the reserve. 398:Etosha National Park 4211:Scientific American 4008:The Life of Mammals 3802:on 20 December 2006 3660:Scientific American 3224:3 June 2012 at the 3158:. 6 September 2017. 3145:Shostak 1983: 9, 25 3038:2009Sci...324.1035T 2941:National Geographic 2511:"General Questions" 2486:The Dobe Ju/'Hoansi 2409:2010Natur.464..487S 2346:Mail & Guardian 2266:Mail & Guardian 1766:Notable individuals 1749:Death of the Mantis 1505:The Life of Mammals 1473:Genographic Project 1469:National Geographic 1446:Lawrence Van Gelder 1423:The Will To Survive 1319:promotional content 1260:Wilhelm H. I. Bleek 1199:San paintings near 957:Wandering hunters ( 934:produced by beetle 736:continuum from the 48: 3988:The New York Times 3984:"A Hunter's Story" 3942:africa.harvard.edu 3852:Tully, S. (2003). 2365:"The first people" 1814: 1718:The Devil's Breath 1667:historical fiction 1615: 1603:Live at Radio City 1594:Dave Matthews Band 1560:Lost in the Desert 1555: 1527:San cave paintings 1464:The Journey of Man 1419:Death of a Bushman 1321:and inappropriate 1216: 1208: 1193: 1091:paramilitary units 1075: 969: 839: 831: 823: 815: 717: 689:. The Bantu term 655:adaptation of the 442: 287: 5566: 5565: 5252: 5251: 4945: 4944: 4880: 4879: 4740: 4739: 4635: 4634: 4492: 4491: 4095:Shostak, Marjorie 3781:978-92-1-131909-5 3182:978-1-84520-075-6 3032:(5930): 1035–44. 2948:on 14 March 2016. 2920:978-1-86814-834-9 2860:978-0-521-76638-8 2708:on 18 April 2003. 2622:on 18 April 2003. 1891:Negro of Banyoles 1679:The Burning Shore 1657:James A. Michener 1493:African continent 1415:Iindawo ZikaThixo 1379:A Kalahari Family 1355: 1354: 1347: 1102:aboriginal people 1018:Mitochondrial DNA 911:to carry a baby. 766:genetic diversity 742:Cape of Good Hope 524:(Khwe and ǁAni), 279: 278: 180:Languages of the 47: 16:(Redirected from 5626: 5498: 5493: 5381: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5175: 5161: 5154: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5118:Basotho/S. Sotho 5099: 5092: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5057: 4992: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4949: 4751: 4682: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4639: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4496: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4321: 4234: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4201: 4188: 4169: 4146: 4134: 4116: 4082: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4023: 4017: 4016: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3979: 3973: 3961:Kray, C. (1978) 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3858: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3633: 3623: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3530: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3489: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3440: 3430: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3389: 3371: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3337: 3313: 3304: 3291: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3258: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3216: 3210: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3156:"The San people" 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3136:Shostak 1983: 13 3134: 3128: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2987: 2986:(online edition) 2978: 2969: 2968: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2944:. Archived from 2931: 2925: 2924: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2865: 2864: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2801: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2767:Bennett, Bruce. 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2726:on 9 April 2006. 2716: 2710: 2709: 2704:. Archived from 2693: 2687: 2686: 2674: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2618:. Archived from 2607: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2578: 2567: 2566: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2480: 2474: 2465:Joseph Greenberg 2461: 2455: 2452:Henry Harpending 2449: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2420: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2338: 2329: 2328: 2308: 2302: 2288: 2282: 2280: 2269: 2268:. 11 April 2008. 2258: 2252: 2251: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2120: 2111: 2094:; the other the 2092:Hottentot proper 2090:, the so-called 2068: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2048:on 18 March 2014 2038: 2032: 2031: 2011: 2002: 2001: 1982:(1st ed.). 1971: 1965: 1964: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1926: 1823:ǃKweiten-ta-ǁKen 1756:Christopher Hope 1525:(2005) compares 1510:persistence hunt 1350: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1308:an advertisement 1299: 1298: 1291: 1281:"desperate plea" 1165:outlined in the 1110:agro-pastoralist 930:, a slow-acting 508:, including the 477: 400:in northwestern 396:in Botswana and 164: 162: 161: 146: 144: 143: 128: 126: 125: 110: 108: 107: 92: 90: 89: 70:Total population 56: 49: 45: 21: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5506: 5496: 5489: 5459: 5426: 5377: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5301: 5248: 5232: 5180: 5171: 5157: 5150: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5104: 5095: 5088: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5053: 4981: 4976: 4946: 4941: 4903: 4876: 4840: 4792: 4736: 4703: 4671: 4666: 4636: 4631: 4528: 4523: 4493: 4488: 4353: 4348: 4266: 4224: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4191: 4185: 4172: 4166: 4149: 4143: 4126: 4123: 4121:Further reading 4113: 4093: 4090: 4085: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3970:Wayback Machine 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3922: 3920: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3558:(21): 3657–64. 3552:Electrophoresis 3549: 3548: 3544: 3521:(10): 2180–95. 3508: 3507: 3503: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3380:(7): 1189–203. 3369: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3322:Current Biology 3315: 3314: 3307: 3301:Wayback Machine 3292: 3288: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3226:Wayback Machine 3217: 3213: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3083: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2965:The Independent 2958: 2957: 2953: 2934:Godwin, Peter. 2933: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2868: 2861: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2748:on 6 March 2014 2736: 2735: 2731: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2672: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2637:Wynberg, Rachel 2635: 2634: 2627: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2570: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2462: 2458: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2418:10.1038/464487a 2390: 2384: 2380: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2340: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2289: 2285: 2270: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2137: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2069: 2065: 2051: 2049: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2013: 2012: 2005: 1994: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1936:. 28 April 2010 1928: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1881:Kalahari Debate 1872: 1860: 1843: 1831: 1802: 1790: 1773: 1768: 1760:Darkest England 1728:episodic novels 1647:A Far Off Place 1641:'s two novels, 1636: 1620: 1547: 1545:Films and music 1519:The BBC series 1481:genetic markers 1411:In God's Places 1361:anthropologist 1351: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1312: 1300: 1296: 1289: 1223:The San of the 1221: 1175: 1145:Hoodia gordonii 1141: 1067: 1061: 992: 950: 889: 807: 793: 706: 555:. The compound 434: 377: 303:hunter-gatherer 159: 157: 141: 139: 123: 121: 105: 103: 87: 85: 65: 44: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5632: 5630: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5584:African nomads 5581: 5571: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5477:Telegu/Andhras 5475: 5469: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5440:Cape Coloureds 5436: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5379:Afrikaner-Jews 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5266: 5264: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5114: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5093: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4987:Bantu-speaking 4983: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4899:Cape Coloureds 4896: 4890: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4442:White Angolans 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4265: 4264:External links 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257:978-0521411882 4245: 4243:978-0759104327 4235: 4222: 4202: 4189: 4183: 4170: 4164: 4156:Academic Press 4147: 4141: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4111: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4068: 4043: 4018: 3993: 3974: 3954: 3929: 3905: 3898: 3878: 3844: 3833:(6): 851–876. 3813: 3787: 3780: 3760: 3747: 3717: 3703: 3677: 3645: 3585: 3542: 3501: 3478:10.1086/302848 3472:(4): 1362–83. 3452: 3401: 3357: 3305: 3286: 3275: 3264: 3253: 3242: 3230: 3211: 3188: 3181: 3161: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3116: 3089: 3069: 3011: 2990:BBC World News 2970: 2951: 2926: 2919: 2899: 2866: 2859: 2839: 2832: 2812: 2786: 2759: 2729: 2711: 2688: 2681: 2658: 2651: 2625: 2599: 2568: 2546: 2539: 2502: 2495: 2475: 2473:(1963), p. 66. 2456: 2432: 2378: 2355: 2330: 2323: 2303: 2283: 2253: 2246: 2226: 2219: 2199: 2192: 2172: 2165: 2142: 2135: 2112: 2076:par excellence 2063: 2033: 2026: 2003: 1992: 1966: 1947: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1847:Cgʼose Ntcoxʼo 1842: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1835:Elsie Vaalbooi 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1782:Royal ǀUiǀoǀoo 1779: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1692:'s 1991 novel 1635: 1632: 1619: 1616: 1546: 1543: 1451:New York Times 1363:Lorna Marshall 1353: 1352: 1323:external links 1303: 1301: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1268:Dorothea Bleek 1220: 1217: 1182:Rock paintings 1174: 1171: 1140: 1134: 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 991: 988: 949: 946: 920:bow and arrows 888: 885: 843:kinship system 792: 789: 705: 702: 563:Isaac Schapera 504:(also spelled 495:Equality Court 462:Haiǁom dialect 433: 430: 394:Okavango River 376: 373: 277: 276: 226: 225: 221: 220: 210: 209: 205: 204: 177: 176: 172: 171: 168: 154: 153: 150: 136: 135: 132: 118: 117: 114: 100: 99: 96: 82: 81: 77: 76: 72: 71: 67: 66: 61:children in 57: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5631: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5225: 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Sotho 5144: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4746:Bantu peoples 4743: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4508: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4184:0-674-49980-8 4180: 4177:. iUniverse. 4176: 4171: 4167: 4165:0-12-357350-5 4161: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4142:0-8133-3581-7 4138: 4133: 4132: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4112:0-7139-1486-6 4108: 4104: 4103:Vintage Books 4100: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3918: 3917: 3909: 3906: 3901: 3899:9781429954518 3895: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3814: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3764: 3761: 3750: 3748:9780203790830 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3678: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3328:(6): 464–73. 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3201: 3198:See page 19: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3081: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3012: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2913:. NYU Press. 2912: 2911: 2903: 2900: 2892: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2833:9781580462945 2829: 2825: 2824: 2816: 2813: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2760: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2684: 2682:99916-765-3-8 2678: 2671: 2670: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2652:9789048131235 2648: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2540:9783905758009 2536: 2532: 2531: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2496:9781133713531 2492: 2488: 2487: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2403:(7288): 487. 2402: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324:9780864864192 2320: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2247:9780896804425 2243: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2220:9781920143183 2216: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2193:9781845451158 2189: 2185: 2184: 2176: 2173: 2168: 2166:9780864866233 2162: 2158: 2157: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136:9781134391554 2132: 2128: 2127: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2110:(1881), p. 3. 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2029: 2027:9781847883308 2023: 2019: 2018: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1993:9781138909175 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1948: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864:Dawid Kruiper 1862: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1626:'s biography 1625: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557:A 1969 film, 1551: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475:—discusses a 1474: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1461:'s 2003 book 1460: 1459:Spencer Wells 1456: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1349: 1346: 1338: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1304:This section 1302: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:Lucy C. Lloyd 1261: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1071: 1066: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037:Hadza peoples 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 989: 987: 983: 980: 978: 977:KwaZulu-Natal 974: 966: 962: 960: 954: 948:Early history 947: 945: 943: 942: 938:of the genus 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 901: 898: 893: 886: 884: 882: 879:Most San are 877: 875: 871: 867: 862: 860: 854: 850: 848: 847:Inuit kinship 844: 835: 827: 819: 811: 806: 802: 798: 790: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 753: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 722:Tsodilo Hills 714: 710: 703: 701: 699: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 667: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 641: 639: 635: 631: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 491: 486: 482: 478: 476: 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 438: 431: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 390: 386: 382: 381:Khoekhoegowab 374: 372: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 283: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 222: 219: 215: 211: 206: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 178: 173: 169: 167: 155: 151: 149: 137: 133: 131: 119: 115: 113: 101: 97: 95: 83: 78: 73: 68: 64: 60: 55: 50: 37: 33: 19: 5269: 5261: 5110:Sotho-Tswana 4836:Uukolonkadhi 4708: 4591: 4552:Gana and Gwi 4537:Baka-Nswazwi 4248: 4230: 4214:. Retrieved 4210: 4197: 4174: 4154:. New York: 4151: 4130: 4101:. New York: 4098: 4088:Bibliography 4075: 4071: 4059:. Retrieved 4055: 4046: 4034:. Retrieved 4030: 4021: 4006: 3996: 3987: 3977: 3957: 3945:. Retrieved 3941: 3932: 3921:, retrieved 3915: 3908: 3888: 3881: 3864: 3860: 3847: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3804:. Retrieved 3800:the original 3790: 3770: 3763: 3752:, retrieved 3730: 3720: 3706: 3694:. Retrieved 3690: 3680: 3668:. Retrieved 3658: 3648: 3607: 3601: 3588: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3377: 3373: 3360: 3325: 3321: 3289: 3278: 3267: 3256: 3245: 3233: 3214: 3205: 3191: 3171: 3164: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3124: 3119: 3107:. Retrieved 3103: 3079: 3072: 3029: 3025: 3014: 3002:. Retrieved 2989: 2964: 2954: 2946:the original 2939: 2929: 2909: 2902: 2849: 2842: 2822: 2815: 2804:, retrieved 2795: 2789: 2777:. Retrieved 2772: 2762: 2750:. Retrieved 2746:the original 2741: 2732: 2724:the original 2714: 2706:the original 2701: 2691: 2668: 2661: 2641: 2620:the original 2615: 2590:. Retrieved 2586: 2561: 2559: 2549: 2529: 2518:. Retrieved 2514: 2505: 2485: 2478: 2468: 2459: 2445: 2435: 2400: 2396: 2387:Stellenbosch 2381: 2368: 2358: 2345: 2313: 2306: 2291: 2286: 2276: 2265: 2256: 2236: 2229: 2209: 2202: 2182: 2175: 2155: 2125: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2057: 2050:. Retrieved 2046:the original 2036: 2016: 1998:ResearchGate 1996:– via 1979: 1969: 1956: 1950: 1938:. Retrieved 1933: 1924: 1852:Coexʼae Qgam 1759: 1753: 1748: 1745:nom de plume 1744: 1742: 1735: 1722: 1717: 1714:David Gilman 1711: 1703: 1700:Tad Williams 1698: 1688: 1677: 1674:Wilbur Smith 1671: 1662:The Covenant 1660: 1655: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1627: 1624:Peter Godwin 1621: 1601: 1587: 1570: 1558: 1556: 1535:Nigel Spivey 1520: 1518: 1503: 1501: 1484: 1462: 1457: 1449: 1442:Craig Foster 1437: 1435: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1404:ǃKung people 1398: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1378: 1375:The Hunters, 1374: 1356: 1341: 1332: 1317:by removing 1313:Please help 1305: 1271: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1222: 1190:Western Cape 1163: 1157: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1130:Gem Diamonds 1105: 1099: 1078: 1076: 1053: 1049: 1030: 1016: 996:Y chromosome 993: 984: 981: 970: 965:H. A. Bryden 956: 939: 932:arrow poison 928:diamphotoxin 913: 904: 902: 894: 890: 878: 874:gift economy 863: 855: 851: 840: 805:San religion 801:San rock art 784: 770: 758:anthropology 754: 746: 730:game animals 726:semi-nomadic 718: 712: 698:Southern Twa 690: 687:Sotho people 682: 679:Xhosa people 674: 665: 660: 648: 644: 642: 637: 633: 626: 622: 614: 610: 608: 599: 598:. The term 578: 574: 570: 566: 556: 552: 548: 546: 541: 505: 499: 488: 483:(the modern 480: 472: 468: 466: 457: 453: 443: 426:Molopo River 424:towards the 384: 378: 370: 339: 335:South Africa 298: 294: 290: 288: 218:Christianity 214:San religion 130:South Africa 39:Ethnic group 36: 5523:Zimbabweans 5445:Cape Malays 5422:Zimbabweans 5392:Mozambicans 5295:Strandloper 5062:Gqunukhwebe 4826:Uukwaluudhi 4231:LiveScience 4031:www.pbs.org 3806:13 December 3696:31 December 3614:: 5154–62. 3004:3 September 2806:19 February 2742:Ditshwanelo 2369:The Witness 1901:Strandloper 1777:Nǃxau ǂToma 1690:Norman Rush 1122:Bakgalagadi 1112:tribes and 973:Border Cave 887:Subsistence 859:ostrich egg 773:Bakgalagadi 649:bosquímanos 636:, with the 387:. It is an 291:San peoples 5579:San people 5573:Categories 5553:Pakistanis 5486:Gujaratis 5407:Portuguese 5397:Norwegians 5333:Cape Dutch 5320:Afrikaners 5009:Mpondomise 4937:Portuguese 4857:Caprivians 4821:Oukwanyama 4816:Ongandjera 4677:Indigenous 4547:Batalaunda 4447:Portuguese 4216:12 January 4135:. 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