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inhabited only by Jews and that the fields and vineyards were well kept and yielded good crops. Mordechai Zaken, who investigated the history of
Kurdistani Jews in the previous centuries, explained why in some reports there seemed to be only Jews residing in the village, while in other reports, the Muslim Kurds lived in the outskirts of the village. Apparently, the work of the Muslim Kurds in Sabbath disturbed the Jews, so they asked a judge from Mosul to ask the Kurds to move to the outskirts of the village. The Kurds agreed, but the Jews had to buy their houses, and so they did. After Iraq gained independence in 1932, the position of the Jews started to deteriorate. In July 1941 it was reported in the
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On March 9, 1950, a law was passed which apparently depicted Jews as unprotected aliens. Soon after, rural Jews faced a worsening economic situation and felt increasingly vulnerable. In early June, it was reported that the neighbouring villages were threatening to murder the people of Sandur unless
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In 1933 there were about 60 Jewish families. In 1934, Benzion
Israeli found 800 inhabitants and wrote that "Sandur is a state of its own ... this is a Jewish village, an autonomous Jewish republic." In 1935, Walter Schwarz visited the village and gave a detailed report. He noted that it was
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In 1849, Sandur was described as an extensive village, containing over 100 Jewish households with a few inhabited by Kurds. By the first half of the 20th century, the village was entirely Jewish. All the village lands belonged to Jews who worked in the vineyards and orchards of pears, plums,
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visited Sandur for an evening. He found the atmosphere disturbed by the "unfriendly attitude of the neighbouring
Kurdish villages." He claimed the Jews could not even sell their land, as the Kurds said "We will soon get it for nothing!" With the creation of the
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that the leader of the village expressed his wish that the 50 families living there could "sell their village and immigrate to
Palestine". During the Allied occupation of Iraq and in the backdrop of the
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100:, sporadic attacks on Jews continued throughout World War II. On December 17, 1942, anti-Jewish riots resulted in the murder of eight Jews in the village. In 1943,
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113:. Their freedom of movement was restricted and many lost their jobs. In 1949 there were still about 100 families living in Sandur.
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to sign up for emigration. Within the next few years, the remaining 500 Jews of Sandur emigrated to
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they left the village. The villagers were among the first wave of Jews who left the countryside for
67:. First an historically Christian village, it later became an agricultural settlement inhabited by
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368:, Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Apr., 1953), pp. 151–172. Indiana University Press.
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In ancient times the place had been inhabited by
Christians. and was later inhabited by
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A world in turmoil: an integrated chronology of the
Holocaust and World War II
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Jewish subjects and their tribal chieftains in
Kurdistan: a study in survival
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Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study
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195:"هاتن و چوونا دهۆكێ ژبهر دائێخستنا جادهكێ ئاگههداریا شوفێران دكهت"
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in 1948, things got worse for Iraq's Jews who were portrayed as
125:. in Israel, the former inhabitants of Sandur founded the
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162:Hozanê Bengî. "Geştek li kurdîstanê" (in Kurdish).
321:, Wayne State University Press, 1993. pg. 389.
400:A biologist in Israel: a book of reminiscences
381:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991. pg. 267.
8:
258:, American Jewish Committee, 1949. pg. 557.
83:and Jews after the Christians deserted it.
298:Jewish missionary intelligence, Volume 14
377:Hershel Edelheit, Abraham J. Edelheit.
343:Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski.
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347:, Lexington Books, 2007. pp. 116–122.
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477:Jewish villages in the Ottoman Empire
402:, Biological Studies, 1959. pg. 149.
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243:, Macmillan and Co., 1934. pg. 159.
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472:Historic Jewish communities in Iraq
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467:Populated places in Dohuk Province
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366:The Repatriation of Iraq Jewry
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398:Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer.
317:Erich Brauer, Raphael Patai.
482:Assyrian communities in Iraq
280:, BRILL, 2007. pp. 129–132.
241:The Jews in the Modern World
51:), was a village located in
302:"Sandur – A Jewish Village"
102:Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer
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55:, about 70 miles north of
87:pomegranates and apples.
364:Joseph B. Schechtman.
175:Cite journal requires
319:The Jews of Kurdistan
256:Commentary, Volume 8
143:Iraqi Jews in Israel
439: /
443:36.917°N 43.067°E
276:Mordechai Zaken.
217:"(Sondor) רודנוס"
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220:. Retrieved
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197:(in Kurdish)
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168:cite journal
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69:Kurdish Jews
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304:, pg. 113.
222:19 December
201:19 December
461:Categories
149:References
131:Sde Trumot
63:, towards
308:, 1848.
137:See also
111:Zionists
65:Amediyah
434:43°04′E
431:36°55′N
119:Baghdad
75:History
59:, near
40:Sindorê
28:Kurdish
385:
351:
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127:moshav
123:Israel
98:Farhud
49:סונדור
45:Hebrew
32:سندۆرێ
24:Sundur
20:Sandur
81:Kurds
61:Duhok
57:Mosul
383:ISBN
349:ISBN
323:ISBN
282:ISBN
224:2019
203:2019
181:help
129:of
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