229:. By bringing the Ojibwe to Minnesota in late fall and planning to delay them there, the BIA expected the Native Americans would have to stay there for the winter. The officials hoped to wear down the resistance of the Chippewa (as they were called in the United States) to relocation. They kept the scheme secret from local European Americans as well as the American Indians. Officials in favor of relocation knew that the Chippewa would then be spending their annuity payments in Minnesota (west of the Mississippi River) rather than in Wisconsin, and thus benefit the local and regional patronage system. Such an outcome would be economically and politically beneficial to the officials who planned the strategy.
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278:. The Chippewa/Ojibwe achieved their major goal – to stay within their traditional territories. Many of the bands agreed to the founding of Ojibwe reservations and relocation to them. The majority of the reservations were created at already well-established Ojibwe communities. Often the federal government required the aggregation of less powerful bands with their more powerful neighbors.
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of 1830, which sought to remove
Indians and extinguish their land claims in those regions. It was directed particularly against the tribes in the American Southeast. At that time, numerous European Americans had not yet reached these Lake Superior lands for settlement, and there was little political
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to cancel the removal order. Many of the United States public were outraged about the government's treatment of the Ojibwe and supported the end of removal. Chief
Buffalo called on Wisconsin residents to support them in their effort to stay in the territory. Not wanting to live with Indians among
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He informed them that the government had been unable to send the annuities and supplies. It was early
December before a small portion of the payment and goods finally reached Sandy Lake. Much of the food supplies were spoiled and only a small percentage of the payment arrived. By this time, crowded
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Concerned about the issues of the move, many bands of Ojibwe gathered to deliberate their options. The discussions were so lengthy that the Ojibwe had little time to plant their regular spring crops. As a result, they had to go to Sandy Lake to gain payments and supplies for their very survival. In
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payments, the officials intended the
Chippewa to stay at the new site for the winter, hoping to lower their resistance to relocation. Due to delayed and inadequate payments of annuities and lack of promised supplies, about 400 Ojibwe, mostly men and 12% of the tribe, died of disease, starvation and
245:, starvation, or freezing. They returned to their home territories under peril: aside from being weak from sickness and hunger, the Ojibwe had not expected to have to make such a winter journey. As a result, 200–230 more Ojibwe died before reaching their homes by the following January.
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By 1850, however, the mid-century wave of increased migration to
Wisconsin and Minnesota had altered the political climate. European Americans pressed Congress and the President for relief from competing with the Ojibwe for land and resources. High-ranking officials in President
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the fall of 1850, representatives from 19 Ojibwe bands packed up and started the arduous journey to the shores of Sandy Lake, where they had been told to gather by late
October. Nearly 3,000 Ojibwe men waited there for several weeks before any government agent arrived.
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refused aggregation with the La Pointe Band. The US Army forcibly removed them to the Gull Lake Indian
Reservation in central Minnesota. Because the action was illegally taken under the Indian Removal Act, although it had officially ended, Chief
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against the United States. The alliance proved ill-fated, resulting in much of the
Mississippi Chippewa being uprooted and removed further west. First they were relocated to the vicinity of Leech Lake, and eventually to the
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During the three years following the Sandy Lake events, Chief
Buffalo negotiated hard and became a proponent for permanent reservations in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. This strategy was detailed under the 1854
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472:". During the non-recognition period, the Mole Lake Band became associated with the Lac du Flambeau Indian Reservation. The majority of the St. Croix Band was split and associated with both
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to change the site of the fall payment of annual annuities and provision of supplies. The BIA notified the people that rather than this annuity rendezvous being held at
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and Sub-Agent John
Watrous. Although Ewing and Brown left office before the events took place, Ramsey and Watrous were involved throughout.
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objected and said the Rice Lake Indian Reservation was within the boundaries of the Sandy Lake Reservation, it was never formally platted.
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cold. The outrage increased Ojibwe resistance to removal. The bands effectively gained widespread public support to achieve permanent
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Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice, and Game in Abundance: Testimony on Behalf of Mille Lacs Ojibwe Hunting and Fishing Rights
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of the United States. The bands in Wisconsin, Michigan, and parts of eastern Minnesota who were located east of the
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in honor of those who died in the Sandy Lake Tragedy (Big Sandy Camp is near the top left corner of the picture)
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Ojibwe leaders tell the story of the Sandy Lake Tragedy in a picture: Chief Buffalo's Petition to the President
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Sandy Lake Dam Campgrounds. In addition, the state created a rest area with a view of Sandy Lake along
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James A. Clifton, "Wisconsin Death March: Explaining the Extremes in Old Northwest Indian Removal"
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On October 12, 2000, the US erected a memorial commemorating the Sandy Lake Tragedy at the
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Native American Sovereignty on Trial: A Handbook with Cases, Laws, and Documents
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Under the Treaty of La Pointe, the following reservations were established:
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457:. By refusing the treaty and relocation, the two Ojibwe bands lost their
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1850 tragedy in Minnesota that led to the creation of Ojibwe reservations
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to restore these groups to Wisconsin. Not having much success, Chief
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would fulfill previously broken treaties. They refused to sign the
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White, Bruce M. "The Regional Context of Removal Order of 1850" in
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Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters
529:. A Historical Marker plaque memorializes the Sandy Lake Tragedy.
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sought to relocate several bands of the tribe to areas west of the
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Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal.
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To force the Ojibwe west of the Mississippi, Brown directed the
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was the culmination in 1850 of a series of events centered in
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By the 17th century, the Ojibwe nation occupied much of the
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in inadequate camps, about 150 Ojibwe had already died of
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them, European Americans encouraged the establishment of
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743:Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission
175:were effectively included under the terms of the
464:They did not regain legal recognition until the
496:of the Gull Lake Band negotiated hard with the
642:, p. 192. Minnesota Historical Society Press.
605:U.S. 8th Circuit Court of Appeals case 19-1757
99:and members of the Ojibwa nation canoe across
1291:Native American genocide in the United States
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724:US 8th Circuit Court of Appeals case 19-1757
667:Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press.
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155:region, from east to west, in modern-day
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
487:Band, the St. Croix Band at the river's
43:This article includes a list of general
638:Folwell, William Watts (2006 reprint).
555:
539:Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
674:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Borealis Books
580:, 1987, 5:1-40, accessed 2 March 2010
523:United States Army Corps of Engineers
134:. By changing the location for fall
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714:Chief Buffalo and Benjamin Armstrong
441:Despite the Sandy Lake Tragedy, the
468:of 1934, also known as the Indian "
729:Sandy Lake: Tragedy & Memorial
143:in their traditional territories.
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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253:As a result of this tragedy, the
425:The same treaty established the
261:of La Pointe, pressed President
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1248:Indian barrier state (proposed)
701:Dictionary of Wisconsin History
640:A History of Minnesota: Vol. IV
591:Dictionary of Wisconsin History
180:pressure for Ojibwe removal.
786:Battles and military incidents
593:, Wisconsin Historical Society
511:White Earth Indian Reservation
354:Leech Lake Indian Reservations
257:bands under the leadership of
219:Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
197:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
1:
672:History of the Ojibway People
614:Wildenthal, Bryan H. (2003).
388:Mille Lacs Indian Reservation
693:Wisconsin Historical Society
427:Rice Lake Indian Reservation
97:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1296:Reservation checkerboarding
670:Warren, William W. (1984).
461:and associated benefits.
340:Treaty of Washington (1855)
338:The following year, by the
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1311:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
892:Indian removals in Indiana
885:Removals (chronologically)
527:Minnesota State Highway 65
1012:People who helped Indians
915:Potawatomi Trail of Death
734:Sandy Lake Band of Ojibwe
466:Indian Reorganization Act
431:Bureau of Land Management
1301:Reservation diminishment
1279:in the Thirteen Colonies
973:George Rockingham Gilmer
807:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
618:, pp. 172-73. ABC-CLIO.
1284:Land claims settlements
933:Long Walk of the Navajo
741:video, courtesy of the
504:led his people in the
480:Indian reservations.
64:more precise citations.
1160:Prairie du Chien (4th)
1148:Prairie du Chien (3rd)
1142:Prairie du Chien (2nd)
1136:Prairie du Chien (1st)
1014:or documented removals
951:and military officials
897:Choctaw Trail of Tears
864:Georgia Land Lotteries
739:The Sandy Lake Tragedy
589:"Sandy Lake Tragedy",
449:held out in hopes the
255:Lake Superior Chippewa
104:
1253:Indian Reserve (1763)
1055:Land cession treaties
831:Attack at Fort Hughes
190:Secretary of Interior
95:
1347:History of Wisconsin
1342:History of Minnesota
1306:Reservation politics
1154:Dancing Rabbit Creek
1041:Benjamin Marie Petit
949:American politicians
875:Worcester v. Georgia
813:Battle of Negro Fort
795:Battle of Burnt Corn
697:"Sandy Lake Tragedy"
663:Loew, Patty (2001).
517:Sandy Lake Memorials
381:Mississippi Chippewa
223:La Pointe, Wisconsin
122:. Officials of the
1337:Anishinaabe culture
1332:Ojibwe in Minnesota
1231:Former reservations
1214:Buffalo Creek (4th)
1202:Buffalo Creek (3rd)
1190:Buffalo Creek (2nd)
1082:Buffalo Creek (1st)
1021:Robert C. Ambrister
474:Lac Courte Oreilles
459:federal recognition
455:Treaty of La Pointe
371:Lake Winnibigoshish
304:Lac Courte Oreilles
276:Treaty of La Pointe
268:Indian reservations
201:Minnesota Territory
128:Minnesota Territory
126:Administration and
1070:Fort Stanwix (2nd)
1064:Fort Stanwix (1st)
939:Burt Lake burn-out
921:Sandy Lake Tragedy
837:Battle of Ocheesee
819:Battle of Fowltown
801:Fort Mims massacre
506:Dakota War of 1862
177:Indian Removal Act
109:Sandy Lake Tragedy
105:
18:Sandy Lake tragedy
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852:Policies and laws
788:(chronologically)
437:Unfulfilled hopes
347:Pillager Chippewa
173:Mississippi River
132:Mississippi River
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16:(Redirected from
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1274:Aboriginal title
1258:Unassigned Lands
1243:Indian Territory
1031:Benjamin Hawkins
1026:George Arbuthnot
983:Thomas Jefferson
909:Cherokee removal
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998:John Tipton
911:(1836–1839)
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859:Removal Act
839:(1817–1818)
411:Rabbit Lake
292:Fond du Lac
62:introducing
1326:Categories
1184:New Echota
1094:Greenville
963:Lewis Cass
658:References
489:headwaters
485:Bois Brulé
478:Mille Lacs
399:Sandy Lake
360:Leech Lake
227:Sandy Lake
147:Background
70:March 2010
45:references
1224:Landbases
417:Gull Lake
365:Cass Lake
326:Ontonagon
310:Bad River
298:Red Cliff
239:dysentery
169:Minnesota
165:Wisconsin
533:See also
470:New Deal
445:and the
379:For the
345:For the
204:Governor
161:Michigan
120:Chippewa
1166:Cusseta
249:Results
243:measles
213:Tragedy
157:Ontario
136:annuity
58:improve
1216:(1857)
1210:(1854)
1204:(1842)
1198:(1842)
1192:(1838)
1186:(1835)
1180:(1832)
1174:(1832)
1168:(1832)
1162:(1831)
1156:(1830)
1150:(1829)
1144:(1829)
1138:(1825)
1132:(1821)
1126:(1820)
1120:(1818)
1114:(1814)
1102:(1796)
1096:(1795)
1090:(1790)
1084:(1788)
1078:(1785)
1072:(1784)
1066:(1768)
941:(1900)
935:(1864)
929:(1863)
923:(1850)
917:(1838)
833:(1817)
827:(1817)
821:(1817)
815:(1816)
809:(1814)
803:(1813)
797:(1813)
685:
646:
622:
320:L'Anse
167:, and
47:, but
576:, in
550:Notes
419:; and
367:; and
328:; and
683:ISBN
644:ISBN
620:ISBN
476:and
270:.
107:The
699:in
498:BIA
1328::
695:.
631:^
598:^
558:^
513:.
383::
356::
349::
318:,
241:,
195:,
163:,
771:e
764:t
757:v
703:.
689:.
650:.
626:.
413:;
407:;
401:;
334:.
322:;
312:,
306:;
300:;
294:;
288:;
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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