431:
1421:
557:
723:
1428:
1890:
468:
408:
109:
453:
90:
59:
398:
which is shallower at one end than the other, then the shoaling effect will result in the waves slowing more at the shallow end. Thus, the wave fronts will refract, changing direction like light passing through a prism. Refraction also occurs as waves move towards a beach if the waves come in at an
709:
hazard, with a depth of water of 6 fathoms (11 meters) or less. It therefore applies to a silt accumulation that shallows the entrance to or course of a river, or creek. A bar can form a dangerous obstacle to shipping, preventing access to the river or harbor in poor weather conditions or at some
816:
times, humans have chosen some shoals as a site of habitation. In some early cases, the locations provided easy access to exploit marine resources. In modern times, these sites are sometimes chosen for the water amenity or view, but many such locations are prone to storm damage.
495:
Sand carried by the offshore moving bottom current is deposited where the current reaches the wave break. Other longshore bars may lie further offshore, representing the break point of even larger waves, or the break point at low tide.
185:
is also used in a number of ways that can be either similar to, or quite different from, how it is used in geologic, geomorphic, and oceanographic literature. Sometimes, the term refers to either any relatively shallow place in a
202:
within an area mapped for navigation purposes; or, a growth of vegetation on the bottom of a deep lake, that occurs at any depth, or is used as a verb for the process of proceeding from a greater to a lesser depth of water.
487:
Sandbars, also known as a trough bars, form where the waves are breaking, because the breaking waves set up a shoreward current with a compensating counter-current along the bottom. Sometimes this occurs seaward of a
387:, depending on how large they were to begin with, and how steep the slope of the beach is. In particular, waves shoal as they pass over submerged sandbanks or reefs. This can be treacherous for boats and ships.
349:
of the material comprising a bar is related to the size of the waves or the strength of the currents moving the material, but the availability of material to be worked by waves and currents is also important.
305:
features spanning a considerable range in size, from a length of a few meters in a small stream to marine depositions stretching for hundreds of kilometers along a coastline, often called
893:
1926:
797:
will fall out where the current dissipates, forming a spit. An area of water isolated behind a large bar is called a lagoon. Over time, lagoons may silt up, becoming
235:, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water. Marine shoals also develop either by the in-place drowning of barrier islands as the result of episodic
804:
In some cases, shoals may be precursors to beach expansion and dunes formation, providing a source of windblown sediment to augment such beach or dunes landforms.
915:"Understanding the Habitat Value and Function of Shoal/Ridge/Trough Complexes to Fish and Fisheries on the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf"
821:
1076:
591:
are large enough, deposition can build up a sandbar that completely blocks a river mouth and dams the river. It can be a seasonally natural process of
1919:
978:
2157:
2525:
3177:
3207:
1912:
1772:
580:
entrance or river mouth by the deposition of freshwater sediment or by the action of waves on the sea floor or on up-current beaches.
1003:
951:
922:
321:, although they could be of any granular matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around (for example,
3151:
2682:
1777:
1069:
926:
3197:
3146:
1870:
1762:
1420:
1632:
1559:
1464:
862:
1427:
2848:
2798:
2692:
919:
Draft
Literature Synthesis for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Contract # M12PS00031
750:
can be applied to larger geological units that form off a coastline as part of the process of coastal erosion, such as
3126:
1489:
3192:
3182:
2352:
1893:
1062:
456:
346:
63:
3136:
3088:
2971:
50:
3212:
3202:
3121:
2838:
2803:
2645:
1577:
472:
3131:
2823:
2588:
1258:
538:
seldom forms a contiguous strip and usually has one or several channels that connect the liman and the sea.
46:
3073:
2931:
2482:
2367:
1719:
1474:
1041:
825:
619:
39:
31:
2911:
2758:
2720:
2169:
2108:
1865:
670:
224:
3141:
2863:
2687:
2447:
2254:
2048:
1694:
1647:
1602:
1587:
3037:
3032:
2833:
2677:
2299:
2152:
2073:
1980:
1798:
1592:
1156:
645:
626:
368:
430:
3187:
3063:
2976:
2941:
2793:
2309:
2214:
2118:
2010:
1943:
1767:
1754:
1607:
1567:
1278:
1181:
174:
or interconnected by past or present sedimentary and hydrographic processes are referred to as a
115:
2783:
850: – Coastal dune landform that forms by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast
556:
158:
close to the surface or above it, which poses a danger to navigation. Shoals are also known as
3042:
2881:
2873:
2813:
2773:
2662:
2477:
2239:
2229:
2015:
1823:
1729:
1642:
1348:
1186:
1176:
1136:
1101:
1085:
999:
947:
881:
877: – Deposition landform in which an island is connected to the mainland by a sandy isthmus
727:
722:
614:
The formation of harbor bars that prevent access for boats and shipping can be the result of:
232:
2956:
2858:
2763:
2362:
2357:
2274:
2103:
1975:
1818:
1652:
1627:
1622:
1597:
1547:
1373:
1233:
1151:
1116:
887:
856:
523:
489:
480:
442:
395:
334:
171:
147:
3172:
2961:
2921:
2916:
2707:
2520:
2407:
2402:
2186:
2123:
2093:
2058:
2053:
2020:
1985:
1956:
1855:
1637:
1582:
1449:
1358:
1353:
1238:
1121:
841:
794:
751:
604:
592:
519:
383:, and the waves are said to shoal. The waves may or may not build to the point where they
71:
211:
Shoals are characteristically long and narrow (linear) ridges. They can develop where a
3022:
2906:
2886:
2768:
2753:
2640:
2625:
2620:
2580:
2560:
2472:
2314:
2304:
2294:
2259:
2191:
2176:
2083:
2005:
1965:
1248:
1243:
1206:
1146:
1126:
847:
706:
651:
608:
584:
434:
306:
279:
269:
A shoal–sandbar may seasonally separate a smaller body of water from the sea, such as:
236:
98:
83:
742:
In addition to longshore bars discussed above that are relatively small features of a
3166:
3103:
3098:
3083:
3068:
3017:
3012:
2778:
2743:
2697:
2657:
2652:
2412:
2284:
2244:
1990:
1970:
1860:
1843:
1793:
1734:
1709:
1572:
1499:
1171:
975:Федченко Г.П, 'О самосадочной соли и соляных озерах Каспийского и Азовского бассейнов
755:
662:
641:
511:
438:
399:
angle to the beach, or if the beach slopes more gradually at one end than the other.
384:
364:
359:
338:
220:
155:
135:
131:
35:
1014:
3093:
2843:
2828:
2818:
2667:
2598:
2467:
2432:
2347:
2289:
2164:
2063:
2025:
2000:
1724:
1612:
1484:
1479:
1378:
1368:
1313:
240:
127:
871: – Shoal of rock, coral, or other material lying beneath the surface of water
467:
644:
destruction, river bank alterations, river adjacent agricultural land practices,
3002:
2926:
2630:
2593:
2540:
2264:
2249:
2224:
2098:
1875:
1689:
1662:
1657:
1537:
1519:
1509:
1504:
1459:
1454:
1444:
1393:
1383:
1106:
884: – Sand spit located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Saloum Delta
813:
735:
603:
in the lower course of the river. This situation will persist until the bar is
565:
476:
394:
waves, so the waves change direction. For example, if waves pass over a sloping
372:
290:
286:
94:
3108:
2788:
2672:
2612:
2570:
2442:
2279:
2147:
2088:
2078:
1995:
1904:
1803:
1739:
1699:
1617:
1542:
1333:
1191:
798:
759:
702:
407:
391:
376:
255:
119:
108:
27:
Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
3078:
3027:
2997:
2966:
2896:
2808:
2565:
2452:
2437:
2377:
2324:
2319:
2219:
2142:
2132:
2030:
1744:
1704:
1532:
1469:
1388:
1318:
995:
637:
551:
547:
419:
914:
452:
89:
2748:
2715:
2392:
2234:
2201:
1672:
1667:
1494:
1409:
1268:
1093:
779:
731:
690:
677:
666:
588:
569:
561:
460:
411:
302:
228:
199:
75:
17:
946:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp.
58:
3058:
3007:
2535:
2530:
2512:
2492:
2397:
2334:
2269:
2206:
1808:
1682:
1527:
1403:
1398:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1213:
874:
771:
767:
658:
654:
600:
596:
531:
505:
342:
259:
112:
Sandbar between Nosy Iranja Be and Nosy Iranja Kely
79:
2853:
2725:
2550:
2545:
2497:
2487:
2457:
2382:
2137:
2068:
2040:
1939:
1833:
1828:
1363:
1343:
1298:
1283:
1141:
829:
775:
577:
527:
330:
274:
212:
187:
1054:
371:
move towards shallow water, such as a beach, they slow down, their
30:
This article is about underwater landforms. For fish behavior, see
2951:
2936:
2891:
2635:
2608:
2422:
2417:
2387:
2372:
2181:
1951:
1935:
1714:
1436:
1288:
1273:
1263:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1166:
1161:
1111:
786:
743:
721:
555:
466:
451:
446:
429:
406:
247:
216:
143:
107:
88:
57:
2981:
2946:
2502:
2462:
2427:
1848:
1838:
1813:
1323:
1253:
1201:
1196:
942:
Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds. (2005)
868:
790:
711:
698:
623:
326:
322:
318:
263:
191:
151:
102:
67:
1908:
1058:
2901:
2342:
1328:
1131:
763:
633:
251:
195:
154:
or other unconsolidated material, and rises from the bed of a
676:
artificially created/deepened harbors that require periodic
576:
A harbor or river bar is a sedimentary deposit formed at a
45:"Shoals" and "Sandbank" redirect here. For other uses, see
820:
An area in
Northwest Alabama is commonly referred to as “
170:. Two or more shoals that are either separated by shared
913:
Rutecki D, Nestler E, Dellapenna T, Pembroke A (2014).
852:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
966:. Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York. 366 p
938:
936:
894:
List of shoals and sandbanks in the southern North Sea
518:
is a sandbar that rises above the water level (like a
607:
by the sea, or the dammed river develops sufficient
3051:
2990:
2872:
2734:
2706:
2607:
2579:
2511:
2333:
2200:
2117:
2039:
1950:
1786:
1753:
1558:
1518:
1435:
1092:
890: – Chain of shoals between India and Sri Lanka
785:In places of reentrance along a coastline (such as
828:, is named for such landform and its abundance of
701:: a shallow formation of (usually) sand that is a
583:Where beaches are suitably mobile, or the river's
379:between waves decreases. This behavior is called
824:” by local inhabitants, and one of the cities,
618:construction up-coast or at the harbor — e.g.:
844: – Shingle beaches in Orkney and Shetland
239:or by the erosion and submergence of inactive
198:, or other body of water; a rocky area on the
1920:
1070:
150:, or bar that consists of, or is covered by,
34:. For effects of shallow water on waves, see
8:
992:Optical Dating of Quartz from Young Deposits
1927:
1913:
1905:
1077:
1063:
1055:
793:, rias, and bays), sediments carried by a
93:A tidal sandbar connecting the islands of
254:, where they are classified as a type of
2526:International scale of river difficulty
905:
859: – Land alongside a body of water
7:
1773:Integrated coastal zone management
25:
1048:, published by The Record company
923:Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
1889:
1888:
1426:
1419:
2683:Flooded grasslands and savannas
317:They are typically composed of
285:Freshwater seasonal stream and
1871:Region of freshwater influence
758:that form across the front of
1:
3178:Coastal and oceanic landforms
1633:Large-scale coastal behaviour
1465:Beaches in estuaries and bays
1046:Key West: The Old and the New
863:Coastal Barrier Resources Act
564:sand bank extends across the
2849:Universal Soil Loss Equation
2799:Hydrological transport model
2693:Storm Water Management Model
632:upriver development — e.g.:
3208:Oceanographical terminology
595:, causing the formation of
426:Sandbars and longshore bars
3229:
2353:Antecedent drainage stream
611:to break through the bar.
545:
503:
357:
44:
29:
3117:
3089:River valley civilization
2972:Riparian-zone restoration
1884:
1417:
697:is a shoal, similar to a
414:, Crimea, separated by a
51:Sandbank (disambiguation)
3152:Countries without rivers
3127:Rivers by discharge rate
2839:Runoff model (reservoir)
2804:Infiltration (hydrology)
1578:Coastal biogeomorphology
510:In Russian tradition of
262:in rivers, streams, and
2824:River Continuum Concept
2589:Agricultural wastewater
1015:C.Michael Hogan (2008)
778:or offshore rock and a
770:is a bar that forms an
246:Shoals can appear as a
142:is a natural submerged
47:Shoals (disambiguation)
3147:River name etymologies
3074:Hydraulic civilization
2932:Floodplain restoration
2708:Point source pollution
2483:Sedimentary structures
1475:Coastal morphodynamics
1042:Jefferson Beale Browne
739:
573:
484:
464:
449:
422:
123:
105:
86:
40:Shoal (disambiguation)
38:. For other uses, see
32:Shoaling and schooling
3198:Physical oceanography
2759:Discharge (hydrology)
2721:Industrial wastewater
2202:Sedimentary processes
1866:Physical oceanography
1019:, ed. by Andy Burnham
725:
661:alterations — e.g.:
559:
546:Further information:
542:Harbor and river bars
530:from the sea. Unlike
470:
455:
433:
410:
111:
92:
61:
2864:Volumetric flow rate
2448:Riffle-pool sequence
1695:Submergent coastline
1648:Marine transgression
1603:Discordant coastline
1588:Concordant coastline
367:is the process when
97:and Wayasewa of the
3038:Whitewater kayaking
3033:Whitewater canoeing
2834:Runoff curve number
2678:Flood pulse concept
1799:Coastal engineering
1029:Dick Morris (2008)
944:Glossary of Geology
685:Nautical navigation
627:habitat destruction
492:(marine landform).
74:, off the coast of
3064:Aquatic toxicology
2977:Stream restoration
2942:Infiltration basin
2794:Hydrological model
2310:Sediment transport
2133:Estavelle/Inversac
2011:Subterranean river
1768:Coastal management
1608:Emergent coastline
1279:Intertidal wetland
1182:Continental margin
998:, 2006 146 pages,
740:
574:
522:) and separates a
485:
483:, US, August 2006.
465:
450:
423:
390:Shoaling can also
375:increases and the
124:
106:
87:
3193:Coastal geography
3183:Fluvial landforms
3160:
3159:
3137:Whitewater rivers
3043:Whitewater slalom
2874:River engineering
2774:Groundwater model
2735:River measurement
2663:Flood forecasting
2478:Sedimentary basin
2335:Fluvial landforms
2240:Bed material load
2016:River bifurcation
1902:
1901:
1730:Wave-cut platform
1643:Marine regression
1187:Continental shelf
1177:Coastal waterfall
1086:Coastal geography
990:Mirko Ballarini,
964:Waves and Beaches
962:W. Bascom, 1980.
882:Point of Sangomar
795:longshore current
728:Mississippi River
260:fluvial landforms
233:granular material
16:(Redirected from
3220:
3122:Rivers by length
2957:River morphology
2859:Wetted perimeter
2764:Drainage density
2275:Headward erosion
2104:Perennial stream
1976:Blackwater river
1929:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1892:
1891:
1653:Raised shoreline
1628:Ingression coast
1623:Graded shoreline
1598:Cuspate foreland
1430:
1423:
1374:Submarine canyon
1234:Freshwater marsh
1079:
1072:
1065:
1056:
1049:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1006:
988:
982:
973:
967:
960:
954:
940:
931:
930:
910:
857:Bank (geography)
853:
808:Human habitation
718:Geological units
673:for development.
646:water diversions
443:Kyoto Prefecture
248:coastal landform
62:Sandbar between
21:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3213:Islands by type
3203:Barrier islands
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3132:Drainage basins
3113:
3047:
2986:
2962:Retention basin
2922:Erosion control
2917:Detention basin
2868:
2784:Hjulström curve
2736:
2730:
2702:
2646:Non-water flood
2603:
2575:
2521:Helicoidal flow
2507:
2408:Fluvial terrace
2403:Floating island
2329:
2204:
2196:
2187:Rhythmic spring
2121:
2113:
2094:Stream gradient
2035:
2021:River ecosystem
1986:Channel pattern
1954:
1946:
1933:
1903:
1898:
1880:
1856:Intertidal zone
1782:
1749:
1638:Longshore drift
1583:Coastal erosion
1554:
1514:
1450:Beach evolution
1431:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1102:Anchialine pool
1088:
1083:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1013:
1009:
989:
985:
974:
970:
961:
957:
941:
934:
929:). p. 116.
912:
911:
907:
902:
865:— 1982 U.S. law
851:
842:Ayre (landform)
838:
810:
720:
687:
593:aquatic ecology
554:
544:
508:
502:
428:
405:
362:
356:
315:
307:barrier islands
209:
113:
72:Isles of Scilly
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3226:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Stone skipping
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2907:Drop structure
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:Balancing lake
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Playfair's law
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:Exner equation
2766:
2761:
2756:
2754:Bradshaw model
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:Urban flooding
2633:
2628:
2626:Crevasse splay
2623:
2621:100-year flood
2617:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2581:Surface runoff
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:Stream capture
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Rock-cut basin
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Suspended load
2312:
2307:
2305:Secondary flow
2302:
2297:
2295:Retrogradation
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2260:Dissolved load
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2192:Spring horizon
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Mineral spring
2174:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2158:list in the US
2155:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Stream channel
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Drainage basin
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Alluvial river
1962:
1960:
1948:
1947:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1147:Brackish marsh
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1127:Barrier island
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1034:
1022:
1007:
983:
968:
955:
932:
904:
903:
901:
898:
897:
896:
891:
885:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:Barrier Island
845:
837:
834:
809:
806:
726:Shoals in the
719:
716:
710:states of the
686:
683:
682:
681:
674:
649:
630:
543:
540:
504:Main article:
501:
498:
473:Suffolk County
471:A sandbar off
435:Amanohashidate
427:
424:
404:
401:
358:Main article:
355:
352:
314:
311:
295:
294:
283:
280:Brackish water
277:
237:sea level rise
208:
205:
99:Yasawa Islands
84:United Kingdom
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3225:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Surface water
3102:
3100:
3099:Sacred waters
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Riparian zone
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Body of water
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:Riverboarding
3016:
3014:
3013:River surfing
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:and modelling
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2698:Return period
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Flood control
2656:
2654:
2653:Flood barrier
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Palaeochannel
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Granular flow
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Channel types
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Braided river
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:Littoral zone
1859:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Bulkhead line
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:Wave shoaling
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Surge channel
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:Cliffed coast
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Shingle beach
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:Coastal plain
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:1-58603-616-5
1001:
997:
993:
987:
984:
981:
980:
972:
969:
965:
959:
956:
953:
952:0-922152-76-4
949:
945:
939:
937:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
906:
899:
895:
892:
889:
888:Adam's Bridge
886:
883:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
835:
833:
831:
827:
826:Muscle Shoals
823:
818:
815:
807:
805:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:baymouth bars
753:
749:
745:
737:
733:
729:
724:
717:
715:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
684:
679:
675:
672:
668:
664:
663:deforestation
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
643:
642:riparian zone
639:
635:
631:
628:
625:
621:
617:
616:
615:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
572:, England, UK
571:
567:
563:
558:
553:
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:geomorphology
507:
499:
497:
493:
491:
482:
478:
474:
469:
463:, Philippines
462:
458:
454:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
402:
400:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:surface waves
366:
365:Wave shoaling
361:
360:Wave shoaling
353:
351:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
312:
310:
308:
304:
301:can apply to
300:
292:
288:
284:
281:
278:
276:
272:
271:
270:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:ocean current
218:
214:
206:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
179:
177:
176:shoal complex
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:body of water
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:geomorphology
129:
121:
117:
110:
104:
100:
96:
91:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
36:Wave shoaling
33:
19:
3142:Flash floods
3094:River cruise
2991:River sports
2844:Stream gauge
2829:Rouse number
2819:Relief ratio
2668:Flood-meadow
2599:Urban runoff
2555:
2513:Fluvial flow
2498:River valley
2468:River island
2433:Meander scar
2348:Alluvial fan
2290:Progradation
2165:Karst spring
2109:Winterbourne
2064:Chalk stream
2026:River source
2001:Distributary
1725:Volcanic arc
1677:
1613:Feeder bluff
1520:River mouths
1485:Raised beach
1480:Pocket beach
1408:
1379:Tidal island
1369:Strand plain
1338:
1314:Natural arch
1045:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1016:
1010:
991:
986:
976:
971:
963:
958:
943:
918:
908:
819:
811:
803:
799:salt marshes
784:
747:
741:
694:
688:
680:maintenance.
613:
582:
575:
535:
515:
509:
494:
486:
457:White Island
415:
389:
380:
363:
316:
298:
296:
287:river mouths
268:
245:
210:
182:
180:
175:
167:
163:
159:
139:
128:oceanography
125:
55:
3003:Fly fishing
2927:Fish ladder
2912:Daylighting
2631:Flash flood
2594:First flush
2541:Plunge pool
2265:Downcutting
2250:Debris flow
2225:Aggradation
2099:Stream pool
1876:River plume
1690:Steep coast
1663:Rocky shore
1658:Rip current
1538:River delta
1510:Wash margin
1505:Storm beach
1495:Shell beach
1460:Beach wrack
1455:Beach ridge
1445:Beach cusps
1394:Tied island
1384:Tidal marsh
1107:Archipelago
1017:Morro Creek
814:prehistoric
774:between an
746:, the term
736:Mississippi
620:breakwaters
568:estuary in
566:River Camel
477:Long Island
373:wave height
313:Composition
241:delta lobes
207:Description
116:Nosy Iranja
3167:Categories
3109:Wild river
2789:Hydrograph
2779:Hack's law
2744:Baer's law
2688:Inundation
2673:Floodplain
2613:stormwater
2571:Whitewater
2443:Oxbow lake
2280:Knickpoint
2255:Deposition
2148:Hot spring
2089:Streamflow
2079:Stream bed
1996:Confluence
1804:Grain size
1778:Submersion
1755:Management
1740:Wind fetch
1700:Surf break
1618:Flat coast
1548:regressive
1334:Salt marsh
1192:Coral reef
900:References
822:The Shoals
760:embayments
703:navigation
638:reservoirs
347:grain size
341:, or even
256:ocean bank
225:deposition
168:gravelbars
136:geoscience
120:Madagascar
3188:Hydrology
3079:Limnology
3028:Triathlon
2998:Canyoning
2967:Revetment
2897:Check dam
2809:Main stem
2566:Waterfall
2453:Point bar
2438:Mouth bar
2378:Billabong
2325:Water gap
2320:Wash load
2300:Saltation
2220:Anabranch
2143:Holy well
2031:Tributary
1763:Accretion
1745:Wind wave
1705:Surf zone
1560:Processes
1533:Mouth bar
1490:Recession
1470:Beachrock
1389:Tide pool
1319:Peninsula
1207:cliff-top
1094:Landforms
996:IOS Press
707:grounding
693:sense, a
667:wildfires
652:watershed
597:estuaries
589:bed loads
585:suspended
552:Mouth bar
548:River bar
420:Black Sea
418:from the
354:Formation
297:The term
282:estuaries
223:promotes
181:The term
160:sandbanks
18:Sand bank
2882:Aqueduct
2749:Baseflow
2716:Effluent
2393:Cut bank
2358:Avulsion
2235:Bed load
2215:Abrasion
1894:Category
1720:Undertow
1673:Sea foam
1668:Sea cave
1568:Blowhole
1410:Windwatt
1269:Headland
1117:Avulsion
836:See also
780:mainland
732:Arkansas
691:nautical
678:dredging
601:wetlands
570:Cornwall
562:Doom Bar
534:bars, a
481:New York
461:Camiguin
412:Donuzlav
381:shoaling
377:distance
343:boulders
303:landform
258:, or as
229:sediment
200:seafloor
164:sandbars
76:Cornwall
64:St Agnes
3059:Aquifer
3052:Related
3008:Rafting
2536:Meander
2531:Log jam
2493:Thalweg
2398:Estuary
2270:Erosion
2207:erosion
2119:Springs
2074:Current
2041:Streams
1981:Channel
1944:springs
1940:streams
1844:shingle
1824:granule
1809:boulder
1787:Related
1683:peresyp
1593:Current
1528:Debouch
1437:Beaches
1404:Waituna
1399:Tombolo
1309:Mudflat
1304:Machair
1294:Isthmus
1214:Estuary
1157:Channel
1044:(1912)
1031:Fleeced
875:Tombolo
830:Mussels
782:shore.
772:isthmus
768:tombolo
671:grading
659:habitat
655:erosion
536:peresyp
532:tombolo
516:peresyp
506:Peresyp
500:Peresyp
416:peresyp
392:refract
345:). The
339:shingle
275:lagoons
273:Marine
250:in the
172:troughs
80:England
70:on the
3173:Shoals
2854:WAFLEX
2726:Sewage
2609:Floods
2551:Riffle
2546:Rapids
2488:Strath
2458:Ravine
2383:Canyon
2138:Geyser
2069:Coulee
2054:Bourne
2049:Arroyo
1952:Rivers
1936:Rivers
1834:pebble
1829:gravel
1819:cobble
1364:Strait
1344:Skerry
1299:Lagoon
1284:Island
1239:Fundus
1142:Bodden
1002:
977:1870,
950:
812:Since
787:inlets
776:island
738:, USA.
605:eroded
578:harbor
528:lagoon
490:trough
439:Miyazu
335:cobble
331:gravel
291:deltas
213:stream
188:stream
134:, and
2952:Levee
2937:Flume
2892:Canal
2636:Flood
2556:Shoal
2423:Gully
2418:Gulch
2388:Chine
2373:Bayou
2230:Armor
2182:Ponor
1957:lists
1715:Swash
1678:Shoal
1359:Stack
1349:Sound
1339:Shoal
1289:Islet
1274:Inlet
1264:Hapua
1229:Fjord
1224:Fjard
1219:Firth
1167:Coast
1162:Cliff
1137:Bight
1112:Atoll
979:p. 54
791:coves
752:spits
748:shoal
744:beach
689:In a
657:from
526:or a
524:liman
447:Japan
403:Types
385:break
264:lakes
219:, or
217:river
183:shoal
166:, or
144:ridge
140:shoal
2982:Weir
2947:Leat
2611:and
2503:Wadi
2463:Rill
2428:Glen
2413:Gill
2363:Bank
2205:and
2170:list
2153:list
2124:list
2059:Burn
1942:and
1849:silt
1839:sand
1814:clay
1543:mega
1354:Spit
1324:Reef
1254:Gulf
1202:Dune
1197:Cove
1152:Cape
1122:Ayre
1000:ISBN
948:ISBN
880:The
869:Reef
766:. A
764:rias
762:and
754:and
734:and
712:tide
699:reef
636:and
634:dams
624:dune
609:head
599:and
560:The
550:and
520:spit
514:, a
396:bank
327:silt
323:soil
319:sand
289:and
231:and
192:lake
152:sand
148:bank
138:, a
103:Fiji
95:Waya
68:Gugh
66:and
49:and
2902:Dam
2368:Bar
2343:Ait
1329:Ria
1259:Gut
1249:Geo
1244:Gat
1132:Bay
927:DOI
730:at
705:or
695:bar
587:or
459:in
437:in
299:bar
252:sea
227:of
196:sea
126:In
3169::
1938:,
994:,
935:^
921:.
917:.
832:.
801:.
789:,
714:.
669:,
665:,
640:,
622:,
479:,
475:,
445:,
441:,
337:,
333:,
329:,
325:,
309:.
266:.
243:.
215:,
194:,
190:,
178:.
162:,
146:,
130:,
118:,
101:,
82:,
78:,
2126:)
2122:(
1959:)
1955:(
1928:e
1921:t
1914:v
1078:e
1071:t
1064:v
925:(
648:.
629:.
293:.
122:)
114:(
53:.
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
