227:
215:
251:
239:
137:
29:
214:
226:
176:
for use in teaching cadets military tactics; this replaced the old sand table room in a pre-college building, in which the weight of the sand had damaged the floor. The use of sand tables increasingly fell out of favour with improved maps, aerial and satellite photography, and later, with digital
192:
In 1991, "Special Forces teams discovered an elaborate sand-table model of the Iraqi military plan for the defense of Kuwait City. Four huge red arrows from the sea pointed at the coastline of Kuwait City and the huge defensive effort positioned there. Small fences of concertina wire marked the
250:
193:
shoreline and models of artillery pieces lined the shore area. Throughout the city were plastic models of other artillery and air defense positions, while thin, red-painted strips of board designated supply routes and main highways."
208:) which China occupies militarily in a disputed zone with India, 2400 km from the model's location. Speculation has been rife that the terrain is used for military exercises of familiarisation.
238:
636:"abacus." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. via Dictionary.com Retrieved 28 August 2007.
378:
70:
was a table covered with sand commonly used by students, particularly in Greece, to perform studies such as writing, geometry, and calculations.
186:
312:
471:
182:
614:
576:
552:
520:
640:
173:
96:. ("The word abax, or abacus, is used both for the reckoning-board with its counters and the play-board with its pieces, ...").
670:
451:
81:. Objects, such as stones, were added for counting and then columns for place-valued arithmetic. The demarcation between an
406:
665:
660:
89:
universally describe it as a frame with rods and beads and, in general, do not include the definition of "sand table".
675:
431:
136:
50:
used by early Greek students. In the modern era, one common use for a sand table is to make terrain models for
46:
uses constrained sand for modelling or educational purposes. The original version of a sand table may be the
395:
Preston 'Canada`s RMC: A History of the Royal
Military College' (University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1969)
141:
655:
457:
680:
587:
602:
595:
437:
564:
267:
610:
572:
548:
544:
537:
532:
516:
477:
308:
283:
271:
178:
165:
128:
tables in North-West Africa and Iberia, also described as the 'West Arabic' or 'gubar' style.
85:
and an abacus seems to be poorly defined in history; moreover, modern definitions of the word
382:
539:
Story
Stretchers for the Primary Grades: Activities to Expand Children's Favorite Books
28:
685:
649:
508:
307:(2nd ed., 2nd print. ed.). Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Soc. p. 56.
256:
US Army
Patriot Academy students participate in military training using a sand table
153:
145:
51:
20:
197:
513:
The
Universal History of Numbers: from prehistory to the invention of the computer
635:
204:
large "sand table" scale model, strikingly reminiscent of a mountainous region (
161:
93:
36:
189:. Today, virtual and conventional sand tables are used in operations training.
205:
157:
101:
55:
641:
Sand table in "TACTICS, The
Practical Art of Leading Troops in War" 1922
121:
169:
78:
407:"Design Digital Terrain with the Army's Projection-Mapped Sandtable"
345:
See
American Heritage definition of "abacus" in External Links below
515:. New York et al.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 633 pages.
472:
From sky, see how China builds model of Indian border 2400 km away
385:
story.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Arabic_numerals.html
135:
124:
digits 0–9) are derived from the style of digits written on
27:
16:
Table using constrained sand for modelling or educational purposes
200:
users looking at satellite photography of China found a several
177:
terrain simulations. More modern sand tables have incorporated
92:
The sand table may well have been the predecessor to some
607:
Inclusive
Programming for Elementary Students With Autism
220:
virtual sand table for urban warfare operations training
140:
Marines view a sand table model of the operating area of
630:
19:"Abax" redirects here. For the ground beetle genus, see
592:
Fortnightly Review republished in The
Eclectic Magazine
244:
US Army 2LTs complete Leader Forge using a sand table
266:
A sand table is a device useful for teaching in the
536:
375:
172:. In 1890 a Sand table room was built at the
8:
543:. Mt. Rainier, Md.: Gryphon House. p.
232:a sand table in the forward operating base
609:. Arlington, TX: Future Horizons, Inc.
295:
210:
372:O'Connor, J. J., and E. F. Robertson,
432:Arab Forces, Marines Take Kuwait City
160:for many years as a field expedient,
144:constructed on the desert floor near
112:An Arabic word for sand (or dust) is
7:
405:Mufson, Beckett (5 November 2014).
183:Augmented Reality Sandtable (ARES)
14:
305:A history of computing technology
631:The History of Computing Project
590:(1879), "The History of Games",
249:
237:
225:
213:
174:Royal Military College of Canada
452:Chinese X-file excites spotters
152:Sand tables have been used for
571:. Vol. 2. Courier Dover.
1:
336:Ifrah 2000:125–126 and others
303:Williams, Michael R. (1998).
120:), and Western numerals (the
598:, ed., pp. 21–30
535:; Robert J. Canady (1992).
77:was the predecessor to the
702:
374:The Arabic numeral system
18:
363:American Heritage:abacus
187:Army Research Laboratory
671:History of mathematics
569:History of Mathematics
490:Raines et al. 1992:101
272:special needs children
149:
39:
458:Sydney Morning Herald
381:22 March 2021 at the
142:Exercise Desert Punch
139:
31:
666:History of education
661:History of computing
290:References and notes
588:Taylor, E. B., LL.D
565:Smith, David Eugene
438:The Washington Post
676:Mathematical tools
441:, 28 February 1991
327:Smith 1958:177–178
150:
104:for "sand table".
40:
478:indianexpress.com
314:978-0-8186-7739-7
185:developed by the
179:Augmented Reality
154:military planning
52:military planning
693:
620:
582:
558:
542:
526:
500:
497:
491:
488:
482:
468:
462:
448:
442:
428:
422:
421:
419:
417:
402:
396:
393:
387:
370:
364:
361:
355:
352:
346:
343:
337:
334:
328:
325:
319:
318:
300:
253:
241:
229:
217:
170:military actions
35:depicted on the
701:
700:
696:
695:
694:
692:
691:
690:
646:
645:
627:
617:
601:
579:
563:
555:
533:Raines, Shirley
531:
523:
507:
504:
503:
498:
494:
489:
485:
481:, 4 August 2006
469:
465:
449:
445:
429:
425:
415:
413:
404:
403:
399:
394:
390:
383:Wayback Machine
371:
367:
362:
358:
353:
349:
344:
340:
335:
331:
326:
322:
315:
302:
301:
297:
292:
280:
264:
257:
254:
245:
242:
233:
230:
221:
218:
162:small-scale map
134:
110:
64:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
699:
697:
689:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
648:
647:
644:
643:
638:
633:
626:
625:External links
623:
622:
621:
615:
603:Wagner, Sheila
599:
584:
583:
577:
560:
559:
553:
528:
527:
521:
509:Ifrah, Georges
502:
501:
499:Wagner 1999:80
492:
483:
463:
461:, 20 July 2006
443:
423:
397:
388:
365:
356:
354:Taylor 1879:28
347:
338:
329:
320:
313:
294:
293:
291:
288:
287:
286:
279:
276:
263:
260:
259:
258:
255:
248:
246:
243:
236:
234:
231:
224:
222:
219:
212:
181:, such as the
133:
130:
109:
106:
63:
60:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
698:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:Writing media
654:
653:
651:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
624:
618:
616:1-885477-54-6
612:
608:
604:
600:
597:
596:W. H. Bidwell
593:
589:
586:
585:
580:
578:0-486-20430-8
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:
556:
554:0-87659-157-8
550:
546:
541:
540:
534:
530:
529:
524:
522:0-471-37568-3
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
496:
493:
487:
484:
480:
479:
474:
473:
467:
464:
460:
459:
454:
453:
447:
444:
440:
439:
434:
433:
427:
424:
412:
411:Vice Creators
408:
401:
398:
392:
389:
386:
384:
380:
377:
376:http://www-hi
369:
366:
360:
357:
351:
348:
342:
339:
333:
330:
324:
321:
316:
310:
306:
299:
296:
289:
285:
282:
281:
277:
275:
273:
269:
261:
252:
247:
240:
235:
228:
223:
216:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
147:
146:Yuma, Arizona
143:
138:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
107:
105:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
61:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:Abax (beetle)
606:
594:, New York,
591:
568:
538:
512:
495:
486:
476:
470:
466:
456:
450:
446:
436:
430:
426:
414:. Retrieved
410:
400:
391:
373:
368:
359:
350:
341:
332:
323:
304:
298:
268:early grades
265:
201:
198:Google Earth
195:
191:
151:
132:Military use
125:
117:
113:
111:
100:is from the
97:
91:
86:
82:
74:
72:
67:
65:
47:
43:
41:
32:
25:
681:Cartography
94:board games
37:Darius Vase
650:Categories
284:Sandcastle
206:Aksai Chin
44:sand table
262:Education
202:kilometre
196:In 2006,
164:, and in
158:wargaming
102:old Greek
56:wargaming
605:(1999).
567:(1958).
511:(2000).
416:2 August
379:Archived
278:See also
270:and for
166:training
122:decimal
613:
575:
551:
519:
311:
126:ghubar
114:ghubar
108:Ghubar
87:abacus
79:abacus
118:gubar
686:Sand
611:ISBN
573:ISBN
549:ISBN
517:ISBN
418:2018
309:ISBN
168:for
156:and
116:(or
98:Abax
83:abax
75:abax
73:The
68:abax
62:Abax
54:and
48:abax
33:Abax
545:101
66:An
652::
547:.
475:–
455:–
435:–
409:.
274:.
58:.
42:A
619:.
581:.
557:.
525:.
420:.
317:.
148:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
