264:
33:
253:"Alongside hard-working peasants, fishermen and hunters from nearby villages", wrote Yury Dmitriev wrote: "there were writers and poets, scientists and scholars, military leaders, doctors, teachers, engineers, clergy of all confessions and statesmen who found their final resting place here." Among the last named group were prominent members of the intelligentsia from the many national and ethnic cultures of the USSR – for example, Finns, Karelians, and Volga Germans. Ukraine was especially singled out, losing 289 of its writers, dramatists and other public figures, the "
736:
88:. It was long thought that the barges carrying them were deliberately sunk on the way to the mainland, drowning all the prisoners on board. Others were rounded up during the Great Terror in Karelia, in accordance with quotas for prisoners, 'enemies of the regime', and a variety of "national operations". According to available documentation at least 6,000 were shot and buried at Sandarmokh.
576:
1656:
136:, this documentary evidence pointed the way to the identification on 1 July 1997 of the Solovki prisoners' last resting place and that of another 5,000 executed individuals. By the suggestion of Ioffe, the location would subsequently be given the local (Karelian) name "Sandarmokh" (sometimes spelled "Sandormokh"), by the name of an abandoned
649:
and Sergei
Kashtanov, head of the district administration where the killing fields were found. She also interviewed Sergei Verigin, one of the Russian historians putting forward the new hypothesis. Russian newspapers and television had talked of "thousands" of POWs being shot by the Finns and buried
624:
Thanks to the efforts of Ivan
Chukhin, founder of Memorial in Karelia, a national deputy to the Supreme Soviet (and the Duma) and Yury Dmitriev's mentor, the names of the members of the troika which rubber-stamped decisions to shoot a list of individuals – the accused were not present
644:
The motivation behind this claim and the supposed new evidence were both challenged. In a lengthy and detailed investigation, Russian journalist Anna
Yarovaya examined the evidence and interviewed historians and those who had found the site. She talked to Finnish historians of the Second World War;
142:
shown in old maps of the area. The story of that search and discovery was told in 2017 by Irina Flige, head of the
Memorial Education and Information Centre in St Petersburg. In 2015 Dmitriev recounted how he, Flige and the late Veniamin Ioffe had found the burial site. According to documents found
628:
The man sent from
Leningrad on 16 October 1937 to organise the shooting of the Solovki transport, Matveyev, was an experienced NKVD executioner. He was succeeded at Sandarmokh by I.A. Bondarenko and his deputy A.F. Shondysh. Matveyev survived into old age; his successors were both arrested in 1938
150:
Three hundred personal plaques and memorials have been erected around the site since 1997 to commemorate the many victims of this killing field, both individually and as representatives of particular nations and cultures, and an international Day of
Remembrance has been held there every 5 August
666:
The head of the local museum, Serge
Koltyrin, was arrested in October 2018, shortly after he publicly criticized the new excavations. He was convicted in a closed trial of pedophilia and sentenced to 9 years in prison. In early March 2020, a local court decided to release him due to a terminal
371:
1159:"Natsionalnyje pisateli Karelii: finskaja emigratsija i politicheskije Repressii 1930h godov: biobibliograficheski ukazatel" (National Library of Karelia, Finnish emigration and the 1930 policy of retaliation: a bio-bibliographical index), Petrozavodsk, 2005, pp. 40–41.
233:
The thousands executed over 14 months from
October 1937 to December 1938 fall into three broad groups. Many were from Karelia, a total of 2,344 free inhabitants of the republic. A smaller number (624) were forced "settlers" (i.e. peasants exiled to the North after
768:
1788:
602:(контрольный выстрел, kontrolnyi vystrel) was fired into the victim's head to make sure he or she was dead, sometimes only one shot was used. (A rare, extended description by a former executioner of how such mass killings were organised can be found in
402:
345:
447:
278:
125:(FSB) throwing light on the subsequent fate of the "first Solovki transport". These included the lists of those men and women who were to be shot. (One died before he could be executed; four more were sent to other parts of the
756:
112:
1607:
503:
477:
189:
659:
covered later developments in
September 2018, citing critics who state that the digs have a political motivation to manipulate public opinion and an attempt to cover up Stalinist crimes. The
434:
695:
1576:
594:
From early days onwards, the preferred Soviet method of quick despatch was to dig a trench and then, the executioner standing immediately behind the upright or kneeling victim,
1778:
598:
at point blank range in the back of the head. This was the infamous "nine grammes of lead". The victims tumbled into the trench and were buried; sometimes another,
1546:
1808:
653:
The
Karelian edition of the State-run Rossiya TV channel announced briefly on 22 April 2018 that there would be new investigations at Sandarmokh "this summer".
170:, to Veniamin Ioffe and Yury Dmitriev, over 5,000 of the dead of Sandarmokh can again be named and remembered individually, at the place where they lie buried.
1813:
1803:
1798:
1599:
1494:
637:
Starting in 2016, there were attempts to revise this account of the shootings at Sandarmokh, and claim that among the dead were Soviet POWs shot by the
1387:
943:
1039:
920:
1676:
Their Names Restored: Russia's Books of Remembrance website, Search: "Sandarmokh", "Kniga pamyati Karelii", 4,974 names. Retrieved 7 August 2017
814:
1064:
1773:
1092:
792:
1684:"Those killed at Sandormokh in 1937–8, a list of 5,126 names compiled by the historian Yury A. Dmitriev", Sandormokh, Ioffe Foundation website
889:
876:
304:
966:
903:
663:'s EUvsDisinfo.eu website has classified the claims that Finns are responsible for the Sandarmokh killings as "pro-Kremlin disinformation".
235:
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in the late 1930s, as the skulls found at these sites amply testify. Cross-examined while under arrest in 1939, the chief executioner
1517:
988:
1339:
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316:
263:
32:
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at these sessions, no one defended their rights – and of the execution squad leaders became known by the mid-1990s.
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855:
726:
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1268:
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1200:
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of the Russian Orthodox Church led the mass for the slain victims of Stalin at Sandarmokh, just as he and his predecessor
618:
322:
156:
1439:
1303:
1538:
836:
397:
1014:
239:
1301:"The Invisible Dead: American Communists and Radicals Executed by Soviet Political Police and Buried at Sandarmokh"
721:
610:
152:
667:
illness, however, the prosecutor challenged this decision and Koltyrin died in a prison hospital on 2 April 2020.
221:
and were shot, according to the Ukrainian Government, because they inspired the people of Ukraine with their own
1417:
641:. There were newspaper articles and TV broadcasts in Russia; there was also a publication in the Finnish press.
95:
and his regime and since 1998 has been the focus of an international Day of Remembrance on 5 August every year.
1631:
650:
at Sandarmokh: speaking on the record to Yarovaya, Verigin was more cautious and spoke of dozens and hundreds.
218:
122:
1487:
36:
The monumental slab at the entrance to the Sandarmokh burial grounds reads: "People! do not kill one another".
366:
491:
420:
308:
1692:
1380:
936:
472:
103:
On 27 October 1937, 1,116 prisoners were loaded onto three barges and taken from Solovki to the mainland.
1717:
Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag: a select directory of burial grounds and commemorative sites
1660:
1036:
915:
595:
284:
260:
The following 25 individuals illustrate this variety. They are listed by surname in alphabetical order:
442:
340:
811:
273:
1793:
1783:
1768:
656:
254:
181:
1089:
789:
107:
764:
410:
243:
160:
81:
66:
873:
690:
498:
963:
900:
731:
458:
293:
177:
118:
429:
852:
1335:
1292:
1160:
885:
560:
222:
50:
1319:
676:
646:
638:
599:
564:
548:
540:
532:
334:
214:
206:
167:
133:
121:
in St Petersburg, documents were found in the archives of the Arkhangelsk department of the
1635:
1569:"Disinfo cases – Finns organised mass shootings of Soviet soldiers in Sandarmokh, Karelia"
1521:
1514:
1498:
1469:
1443:
1421:
1391:
1331:
1307:
1272:
1249:
1227:
1204:
1182:
1143:
1121:
1096:
1043:
1018:
992:
985:
970:
947:
924:
907:
880:
859:
840:
818:
796:
518:
357:
297:
1666:
1478:, Appendix 2: Those involved in selecting and shooting the Solovki transports, pp. 36–40.
1059:
Kupriienko, Oleksandr; Siundiukov, Ihor; Tomak, Maria; Skuba, Viktoria; Poludenko, Anna.
416:
382:, Ukrainian writer, educator, journalist, and playwright: shot 3 November 1937, aged 40
62:
1110:
709:«Поминальные списки Карелии, 1937–1938: Уничтоженная Карелия, часть 2. Большой террор»
1757:
515:
Anton Yablotsky, Polish "special settler" from Ukraine: shot 21 January 1938, aged 37
509:
379:
376:, organiser of an underground Catholic group in Moscow: shot 27 October 1937, aged 45
328:
201:
192:
92:
1683:
583:
It is often said or assumed of Soviet mass executions that they were carried out by
1459:
1323:
1265:
1220:
1197:
1175:
1136:
584:
552:
524:
391:
349:
247:
210:
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said he made the victims lie face down in the prepared trench and then shot them.
1242:
588:
238:). A great many of those shot (1,988) were already prisoners of the Belbaltlag (
144:
70:
1789:
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in the Republic of Karelia
463:
603:
385:
185:
1739:
1726:
1600:"Venäläisessä vankilasairaalassa kuoli Suomen puolia pitänyt Sergei Koltyrin"
702:
The Karelian Lists of Remembrance: Murdered Karelia, part 2, The Great Terror
363:
Alexei Kostin, member of collective farm, Karelia: shot 9 March 1938, aged 39
360:, Ukrainian writer, journalist, and playwright: shot 3 November 1937, aged 40
1707:
1436:
1300:
575:
300:
290:
Fyodor Bagrov, head of collective farm, Karelia: shot 22 April 1938, aged 42
196:
85:
73:
were executed. More than 58 nationalities were shot and buried there by the
69:
where an unknown number, estimated in the thousands, of victims of Stalin's
927:, 1 March 2017. Russian original published on 7 x 7 website, February 2017.
833:
761:
Center for State Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Karelia
1655:
1009:
242:) camp system. A smaller group of 1,111 prisoners were brought there from
17:
1368:, Souvenir Press: London, 1997, pp. 21–34. Published in Russian in 1988.
1061:"2012, Sandarmokh List Year: how can we get rid of totalitarian legacy?"
521:, Ukrainian writer, publicist, playwright: shot 3 November 1937, aged 42
176:
declared 2012 as "Sandarmokh List Year" in reference to several hundred
147:, there were people of 58 nationalities among those shot at Sandarmokh.
1710:, with acknowledgements to the Karelian Republic's Ministry of Culture
986:Урочище Сандармох. Захоронение жертв массовых репрессий (1937–1938 гг.)
708:
614:
173:
1667:Пам’яті жертв соловецького розстрілу, «Львівська газета», 4 April 2007
419:, a Ukrainian politician, diplomat, statesman, and participant of the
1411:
487:
312:
138:
58:
1628:
853:
Text about Sandarmokh, translated from "Virtual Museum of the Gulag"
543:
and who were later arrested and shot at Sandarmokh as a part of the
455:
Kalle Toppinen, Finn, carpenter, Karelia: shot 5 March 1938, aged 45
1355:, 1980, where a Soviet character's execution is "by firing squad".
579:
Commemorative photos fixed to trees around the pits at Sandarmokh.
574:
483:
287:
officer, actor and theatre director: shot 27 October 1937, aged 44
262:
126:
31:
964:"Pictorial essay: Death trenches bear witness to Stalin's purges"
1060:
536:
394:, Udmurt writer and public figure: shot 1 November 1937, aged 39
74:
1716:
973:
452:, Soviet diplomat, ex-Bolshevik: shot 4 November 1937, aged 62
77:
in 236 communal pits over a 14-month period in 1937 and 1938.
1111:
Anatoly Razumov (n.d.), "The Solovki transports, 1937–1938",
426:
Nikita Remnev, carpenter, Karelia: shot 3 April 1938, aged 37
337:, Russian librarian and artist: shot 9 December 1937, aged 64
246:. Together they made up almost half of those shot during the
1675:
591:, this method of execution was the exception, not the rule.
184:
who were arrested, shot, and buried at Sandarmokh after the
1080:
online newspaper, 24 January 2012 (Accessed 7 August 2017).
388:, Ukrainian theater director: shot 3 November 1937, aged 50
439:, Ukrainian military leader: shot 3 November 1937, aged 50
1575:. European External Action Service. 7 September 2018.
1539:"Russian digs accused of covering up Stalinist crimes"
757:"Захоронение жертв массовых репрессий (1937–1938 гг.)"
629:
and shot in 1939 for "exceeding their authorisation".
937:
Yury Dmitriev, "We must be able to find something",
862:
dmitrievaffair.wordpress.com. Accessed 16 June 2023.
512:
Roman Catholic priest: shot 3 November 1937, aged 45
468:, Finnish journalist: shot 28 December 1937, aged 41
213:
writers refused to submit to Stalin's return to the
1366:
True Stories – Memoirs of a Survivor
1256:
website, 9 February 2003 (retrieved 7 August 2017).
413:, a Ukrainian writer: shot 3 November 1937, aged 37
1376:
1374:
1266:Anton P. Yablotsky, Sandomorkh memorial graveyard
707:, 1,088 pp. Petrozavodsk. (Also available online
354:, a Karelian writer: shot 8 January 1938, aged 39
331:, Ukrainian writer: shot 3 November 1937, aged 36
325:, Russian linguist, shot 27 October 1937, aged 60
1221:Kalle P. Toppinen, Sandomorkh memorial graveyard
407:, literary critic: shot 4 November 1937, aged 32
132:After years of work on the ground in Karelia by
91:Today Sandarmokh is a memorial to the crimes of
1413:Karelia-37: The ideology and practice of terror
1328:In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage
1289:In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage
1198:Nikita F. Remnev, Sandomorkh memorial graveyard
1137:Fyodor P. Bagrov, Sandomorkh memorial graveyard
557:In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage
527:, Ukrainian poet: shot 3 November 1937, aged 47
1693:Nikita Petrov, "The butchers of Sandarmokh",
1381:Nikita Petrov, "The butchers of Sandarmokh",
737:Category:People shot and buried in Sandarmokh
44:
8:
1176:Alexei Kostin, Sandomorkh memorial graveyard
821:. dmitrievaffair.com. Accessed 16 June 2023.
799:. dmitrievaffair.com. Accessed 16 June 2023.
1545:. Agence France-Presse. 13 September 2018.
1011:The Butovo Firing Range: a Russian Golgotha
790:"The Great Terror in Karelia: A Chronology"
225:, filling them "with pride and strength".
1462:Skorbny put: Solovetskie etapy, 1937–1938
829:
827:
267:Memorial to Ukrainians shot at Sandarmokh
159:have done, every year since 2007, at the
27:Cemetery forest massif in Karelia, Russia
1779:Political repression in the Soviet Union
686:, 350 pp. Bars Publishers: Petrozavodsk.
609:This was the method used at Sandarmokh,
587:. For the Soviet regime and, later, the
1488:Anna Yarovaya, "Rewriting Sandarmokh",
748:
711:.) The Lists contain over 14,000 names.
199:, to reverse the Post-1917 policies of
106:Only in 1996, thanks to the efforts of
1037:John Crowfoot, "Who is Yury Dmitriev?"
807:
805:
771:from the original on 1 September 2016
305:Servites of the Immaculate Conception
7:
1809:Geography of the Republic of Karelia
1364:Chapter Two, "Niyazov", Lev Razgon,
1243:Pavel Chichikov, "Modern Martyrdoms"
901:Anna Yarovaya, "The Dmitriev Affair"
1579:from the original on 22 August 2019
1549:from the original on 22 August 2019
1287:John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr,
843:heninen.net. Accessed 16 June 2023.
812:"Half those shot in 1937–1938 ..."
633:New digs and alternative hypothesis
236:the collectivisation of agriculture
229:Those shot at Sandarmokh, 1937–1938
1814:History of the Republic of Karelia
1804:Monuments and memorials in Karelia
1610:from the original on 6 August 2020
1351:See, for instance, John le Carré,
681:Sandarmokh, the Place of Execution
25:
1799:Memorials to victims of communism
1067:from the original on 14 June 2020
195:decided, as a preliminary to the
1654:
661:European External Action Service
398:Yevgenia Mustangova (Rabinovich)
117:(1938–2002), co-chairman of the
1598:Paananen, Arja (3 April 2020).
1505:news website, 13 December 2017.
727:Mass graves in the Soviet Union
494:: shot 3 November 1937, aged 64
423:: shot 3 November 1937, aged 45
874:Сандормох: драматургия смыслов
689:Yury A. Dmitriev (2002), with
317:Georgian Greek Catholic Church
61:12 km (7.5 mi) from
1:
1774:Massacres in the Soviet Union
1090:"The Great Terrir in Karelia"
545:Finnish Operation of the NKVD
1686:. Retrieved 13 August 2017
639:invading Finns in 1941–1944
180:writers and poets from the
80:1000 victims were from the
1830:
1669:, retrieved 7 August 2017
722:Kommunarka shooting ground
559:(2003). They included 141
217:'s policy of the coercive
1120:11 September 2017 at the
99:Discovery and remembrance
45:
1712:(in English and Finnish)
1501:; original published by
1497:31 December 2017 at the
1420:16 November 2021 at the
1095:15 November 2021 at the
1017:20 November 2011 at the
817:15 November 2021 at the
795:15 November 2021 at the
571:Victims and executioners
219:Russification of Ukraine
190:Soviet General Secretary
123:Federal Security Service
119:Memorial research centre
1697:, No. 84, 4 August 2017
1634:29 January 2018 at the
1503:7x7 – Horizontal Russia
1437:"Krasny Bor, 1937–1938"
1385:, No. 84, 4 August 2017
1042:23 October 2017 at the
879:20 January 2022 at the
492:Russian Orthodox Church
421:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
367:Camilla Krushelnitskaya
319:, shot 1 November 1937,
309:Apostolic Administrator
143:in the FSB archives in
54:
1468:11 August 2017 at the
1271:13 August 2017 at the
1226:14 August 2017 at the
1203:14 August 2017 at the
1181:13 August 2017 at the
1142:13 August 2017 at the
991:17 August 2009 at the
839:4 January 2010 at the
834:"Sandarmoh, 1937–1938"
580:
303:, the Superior of the
268:
240:White Sea–Baltic Canal
209:. These otherwise Pro-
82:Solovki special prison
37:
1764:Mass graves in Russia
1740:62.86361°N 34.72000°E
1708:Krasny Bor, 1937–1938
1442:9 August 2017 at the
1390:5 August 2017 at the
923:7 August 2017 at the
578:
535:who emigrated to the
473:Damian (Voskresensky)
285:Imperial Russian Army
266:
166:Today, thanks to the
151:since 1998. In 2010,
35:
1663:at Wikimedia Commons
1277:sand.mapofmemory.org
1248:23 July 2011 at the
1232:sand.mapofmemory.org
1209:sand.mapofmemory.org
1187:sand.mapofmemory.org
1148:sand.mapofmemory.org
996:monuments.karelia.ru
946:11 June 2018 at the
914:, 20 March 2017 and
906:14 June 2020 at the
858:14 June 2020 at the
657:Agence France-Presse
257:", in a single day.
255:Executed Renaissance
182:Executed Renaissance
161:Butovo killing field
1736: /
1396:www.novayagazeta.ru
1275:, Iofe Foundation,
1230:, Iofe Foundation,
1207:, Iofe Foundation,
1185:, Iofe Foundation,
1146:, Iofe Foundation,
1113:Returning the Names
969:25 May 2010 at the
939:My Path to Golgotha
765:Republic of Karelia
739:(Russian Knowledge)
645:Irina Flige of the
411:Valerian Pidmohylny
244:Solovki prison camp
67:Republic of Karelia
1745:62.86361; 34.72000
1629:Book in pdf format
1526:dmitrievaffair.com
1520:4 May 2018 at the
1515:"Disquieting News"
1492:, 27 December 2017
1490:The Russian Reader
1306:2 May 2008 at the
1100:dmitrievaffair.com
954:, 14 February 2018
952:dmitrievaffair.com
917:The Russian Reader
732:Memorial (society)
606:'s 1988 memoirs.)
581:
294:Shio Batmanishvili
269:
178:Ukrainian language
38:
1659:Media related to
1460:Anatoly Razumov,
1254:Catholic Exchange
890:978-5-446-91564-4
596:shoot the victims
565:Finnish Canadians
561:Finnish Americans
443:Grigory Shklovsky
341:Nikolay Hrisanfov
16:(Redirected from
1821:
1751:
1750:
1748:
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1047:Rights in Russia
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912:Rights in Russia
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677:Yury A. Dmitriev
647:Memorial Society
619:Mikhail Matveyev
549:John Earl Haynes
547:, are listed by
541:Great Depression
533:Finnish diaspora
507:
481:
467:
451:
438:
406:
375:
353:
335:Vasily Helmersen
282:
274:Yasse Andronikov
223:national culture
215:House of Romanov
207:Ukrainianization
168:Memorial Society
153:Patriarch Kirill
116:
48:
47:
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1699:, pp. 8–9
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1636:Wayback Machine
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1353:Smiley's People
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1332:Encounter Books
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1308:Wayback Machine
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531:Members of the
519:Mykhailo Yalovy
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1649:External links
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1612:. Retrieved
1604:Ilta-Sanomat
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1528:, 3 May 2018
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1299:, Appendix:
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871:Флиге И. А.
867:
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773:. Retrieved
760:
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705:(in Russian)
701:
691:Ivan Chukhin
684:(in Russian)
680:
671:Publications
665:
655:
652:
643:
636:
627:
623:
608:
600:control shot
593:
585:firing squad
582:
556:
553:Harvey Klehr
530:
525:Mykola Zerov
510:Volga German
499:Peter Weigel
392:Kuzebay Gerd
259:
252:
250:in Karelia.
248:Great Terror
232:
200:
172:
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105:
102:
90:
79:
71:Great Terror
40:
39:
29:
1794:Mass murder
1784:Politicides
1769:Great Purge
1743: /
1640:imwerden.de
1473:visz.nlr.ru
1448:heninen.net
1425:imwerden.de
694: [
589:Third Reich
539:during the
502: [
476: [
471:Archbishop
462: [
459:Kalle Vento
446: [
433: [
401: [
370: [
344: [
277: [
188:, when new
145:Arkhangelsk
111: [
1758:Categories
1731:34°43′12″E
1728:62°51′49″N
1661:Sandarmokh
1394:, pp. 8–9
744:References
611:Krasny Bor
604:Lev Razgon
563:, and 127
430:Ivan Siyak
386:Les Kurbas
186:Great Turn
41:Sandarmokh
1706:Also see
1583:22 August
1553:22 August
1310:, p. 235.
884:, 2019,
775:15 August
301:Hieromonk
197:Holodomor
86:White Sea
55:Sandarmoh
46:Сандармох
18:Sandarmoh
1632:Archived
1608:Archived
1577:Archived
1547:Archived
1543:France24
1518:Archived
1495:Archived
1466:Archived
1440:Archived
1418:Archived
1388:Archived
1334:, 2003.
1304:Archived
1291:, 2003,
1269:Archived
1246:Archived
1224:Archived
1201:Archived
1179:Archived
1140:Archived
1118:Archived
1093:Archived
1071:7 August
1065:Archived
1040:Archived
1015:Archived
989:Archived
967:Archived
944:Archived
921:Archived
904:Archived
877:Archived
856:Archived
837:Archived
815:Archived
793:Archived
769:Archived
716:See also
679:(1999),
298:Georgian
157:Alexy II
51:Karelian
1614:6 April
1342:p. 117.
1115:website
615:Svirlag
497:Father
315:of the
272:Prince
174:Ukraine
84:in the
65:in the
1415:(1999)
1338:
1295:
1163:
941:, pt 3
888:
488:Oboyan
313:Exarch
211:Soviet
139:khutor
93:Stalin
59:massif
698:]
506:]
484:Kursk
480:]
466:]
450:]
437:]
405:]
374:]
352:]
281:]
127:Gulag
115:]
1616:2020
1585:2019
1555:2019
1336:ISBN
1322:and
1293:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1073:2017
886:ISBN
777:2015
613:and
551:and
537:USSR
486:and
311:and
296:, a
205:and
75:NKVD
1078:Den
974:CNN
482:of
129:.)
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1373:^
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700:,
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478:ru
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372:ru
350:fi
348:;
346:ru
283:,
279:ru
113:ru
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779:.
43:(
20:)
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