315:
The country has no natural products, but the people are skilled in fighting. When they are about to fight, they cover their bodies with a medicine which prevents swords wounding them. In fighting on land or on water none surpass them in impetuosity of attack; even the Ku-lin people come after them.
385:
mentioned that
Palembang was one of the vassal states that belongs to Sanfotsi. On the other hand, Jambi or Malayu was not mentioned as Sanfotsi's vassal. This could mean that at that time Sanfotsi was centered in Jambi or Malayu, not in Palembang. Many historians now believe that Srivijaya may no
282:
They are skilled at fighting on land or water. When they are about to make war on another state they assemble and send forth such a force as the occasion demands. They appoint chiefs and leaders, and all provide their own military equipment and the necessary provisions. In facing the enemy and
307:
Sanfotsi is in the
Southern Ocean (South China Sea). It is the most important port-of-call on the sea-routes of the foreigners from the countries of Toupo on the east and from the countries of the Ta-shi (Arabs) and Ku-lin
278:
A large proportion of the people are surnamed P'u. The people either live scattered about outside the city, or on the water on rafts of boards covered over with reeds, and these are exempt from taxation.
354:
means "three" in
Chinese, therefore the term can be read as "the three vijayas"; this has been suggested as Chinese recognition that it was not a centralized empire at some time in its history.
275:
In the winter, with the monsoon, you sail a little more than a month and then come to Ling-ya-mon, where one-third of the passing merchants put in before entering this country of
Sanfotsi.
319:
This country has great store of rhinoceros, elephants, seed-pearls and medicinal aromatics. It is a custom of this people to make rafts to float on the water and to live on them.
668:
1333:
289:
They have wine of flowers, wine of coconuts, and wine of areca nuts and honey, all fermented, though without any yeast of any kind, but they are so intoxicating to drink.
1328:
253:
visited
Srivijaya, which was Palembang, and wrote of the country and its Buddhism. He also wrote that Malayu had "become Srivijaya" when he returned in 689.
1308:
1323:
661:
625:
412:
Some Thai historians, such as Chand
Chirayu Rajani, while agreeing with the designation of Sanfoqi with Srivijaya, argued that it refers to
286:
During most of the year the climate is hot, and there is but little cold weather. Their domestic animals are very much like those of China.
566:. translated from Chinese and annotated by Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill. St Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences. pp. 60–62.
654:
583:. translated from Chinese and annotated by Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill. St Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences. p. 63.
608:
544:
316:
If some foreign ship, passing this place, should not enter here, an armed party would certainly come out and kill them to the last.
197:
Chinese records also indicated that there were at least two different places named
Sanfoqi after the Chola attack on Palembang:
1313:
974:
459:
167:
149:(三佛齊, literally "three vijayas"). Song dynasty annals recorded a number of missions sent from Sanfoqi between 960 and 1018.
580:
Chau ju-kua: his work on the
Chinese and Arab trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries : entitled Chu-fan-chi
563:
Chau ju-kua: his work on the
Chinese and Arab trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries : entitled Chu-fan-chi
1132:
819:
109:
1232:
964:
449:
268:(Kamboja) and She-po (Java). Its rule extends over fifteen chou (provinces, or towns). It lies due south of
1215:
1198:
1006:
959:
386:
longer be the appropriate name for the overlord's centre after 1025, when
Sanfotsi referred to Jambi.
1259:
1249:
1122:
1104:
1094:
1041:
969:
939:
829:
804:
794:
1254:
1046:
1036:
1031:
996:
949:
1318:
1282:
1274:
1264:
1220:
1089:
1074:
954:
824:
753:
698:
1237:
578:
561:
393:, which refers to Suvarnadvipa or Sumatra. In this interpretation the kingdom was Suvarnabhumi (
61:
1242:
1127:
1064:
944:
924:
883:
814:
809:
604:
598:
540:
455:
1203:
1287:
1016:
919:
789:
723:
225:
31:
1001:
934:
929:
799:
748:
738:
413:
162:
1208:
185:
1193:
1185:
1117:
909:
868:
743:
728:
708:
594:
534:
234:
105:
104:. After the Chola invasion of 1025, the term Sanfoqi has been proposed to refer to the
53:
141:(室利佛逝), and this is taken to mean Srivijaya. However, after 904 the named changed to
1302:
768:
703:
425:
250:
97:
357:
The name Sanfotsi continued to be used in Chinses sources after the Chola invasion.
1112:
773:
220:
152:
Sanfotsi as a state is recorded in many Chinese sources such as the Chinese annals
121:
57:
514:
1026:
1021:
914:
858:
153:
1225:
373:(Srivijaya) only twice sending envoys to China; 1156 and 1178. The equation of
108:, since the Chola invasion may have caused the disintegration of the Srivijaya
1142:
1069:
988:
758:
157:
646:
893:
763:
733:
718:
335:
101:
93:
89:
451:
The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 Bc-1300 Ad)
1160:
1155:
1056:
713:
269:
1165:
863:
843:
126:
17:
1175:
1170:
878:
309:
265:
175:
39:
361:
mentioned that in the years of 1079, 1082, and 1088 the country of
334:
The established theory has concluded that Sanfotsi is identical to
1150:
1084:
1011:
873:
202:
113:
1079:
683:
119:
Others argued that Sanfotsi is more likely a transliteration of
650:
312:) on the west; they all pass through it on their way to China.
397:
or Sumatra) while the capital was shifted between Palembang (
346:) which is an approximate phonetic rendering, but changed to
283:
braving death they have not their equal among other nations.
516:
Kerajaan Sriwijaya: pusat pemerintahan dan perkembangannya
577:
Chau Ju-Kua, Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill (1911).
560:
Chau Ju-Kua, Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill (1911).
237:) came to Chinese court in 644–645. While the envoy of
338:. Srivijaya was written in older Chinese sources as
1273:
1184:
1141:
1103:
1055:
987:
902:
851:
842:
782:
691:
682:
389:Sanfotsi is also argued to be a transliteration of
194:). Excerpts here translated by Hirth and Rockhill:
600:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
324:translated by Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill
294:translated by Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill
305:
262:
112:, and the mandala may have then re-centered in
662:
8:
241:(Srivijaya) came for the first time in 670.
56:mentioned in Chinese sources dated from the
519:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Girimukti Pasaka.
369:sent envoys to China. In the 12th century,
848:
688:
669:
655:
647:
626:"Background To The Sri Vijaya Story-Part"
137:Chinese accounts mentioned a place named
80:(Shilifoshi), which correspond to Arabic
528:
526:
487:Miksic, John N.; Goh, Geok Yian (2017).
443:
441:
437:
190:
1329:Former countries in Philippine history
1334:History of the Philippines (900–1565)
513:Kurnia, Nia; Irfan, Sholihat (1983).
482:
480:
478:
125:, which may refer to Suvarnadvipa or
7:
416:in Thailand rather than Palembang.
1309:Hindu Buddhist states in Indonesia
25:
533:Miksic, John N.; Goh, Geok Yian.
1324:Former countries in Thai history
448:Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002).
350:at the end of the Tang dynasty.
64:concluded that Chinese forms of
603:. NUS Press. pp. 109–110.
377:(Srivijaya or Palembang) with
180:
171:
44:
1:
624:Chand Chirayu Rajani (1974).
88:, are names referring to the
60:circa 12th century. In 1918,
229:mentioned that the envoy of
84:and can be reconstructed as
633:Journal of the Siam Society
1350:
677:Former states in Indonesia
381:may be problematic, since
52:, was a trading polity in
401:or Srivijaya) and Jambi (
342:(室利佛逝, also shortened as
35:
1314:Former empires in Asia
536:Ancient Southeast Asia
489:Ancient Southeast Asia
454:. BRILL. p. 234.
327:
297:
264:Sanfotsi lies between
249:The Tang dynasty monk
1105:Lesser Sunda Islands
597:(15 November 2013).
491:. London: Routledge.
365:(Jambi) located in
92:empire, located in
48:), also written as
1296:
1295:
983:
982:
838:
837:
166:by Chou K'u-fei (
100:, in present-day
16:(Redirected from
1341:
1246:
1229:
1212:
1133:Solor Watan Lema
1017:Lanfang Republic
849:
689:
671:
664:
657:
648:
641:
640:
630:
621:
615:
614:
591:
585:
584:
574:
568:
567:
557:
551:
550:
530:
521:
520:
510:
493:
492:
484:
473:
472:
470:
468:
445:
325:
295:
207:Sānfóqí Zhu nian
192:
182:
173:
46:
37:
21:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1269:
1240:
1223:
1206:
1180:
1137:
1099:
1051:
979:
898:
834:
820:Sumedang Larang
778:
678:
675:
645:
644:
628:
623:
622:
618:
611:
593:
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571:
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558:
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476:
466:
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446:
439:
434:
422:
359:Ling-wai-tai-ta
332:
330:Interpretations
326:
323:
304:
301:Ling-wai-tai-ta
296:
293:
261:
247:
239:Shih-li-fo-shih
217:
199:Sanfoqi-Zhanbei
163:Ling-wai tai-ta
135:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
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1262:
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1201:
1196:
1190:
1188:
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1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
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1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
991:
985:
984:
981:
980:
978:
977:
972:
967:
965:Samudera Pasai
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
906:
904:
900:
899:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
855:
853:
852:Hindu/Buddhist
846:
840:
839:
836:
835:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
786:
784:
780:
779:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
695:
693:
692:Hindu/Buddhist
686:
680:
679:
676:
674:
673:
666:
659:
651:
643:
642:
616:
610:978-9971695743
609:
595:John N. Miksic
586:
569:
552:
546:978-0415735537
545:
522:
494:
474:
460:
436:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
421:
418:
331:
328:
321:
303:
298:
291:
260:
255:
246:
243:
235:Melayu Kingdom
216:
211:
134:
131:
106:Melayu kingdom
54:Southeast Asia
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1346:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
992:
990:
986:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
901:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
854:
850:
847:
845:
841:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
785:
781:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
694:
690:
687:
685:
681:
672:
667:
665:
660:
658:
653:
652:
649:
638:
634:
627:
620:
617:
612:
606:
602:
601:
596:
590:
587:
582:
581:
573:
570:
565:
564:
556:
553:
548:
542:
539:. Routledge.
538:
537:
529:
527:
523:
518:
517:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
495:
490:
483:
481:
479:
475:
463:
457:
453:
452:
444:
442:
438:
431:
427:
426:Zabag kingdom
424:
423:
419:
417:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
399:Shi-li-fo-shi
396:
392:
387:
384:
380:
376:
375:Shi-li-fo-shi
372:
371:Shi-li-fo-shi
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:Shi-li-fo-shi
337:
329:
320:
317:
313:
311:
302:
299:
290:
287:
284:
280:
276:
273:
271:
267:
259:
256:
254:
252:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
226:Hsin-Tang-shu
222:
215:
214:Hsin-Tang-shu
212:
210:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
191:Chou Ch'ü-fei
187:
183:
177:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
132:
130:
128:
124:
123:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:South Sumatra
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:Che-li-fo-che
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
33:
29:
19:
1233:South Maluku
888:
774:Tarumanagara
636:
632:
619:
599:
589:
579:
572:
562:
555:
535:
515:
488:
465:. Retrieved
450:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:Suvarnabhumi
390:
388:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
333:
318:
314:
306:
300:
288:
285:
281:
277:
274:
263:
257:
248:
238:
230:
224:
221:Tang dynasty
218:
213:
206:
198:
196:
189:
179:
161:
151:
146:
142:
138:
136:
122:Suvarnabhumi
120:
118:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:George Cœdès
58:Song dynasty
49:
43:
27:
26:
1241: [
1224: [
1221:Negeri Soya
1207: [
1047:Tanjungpura
1027:Negara Daha
1022:Negara Dipa
960:Riau-Lingga
859:Dharmasraya
383:Chu-fan-chi
270:Tsu'an-chou
258:Chu-fan-chi
158:Chau Ju-kua
156:written by
154:Chu-fan-chi
68:(Sanfoqi),
66:San-fo-ts'i
1303:Categories
1238:Tanah Hitu
1143:West Timor
989:Kalimantan
955:Pagaruyung
830:Yogyakarta
805:Kalinyamat
759:Singhasari
754:Shailendra
699:Blambangan
639:: 174–211.
461:9004119736
432:References
223:chronicle
186:Wade–Giles
181:Zhōu Qùfēi
139:Shilifoshi
1319:Srivijaya
1123:Larantuka
1032:Pontianak
950:Palembang
894:Srivijaya
884:Samaskuta
825:Surakarta
764:Srivijaya
734:Majapahit
719:Kahuripan
348:San-fo-qi
336:Srivijaya
209:(Kedah).
102:Indonesia
94:Palembang
90:Srivijaya
76:(Foshi),
1288:Salawati
1161:Amanuban
1156:Amanatun
1057:Sulawesi
1007:Bulungan
889:Sanfotsi
724:Kalingga
714:Janggala
420:See also
407:Mo-lo-yu
395:Sanfotsi
379:Sanfotsi
367:Sanfotsi
322:—
292:—
231:Mo-lo-yu
143:Sanfotsi
133:Accounts
86:Śribhoja
72:(Foqi),
28:Sanfotsi
1283:Kaimana
1260:Jailolo
1250:Ternate
1204:Huamual
1199:Honimoa
1166:Amarasi
1090:Banggai
1042:Sarawak
970:Serdang
945:Malacca
940:Langkat
903:Islamic
864:Kantoli
844:Sumatra
810:Mataram
795:Cirebon
783:Islamic
749:Sanjaya
739:Mataram
467:19 July
403:Chan-pi
363:Chan-pi
266:Chon-la
168:Chinese
147:Sanfoqi
127:Sumatra
110:mandala
82:Sribuza
70:Fo-ts'i
50:Sanfoqi
45:Sānfóqí
32:Chinese
18:Sanfoqi
1255:Tidore
1216:Loloda
1186:Maluku
1176:Wehali
1171:Sonbai
1128:Mengwi
1037:Sambas
1002:Brunei
997:Banjar
920:Asahan
879:Pannai
869:Malayu
815:Pajang
790:Banten
744:Rajasa
729:Kediri
709:Ishana
607:
543:
458:
414:Chaiya
344:fo-shi
310:Quilon
251:Yijing
245:Yijing
205:) and
188::
178::
176:pinyin
170::
160:, and
74:Fo-che
42::
40:pinyin
34::
1275:Papua
1265:Bacan
1245:]
1228:]
1211:]
1151:Amabi
1075:Buton
1012:Kutai
935:Johor
930:Jambi
874:Mauli
800:Demak
769:Sunda
704:Galuh
629:(PDF)
219:This
203:Jambi
201:(for
114:Jambi
1118:Bima
1113:Bali
1095:Suai
1085:Wajo
1080:Luwu
1070:Bone
1065:Gowa
975:Siak
925:Deli
910:Aceh
684:Java
605:ISBN
541:ISBN
469:2015
456:ISBN
1194:Iha
915:Aru
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