386:
bites and stings to prevent bleeding, decrease inflammation, seal wounds and injuries to protect from infection. The sap dries quickly on soft, damaged tissue, forming a barrier similar in thickness to the skin removed, noted as something akin to a "second skin." Antimicrobial activity offered by the plant is further believed to offer protection to the injury. The formation of this resistant barrier is likely due to the saps ability to co-precipitate with surrounding proteins or extracellular matrix elements. The hemostatic qualities relevant in wound healing that are associated with sangre de grado are further relevant to
Amazonian indigenous communities in arresting the large amounts of bleeding following childbirth. Beyond cutaneous ailments, the use of sangre de grado is taken orally for gastrointestinal disorders and irregularities including gastritis, gastric ulcers, intestinal infections, and inflammation.
306:
green and 15–30 cm in width and length. The flowers are greenish-white, white or amber, which produce small, three-part capsule fruits that appear on a thin spike that measures 30–50 cm. Both the smooth, mottled bark and viscous, red, latex-rich resin excreted from the wounded trunk of the tree are used medicinally. While the sap can be harvested with a tap much like natural latex from rubber trees, trees that are repeatedly tapped become vulnerable to fungal infections.
66:
496:
secretion, the mechanism of crofelemer action involves the inhibition of apical membrane cAMP-stimulated (CFTR) and calcium-stimulated (CaCC) Cl− channels by crofelemer molecules, with little effect on cation channels or cAMP/calcium signaling. As a result, fewer chloride ions are excreted into the bowel, decreasing the excretion of sodium ions and water, improving stool consistency and preventing diarrhea.
507:, which worsens with an increasingly compromised immune system. Various clinical have emphasized statistically significant efficacy crofelemer in HIV-associated diarrhea and restoration of digestive regularity. In 2012, a Phase III clinical trial for diarrhea in HIV patients was completed, and the drug was approved US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the following year under the trade name Mytesi.
53:
305:
and are medium-sized trees with evergreen foliage, growing 10 to 20 meters (30 to 60 feet) in height. Despite their relatively large height, the trees have very narrow trunks, averaging a bole diameter of about 30 centimeters (1 ft). The leaves are large, alternate cordate (heart-shaped), bright
385:
commonly known as sangre de drago, has a long history of medicinal use by indigenous peoples and is widely used in both urban and rural contexts in Peru and
Ecuador, and to a lesser extent in other endemic countries. For centuries, the sap has been used to cover abrasions, cuts, scratches, blisters,
479:
extracts and compounds have been exhibited. The most notable compound involved in antiviral activity is SP-303, also known as crofelemer, which has been heavily studied in vitro for its antiviral activity against the aforementioned viruses, as well as thymidine kinase mutants of HSV-1 and HSV-2 and
399:
Recent studies confirm the biochemical role played by the chemical composition of sangre de grado as a cicatrizant beneficial in the reduction of mean wound healing time. The polyphenolic compounds of the sap further create a protective layer at the wound surface, preventing the entry of pathogenic
495:
has been investigated for potential antidiarrhoeal activity. Various clinical studies have confirmed significant improvement in acute E. coli and V. cholera diarrhea cases from the administration of crofelemer. In the context of the principal luminal membrane determinants of intestinal fluid
417:
Some compounds of the resin, as found in a particular study, 2,4,6-trimethoxyphenol, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene, crolechinic acid, and korberins A and B showed exhibited antibacterial properties individually. Sangre de grado from the closely related
404:
was found to be the principal cicatrizant agent in murine models as well as able to increase the chemotaxis of human fibroblast cells which is the most likely mechanism by which the resin and taspine accelerate the wound healing process. The
1330:
Wyde, Philip R.; Ambrose, Mark W.; Meyerson, Laurence R.; Gilbert, Brian E. (February 1993). "The antiviral activity of SP-303, a natural polyphenolic polymer, against respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza type 3 viruses in cotton rats".
1133:
Pieters, L.; De Bruyne, T.; Van Poel, B.; Vingerhoets, R.; Totté, J.; Vanden Berghe, D.; Vlietinck, A. (July 1995). "In vivo wound healing activity of Dragon's Blood (Croton spp.), a traditional South
American drug, and its constituents".
1224:
Vaisberg, A. J.; Milla, M.; Planas, M. C.; Cordova, J. L.; de Agusti, E. R.; Ferreyra, R.; Mustiga, M. C.; Carlin, L.; Hammond, G. B. (April 1989). "Taspine is the cicatrizant principle in Sangre de Grado extracted from Croton lechleri".
897:
Jones, Kenneth (December 2003). "Review of Sangre de Drago (Croton lechleri) - A South
American Tree Sap in the Treatment of Diarrhea, Inflammation, Insect Bites, Viral Infections, and Wounds: Traditional Uses to Clinical Research".
737:
Rossi, D.; Bruni, R.; Bianchi, N.; Chiarabelli, C.; Gambari, R.; Medici, A.; Lista, A.; Paganetto, G. (2003). "Evaluation of the mutagenic, antimutagenic and antiproliferative potential of Croton lechleri (Muell. Arg.) latex".
1180:
Gurgel, Luilma A.; Sidrim, J. J. C.; Martins, Domingos T.; Filho, V. Cechinel; Rao, Vietla S. (2005-02-28). "In vitro antifungal activity of dragon's blood from Croton urucurana against dermatophytes".
702:
Lopes, M. I. L. E.; Saffi, J.; Echeverrigaray, S. R.; Henriques, J. O. A. P. G.; Salvador, M. (December 2004). "Mutagenic and antioxidant activities of Croton lechleri sap in biological systems".
400:
microbes. These compounds condense and bind to surrounding extracellular proteins, clogging the wound and offering vasoconstriction at the site of injury, which is crucial in wound healing.
1366:
Barnard, D. L.; Smee, D. F.; Huffman, J. H.; Meyerson, L. R.; Sidwell, R. W. (May 1993). "Antiherpesvirus activity and mode of action of SP-303, a novel plant flavonoid".
356:
encountered the use of the plant's resin by indigenous tribes throughout Mexico, Peru and
Ecuador. This discovery was greatly overshadowed in Europe by his description of
1720:
251:, applied to seal wounds, as it dries quickly to form a protective skin-like barrier. Its use by native people has led to scientific study and observation of its
1746:
1271:
Ubillas, R.; Jolad, S.D.; Bruening, R.C.; Kernan, M.R.; King, S.R.; Sesin, D.F.; Barrett, M.; Stoddart, C.A.; Flaster, T.; Kuo, J.; Ayala, F. (September 1994).
340:. They are most commonly found in the northwest lowlands between sea level up to 1000 m in elevation, mostly in mineral-rich disturbed soil and along rivers.
422:
was reported to exhibit antifungal qualities due to the presence of catechins and epigallocatechin contained in the resin, both of which are also found in
499:
Up to 90% of individuals living with HIV face HIV-associated diarrhea, largely caused as a side effect of antiretroviral drugs such as nucleoside analog
1487:"Crofelemer, an Antisecretory Antidiarrheal Proanthocyanidin Oligomer Extracted from Croton lechleri, Targets Two Distinct Intestinal Chloride Channels"
818:"Crofelemer, an Antisecretory Antidiarrheal Proanthocyanidin Oligomer Extracted from Croton lechleri, Targets Two Distinct Intestinal Chloride Channels"
1028:
Chen, Z. P.; Cai, Y.; Phillipson, J. D. (December 1994). "Studies on the anti-tumour, anti-bacterial, and wound-healing properties of dragon's blood".
785:"Dragon's blood (Croton lechleri Mull., Arg.): an update on the chemical composition and medical applications of this natural plant extract. A review"
1668:
409:
of fibroblasts aids the reformation in the reformation of the matrix following re-epithelialization, allowing for the regeneration of damaged skin.
290:. In January 2013, crofelemer, under the trade name Mytesi, was approved by the FDA for the treatment of non-infectious diarrhea in HIV+ patients.
1849:
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1681:
577:
568:
1545:
Cai, Y.; Evans, F.J.; Roberts, M.F.; Phillipson, J.D.; Zenk, M.H.; Gleba, Y.Y. (January 1991). "Polyphenolic compounds from Croton lechleri".
448:
that cause superficial fungal infections of human skin. Further research is needed, however, to examine the role of sangre de grado from
1844:
999:
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1076:
Namjoyan, Foroogh; Kiashi, Fatemeh; Moosavi, Zahra Beigom; Saffari, Fatemeh; Makhmalzadeh, Behzad Sharif (2015-01-22).
460:
1785:
1751:
1442:"Head Start's 9th National Research Conference Program, June 23-25, 2008, Washington, DC: (584792012-001)". 2008.
1078:"Efficacy of Dragon's blood cream on wound healing: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial"
1864:
65:
1790:
946:"Efectividad de la sangre de grado (croton lechleri) en la cicatrización de heridas post exodoncia en adultos"
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1273:"SP-303, an antiviral oligomeric proanthocyanidin from the latex of Croton lechleri (Sangre de Drago)"
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1620:
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464:
1312:
1811:
60:
1411:"International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Pacific Rim, Bangkok, Thailand"
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In one study, disk diffusion method proved concentration-dependent antifungal activity against
282:, another kind of chemical contained in the latex, have been investigated for the treatment of
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Cavalie Martel, Karina P.; Ortega Buitrón, Marisol R.; Bernardo
Basilio, Yulith (2019-03-08).
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The healing power of rainforest herbs: a guide to understanding and using herbal medicinals
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103:
32:
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240:(Bolivian Spanish) . They refer to this tree's (and several related species') thick red
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660:"Inhibition of neurogenic inflammation by the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado"
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1313:"Dragon's Blood (Croton Lechleri) - Wound Healing Properties of Dragon's Blood (2024)"
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dates to the 17th century, when
Spanish Jesuit missionary, naturalist, and explorer,
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constituting more than 90% of its dry weight. The remaining 10% is largely alkaloid
1816:
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and are distributed across the tropical regions of the South
American countries of
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Lopes, T. V.; Félix, S. R.; Schons, S. V.; Nobre, M. O. (January 2013).
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The latex has medicinal properties, and is used by local peoples as a
321:
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Tradtrantip, Lukmanee; Namkung, Wan; Verkman, A. S. (January 2010).
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491:, a purified proanthocyanidin oligomer extracted from the sap of
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869:"FDA approves first anti-diarrheal drug for HIV/AIDS patients"
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as an effective antifungal agent in animal and human models.
364:, which was instrumental in the discovery and isolation of
271:
The latex also contains a number of chemicals, including
595:
593:
30:"Sangre de Drago" redirects here. It may also refer to
900:
The
Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
816:
Tradtrantip, L.; Namkung, W.; Verkman, A. S. (2009).
1589:
518:are the main constituent of the resin produced by
1082:Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine
994:. Garden City Park, NY: Square One Publishers.
789:Revista Brasileira de Higiene e Sanidade Animal
8:
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1317:History and Origins of Dragon's Blood
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613:"Database File for: Sangre de Grado (
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664:Journal of Investigative Dermatology
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286:-associated diarrhea under the name
348:The earliest written reference to
25:
224:, that is native to northwestern
1791:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:342842-1
677:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01446.x
501:reverse transcriptase inhibitors
390:Modern Use and Clinical Research
64:
1850:Trees of western South America
1:
1290:10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80026-7
1148:10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80043-7
574:Agricultural Research Service
480:acyclovir-resistant strains.
1567:10.1016/0031-9422(91)85063-6
1415:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1345:10.1016/0166-3542(93)90004-3
1183:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
873:Food and Drug Administration
704:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1094:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.029
455:Antiviral activity against
1881:
1409:LeDuc, James (June 1997).
912:10.1089/107555303771952235
802:10.5935/1981-2965.20130016
752:10.1078/094471103321659843
228:. It is commonly known as
29:
1195:10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.033
716:10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.025
599:Meza, E.N.(Editor). 1999.
260:activity as well as both
188:
181:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
43:
1845:Plants described in 1866
236:(Ecuadorian Spanish) or
988:Taylor, Leslie (2005).
950:Investigación Valdizana
621:Tropical Plant Database
484:Antidiarrhoeal Activity
1503:10.1124/mol.109.061051
1491:Molecular Pharmacology
1463:Cite journal requires
1448:10.1037/e584792012-001
1428:10.3201/eid0302.970229
834:10.1124/mol.109.061051
822:Molecular Pharmacology
465:Herpes simplex viruses
413:Antimicrobial Activity
301:belongs to the family
1239:10.1055/s-2006-961907
1042:10.1055/s-2006-959567
963:10.33554/riv.13.1.167
658:Miller, Mark (2001).
623:. Rainforest Database
538:, and low amounts of
377:Traditional Medicine
232:(Peruvian Spanish),
1559:1991PChem..30.2033C
505:protease inhibitors
1333:Antiviral Research
312:are native to the
1827:
1826:
1760:Open Tree of Life
1583:Taxon identifiers
1380:10.1159/000239127
516:Proanthocyanidins
280:proanthocyanidins
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16:(Redirected from
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520:Croton lechleri,
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420:Croton urucurana
383:Croton lechleri,
212:is a species of
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299:Croton lechleri
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238:sangre de grada
234:sangre de drago
230:sangre de grado
214:flowering plant
209:Croton lechleri
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1286:
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1277:Phytomedicine
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381:The resin of
379:
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372:Medicinal Use
371:
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362:Jesuit's bark
359:
355:
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304:
303:Euphorbiaceae
300:
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281:
278:
274:
269:
267:
266:antimutagenic
263:
259:
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227:
226:South America
223:
222:Euphorbiaceae
219:
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183:Binomial name
180:
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150:Euphorbiaceae
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1615:Wikispecies
956:(1): 7–14.
542:compounds.
536:epicatechin
469:Hepatitis A
435:Microsporum
294:Description
258:antioxidant
104:Angiosperms
1834:Categories
1773:Plant List
627:2012-07-07
583:2012-07-07
546:References
489:Crofelemer
407:chemotaxis
395:Wound Care
288:crofelemer
277:Oligomeric
268:behavior.
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1661:242427639
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1010:690786708
972:1995-445X
920:1075-5535
511:Chemistry
457:influenza
360:bark, or
338:Venezuela
262:mutagenic
199:Müll.Arg.
168:Species:
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1855:Mutagens
1804:12800985
1799:Tropicos
1726:10423501
1713:342842-1
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1600:Wikidata
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1164:23196095
1120:26870678
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326:Colombia
254:in vitro
220:family,
146:Family:
117:Eudicots
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1674:3057776
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1555:Bibcode
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1111:4737969
1058:7809208
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402:Taspine
366:quinine
344:History
330:Ecuador
318:Bolivia
273:taspine
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