821:
Lorenzo Suarez de
Figueroa to relocate the city to the west. Many of the inhabitants, however, chose to stay behind and continued living in the original location. On September 13, 1590, the city was officially moved to the banks of the Guapay Empero river and renamed San Lorenzo de la Frontera. Nevertheless, the conditions proved to be even more severe at the new location forcing the settlers to relocate once again on May 21, 1595. Although this was the final relocation of the city, the name San Lorenzo continued to be used until the early 17th century, when the settlers who remained behind in Santa Cruz de la Sierra were convinced by the colonial authorities to move to San Lorenzo. After they moved the city was finally consolidated in 1622 and took its original name of Santa Cruz de la Sierra given by Ñuflo de Chaves over 60 years before. Remnants of the original settlement can be visited in Santa Cruz la Vieja ("Old Santa Cruz"), an archaeological site south of San José de Chiquitos.
919:, Alvarez de Arenales, to defeat a strong imperial force in the Battle of Florida. This victory proved to be a serious blow to Spanish forces in the region. Nevertheless, two years after the victory of Florida, imperial forces launched a new offensive in the province led by Francisco Javier Aguilera. This campaign ended with the defeat and death of Ignacio Warnes and his forces in the Battle of Pari. Triumphant, Aguilera marched into the city with orders to quell the insurrection and reinstate the Spanish governor. This proved to be a very difficult task, with several revolutionary leaders, such as Jose Manuel "Cañoto" Baca and Jose Manuel Mercado, rising up in the coming years from the city itself and elsewhere in the province. These new leaders fought colonial authorities for seven years until they finally deposed the last Spanish governor, Manuel Fernando Aramburu, in February 1825 after news of the defeat of the imperial armies in the west had reached the city.
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132:
78:
64:
106:
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218:
92:
118:
165:
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1963:
1612:
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1951:
1939:
871:, many of which were repelled by the use of force over the years. The efforts for consolidating the borders of the Empire were not overlooked by the authorities in Lima, who granted the province a great degree of autonomy. The province was ruled by a Captain General based in Santa Cruz, and, in turn, the city government was administered by two mayors and a council of four people. Citizens of Santa Cruz were exempt from all imperial taxes and the
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1999:
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1927:
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656:
2023:
2011:
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Spanish presence. However, in the last 60 years, large migrations from the western regions of
Bolivia to Santa Cruz have transformed the demographics of the city and department redefining its social and ethnic spectrum. In recent years, external migration has also become noticeable in Santa Cruz. Immigrants in Bolivia, especially in Santa Cruz have mainly originated from
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830:
1987:
258:
225:
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729:. Remains of ceramics and weapons have been found in the area, leading researchers to believe they had established settlements in the area. Among the few known facts of these tribes, according to accounts of the first Spanish explorers that came into contact with the Chané, are that they had a formal leader, a
1646:
There was a distinction between the ethno-demographic profile of the Santa Cruz de la Sierra region, marked by the mestizo, Spanish and eastern indigenous presence, in relation to the population of the
Bolivian Altiplano, western part of the country mostly Andean indigenous with a smaller mestizo and
804:
to create a new province and grant him the title of governor on
February 15, 1560. Upon returning from Lima, Chavez founded the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Holy Cross of the Hills) on February 26, 1561, 220 km (137 mi) east of its present-day location, to function as the capital of the
914:
to "liberate" Santa Cruz. After his successful campaign, he assumed control of the government of the city. In a little over a year Warnes was able to gather tremendous support from the population, enlisting criollos, mestizos and natives to the revolutionary army, and allying with the revolutionary
820:
Shortly after the founding, attacks from local tribes became commonplace and Ñuflo de Chaves was killed in 1568 by
Itatine natives. After Chaves's death, the conflicts with the local population as well as power struggles in the settlement forced the authorities in Peru to order the new governor,
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in the late 16th century. For much of its history, Santa Cruz was mostly a small outpost town, and even after
Bolivia gained its independence in 1825 there was little attention from the authorities or the population in general to settle the region. It was not until after the middle of the 20th
979:
making the temperature drop considerably. The months of greatest rainfall are
December and January. The average annual rainfall is 1,321 mm (52 in). Santa Cruz sits at the edge of the Codo de Arica, where winds are particularly strong in Bolivia. Annual variations in temperature and
975:, without the four well-defined seasons of the year but greater deviations of temperature than other places in the coast or island. Although the weather is generally very warm all year round, cold winds called "surazos" can blow in occasionally (particularly in the winter) from the Argentine
573:
in the eastern
Tropical Lowlands of Bolivia, the Santa Cruz de la Sierra Metropolitan Region is the most populous urban agglomeration in Bolivia with an estimated population of 2.4 million in 2020. It is formed out of a conurbation of seven Santa Cruz municipalities: Santa Cruz de la Sierra,
895:, the local population, led by Antonio Vicente Seonane, revolted on September 24, 1810, overthrowing the governor delegate. A junta of local commanders took control of the government in his place. The revolutionaries, as it was the case with most of the revolts in
891:, and many of the powers delegated by the viceroyalty were now in the hands of appointees of the crown. Like in many parts of Spanish America at the time, angered by the reforms the criollos saw as a threat to their way of life, and taking advantage of the
879:
was not practiced. However, in spite of its strategic importance, the city did not grow much in colonial times. Most of the economic activity was centered in the mining centers of the west and the main source of income of the city was agriculture.
1643:, as well as the Spanish language, were implemented onto the natives which is now why the city is predominantly Catholic and speak Spanish. Nevertheless, native religions and languages are still used by a minority of the population.
1635:, and other native American groups that previously lived there working for the Spanish crown. Eventually, the Spanish settlers and native people of Bolivia began to mix which has resulted in the majority of the city population being
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2120:
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Like much of the history of the people of the region, the history of the area before the arrival of
European explorers is not well documented, mostly because of the somewhat nomadic nature and the absence of a
967:), with an average annual temperature around 25 °C (77 °F) and all months above of 18 °C or 64.4 °F . Santa Cruz is an example of the influence of continentality (reflecting the
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83:
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and the capital of the department of Santa Cruz. The city of Santa Cruz is located not far from the easternmost extent of the Andes
Mountains and they are visible from some parts of the city.
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The city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra has utility infrastructure, roads and highways, and lively shopping and businesses. The main sectors that drive the economy are oil, forestry companies,
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precipitation are common, as is the case across much of the region. Annual precipitation in recent history has varied between 900 and 2,300 millimetres (35 and 91 in).
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796:, led a new expedition with the objective of settling the region. After discovering that a new expedition from Asuncion was already underway, he quickly traveled to
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Over the next 200 years, several tribes were either incorporated under Spanish control or defeated by force. The city also became an important staging point for
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1623:, the one with the greatest mestizo and Creole identity, and with a smaller indigenous population. The first settlers of Santa Cruz were mainly the Native
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in the country. The city is the most important business center in Bolivia and the country's principal destination for national and international migrants.
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1691:, and construction. Santa Cruz contributes more than 80% of national agricultural production, and also has contributed over 35% of GDP in recent years.
1698:, with service on 14 airlines, 10 of which are from other countries, and 12 of them being passenger ones and two being cargo-only airlines. The airline
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century with profound agrarian and land reforms that the city began to grow at a very fast pace. Due to its low elevation at the foothills of the
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1733:. This line, which was reputed to have a poor safety record, was abandoned after a highway to the Brazilian border was built in the 1980s.
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in the culture of the local tribes. However, recent data suggests that the current location of the city of Santa Cruz was inhabited by an
184:
105:
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63:
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about 200 km (124 mi) east of its current location, and was moved several times until it was finally established on the
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2302:
2205:"Ocho municipios de la región metropolitana de Santa Cruz se unen y demandan atención económica al Gobierno nacional | EL DEBER"
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31:
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154:
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774:
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932:
2540:"New species of Apostolepis (Serpentes, Dipsadinae, Elapomorphini) from Bolivia, from the Apostolepis borellii group"
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91:
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2728:. 2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland. Archived from
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The city is located in the eastern part of Bolivia (17°45', South, 63°14', West) at around 400 m above
491:
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1991:
1955:
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had its headquarters in Santa Cruz. The airline ceased operations in May 2012 and has been replaced by
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and Chiriguanos that eventually became part of the racially mixed population of the modern Santa Cruz,
2471:
Abrahamczyk, Stefan; Kluge, Jürgen; Gareca, Yuvinka; Reichle, Steffen; Kessler, Michael (2011-11-02).
2229:
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2408:
587:
340:
1611:
883:
Animosity towards imperial authorities began at the turn of the 18th century when the new system of
876:
762:
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2424:
2473:"The Influence of Climatic Seasonality on the Diversity of Different Tropical Pollinator Groups"
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1730:
785:
602:
17:
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2502:
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2076:
1699:
1553:
1505:
860:
840:
2619:"En 70 años, Santa Cruz pasó de 244 mil habitantes a más de 3 millones, y la migración sigue"
2543:
2510:
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2416:
2096:
987:
Climate data for Santa Cruz de la Sierra, elevation 416 m (1,365 ft), (1971–2009)
927:
856:
718:
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534:
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departments of Bolivia. Another important role the small town played in the region for the
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907:
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By 1813 the city was once again under imperial control. At this time, by order of General
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852:
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that encompassed the territories of present-day Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Chile.
733:, called Grigotá for several years but his reign came to an end after one of the several
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2654:
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2412:
903:, while repudiating the colonial authorities until after the end of the Peninsular War.
887:
reached the new world. The seat of government was taken away from the city and moved to
2564:(in Spanish). Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia. Archived from
2515:
2472:
1943:
1818:
1628:
1627:
of East Bolivia followed by the Spaniards that accompanied Ñuflo de Chávez, as well as
911:
892:
864:
833:
806:
770:
2151:"National Statistics Institute. Population Projections by Department and Municipality"
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and Moxos, leading to the conversion of thousands of Guaranies, Moxeños, Chiquitanos,
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2539:
1950:
1938:
1737:
1664:
1387:
900:
2830:
2039:
1719:
1688:
1624:
868:
615:
2182:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia.
1715:
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2003:
1979:
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884:
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814:
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became the first Spaniard to explore the region, but it was not until 1558 that
655:
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Al Margen de mis Lecturas, by Marcelo Terceros Banzer. Published September 1998
2176:"Bolivia: Proyecciones de Población según Departamento y Municipio, 2012-2020"
2121:"Para leer y ver el informe sobre desarrollo humano | el PNUD en Bolivia"
1931:
888:
752:
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629:
Santa Cruz is Bolivia's most populous city, produces nearly 35% of Bolivia's
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301:
288:
1914:
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1823:
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1648:
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829:
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2524:
1729:
It was formerly linked with the Brazilian railway system through a line to
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2046:
2015:
1998:
1967:
1895:
1847:
1835:
1632:
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789:
726:
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2590:(in Spanish). Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia
2295:"Fundación de Santa Cruz de la Sierra: una historia épica del Siglo XV"
2058:
1926:
1883:
1779: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1620:
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801:
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321:
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2063:
2034:
1974:
1962:
1842:
1830:
1711:
1668:
1652:
976:
722:
623:
583:
2784:
2682:
1694:
Santa Cruz de la Sierra is served by Bolivia's largest airport, the
2420:
2588:"índices climáticos para 149 estaciones meteorológicas en Bolivia"
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2022:
1986:
1907:
1707:
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1610:
1599:
Source: Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia
926:
910:, the revolutionary armies of Argentina sent a small force led by
828:
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37:
Autonomous city and municipality in Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia
2824:
2443:"Santa Cruz, Bolivia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"
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2010:
1723:
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797:
2097:"TelluBase—BoliviaFact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)"
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630:
433:
2704:
1619:
The city of Santa Cruz is, besides being the largest city in
2230:"The Contributions of Santa Cruz to Bolivia (Spanish only)"
2325:. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: Proyecciones RRPP. p. 46.
2269:. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: Proyecciones RRPP. p. 41.
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that is thousands of meters higher in terms of elevation.
769:
The first Europeans to set foot in the area were Spanish
1740:, the Ventura Mall is located in the city of Santa Cruz.
601:
The city was first founded in 1561 by Spanish explorer
2799:
Gutsch, Jochen-Martin, "Im Labyrinth der Unordnung" .
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and Chaves. The settlement was named after Chaves's
725:
tribe that later came to be known by the Spanish as
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741:Early European incursions and founding of the city
2397:"Along the Andean Front in Southeastern Bolivia"
1639:. When the Spanish settlers arrived to Bolivia,
817:, where he grew up before venturing to America.
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137:Aerial view of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and the
2637:"Aumenta el número de inmigrantes en Bolivia"
750:
8:
2562:"Base de datos Sistema Meteorológico–SISMET"
867:was to contain the incursions of Portuguese
2754:. City of Edinburgh Council. Archived from
2538:Campbell, P.; Lema, T. (28 February 2017).
684:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
539:
983:
39:
2866:1561 establishments in the Spanish Empire
2514:
2496:
2319:Santa Cruz en los umbrales del desarrollo
2263:Santa Cruz en los umbrales del desarrollo
1795:Learn how and when to remove this message
825:Colonial Santa Cruz and revolutionary war
704:Learn how and when to remove this message
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237:Santa Cruz de la Sierra (South America)
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2380:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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737:(Chiriguano) incursions in the area.
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2871:1561 establishments in South America
2861:Populated places established in 1561
1777:adding citations to reliable sources
682:adding citations to reliable sources
622:unlike the other main metro area of
2803:. 5 December 2005, pp. 144–50.
2724:Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities
399:1,345 km (519 sq mi)
84:Cathedral Basilica of St. Lawrence
30:For the Spanish municipality, see
25:
2668:. Retrieved on February 27, 2010.
1706:, which flies from Santa Cruz to
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2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1961:
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1937:
1925:
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1901:
1889:
1877:
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942:. It is part of the province of
761:before the establishment of the
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549:Holy Cross of the Mountain Range
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51:Autonomous city and municipality
18:Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
2832:"Santa Cruz de la Sierra"
2453:from the original on 2019-02-25
2363:from the original on 2017-07-12
2332:from the original on 2012-04-02
2301:. 29 March 2012. Archived from
2276:from the original on 2012-04-02
2242:from the original on 2011-05-24
2186:from the original on 2020-06-01
2157:from the original on 2016-10-09
1764:needs additional citations for
1696:Viru Viru International Airport
875:system used in the rest of the
800:and successfully persuaded the
633:, and receives over 40% of all
535:[ˈsantaˈkɾusðelaˈsjera]
434:GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)
378:Municipal Autonomous Government
270:Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Earth)
2838:New International Encyclopedia
2705:"..::: Ventura Mall :::."
32:Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Spain
1:
2825:Official city government site
2789:Journal of Hispanic Philology
2687:Journal of Hispanic Philology
2821:travel guide from Wikivoyage
2498:10.1371/journal.pone.0027115
1745:Twin towns and sister cities
775:Governorate of New Andalusia
619:
2395:Mather, Kirtley F. (1922).
1807:Santa Cruz de la Sierra is
1460:Average precipitation days
1246:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1106:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
933:International Space Station
428:2,300/km (6,000/sq mi)
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2211:(in Spanish). 13 July 2020
1598:
986:
931:Santa Cruz, seen from the
794:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
773:from the recently created
614:and being situated in the
407:400 m (1,300 ft)
29:
2752:"Twin and Partner Cities"
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805:newly formed province of
782:Domingo Martinez de Irala
780:In 1549, Captain General
635:foreign direct investment
558:, is the largest city in
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240:Show map of South America
177:
149:
56:
49:
2623:Agenciade Noticias Fides
2316:Nino Gandarilla (1995).
2260:Nino Gandarilla (1995).
957:tropical savanna climate
899:, remained loyal to the
2856:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
2819:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
562:and the capital of the
527:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
456: • Per capita
357:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
264:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
231:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
204:Location within Bolivia
198:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
69:Equipetrol neighborhood
44:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
27:Largest city in Bolivia
1992:Santa Cruz de Tenerife
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751:
631:gross domestic product
1704:Boliviana de Aviación
1682:
1614:
930:
832:
788:, who had arrived in
748:
564:Santa Cruz department
554:), commonly known as
334:Santa Cruz Department
1773:improve this article
1036:Record high °C (°F)
678:improve this section
425: • Density
2655:Contact Information
2489:2011PLoSO...627115A
2413:1922GeoRv..12..358M
2401:Geographical Review
1615:Santa Cruz at night
1316:Record low °C (°F)
1176:Daily mean °C (°F)
877:Viceroyalty of Peru
763:Viceroyalty of Peru
451:$ 23.3 billion
298: /
207:Show map of Bolivia
111:Municipal City Hall
2708:www.venturamall.bo
2660:2010-01-30 at the
2079:(born 1938) - poet
1736:Bolivia's largest
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1617:
936:
837:
767:
448: • Total
417: • Total
396: • Total
383: • Mayor
2781:Eisenberg, Daniel
2679:Eisenberg, Daniel
2077:Udalrico Zambrana
1805:
1804:
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1506:relative humidity
969:thermal amplitude
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646:Pre-Columbian era
618:, the city has a
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440: • Year
375: • Type
365:February 26, 1561
302:17.800°S 63.183°W
273:Show map of Earth
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569:Situated on the
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2774:Further reading
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2758:on 14 June 2012
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955:The city has a
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908:Manuel Belgrano
897:Spanish America
841:Jesuit missions
827:
786:Ñuflo de Chavez
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2568:on 7 June 2018
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2407:(3): 358–374.
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1762:This section
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1738:shopping mall
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1552:Mean monthly
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944:Andrés Ibáñez
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901:King of Spain
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795:
792:in 1541 with
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663:This section
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364:
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347:
346:Andrés Ibáñez
344:
342:
335:
332:
330:
323:
320:
311:
283:Coordinates:
252:
219:
186:
166:
156:
140:
133:
119:
107:
93:
85:
79:
65:
48:
41:
33:
19:
2836:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2760:. Retrieved
2756:the original
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2730:the original
2723:
2716:
2707:
2699:
2690:
2686:
2673:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2566:the original
2556:
2548:10141/622426
2533:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2455:. Retrieved
2446:
2437:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2365:. Retrieved
2345:
2334:. Retrieved
2318:
2311:
2303:the original
2298:
2289:
2278:. Retrieved
2262:
2255:
2244:. Retrieved
2224:
2213:. Retrieved
2208:
2199:
2188:. Retrieved
2179:
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:the original
2124:
2115:
2104:. Retrieved
2091:
2040:Villahermosa
1806:
1791:
1782:
1771:Please help
1766:verification
1763:
1735:
1728:
1720:Buenos Aires
1693:
1689:agribusiness
1686:
1645:
1625:Chane people
1618:
1607:Demographics
1390:mm (inches)
964:
954:
937:
905:
885:intendencias
882:
869:Bandeirantes
838:
819:
779:
768:
730:
715:
700:
691:
676:Please help
664:
628:
616:Amazon basin
600:
568:
555:
526:
525:
514:.gmsantacruz
499:
353:Municipality
169:Coat of arms
2801:Der Spiegel
2736:21 December
2641:Datos Macro
2447:Weatherbase
2180:INE Bolivia
2125:bo.undp.org
2102:. Tellusant
2052:Bucaramanga
1980:Tainan City
1641:Catholicism
917:Vallegrande
815:Extremadura
607:Pirai River
571:Pirai River
305: /
139:Piray River
2850:Categories
2762:16 January
2457:2019-02-24
2367:2018-03-29
2336:2011-09-12
2280:2011-09-12
2246:2011-09-09
2215:2020-07-14
2190:2020-06-01
2161:2017-03-02
2135:17 January
2106:2024-01-11
2084:References
1956:Santa Cruz
1932:Montevideo
915:leader of
889:Cochabamba
757:grants of
753:adelantado
576:La Guardia
556:Santa Cruz
412:Population
370:Government
329:Department
2785:"Bolivia"
2683:"Bolivia"
2507:1932-6203
1824:Edinburgh
1716:São Paulo
1649:Argentina
971:) in the
940:sea level
923:Geography
845:Chiquitos
811:home town
759:Charles V
665:does not
500:Very High
482:Area code
465:Time zone
420:3,115,386
404:Elevation
2783:(1987).
2681:(1987).
2658:Archived
2525:22073268
2477:PLOS ONE
2451:Archived
2376:cite web
2358:Archived
2327:Archived
2299:El Mundo
2271:Archived
2237:Archived
2184:Archived
2155:Archived
2016:Arequipa
2004:Asunción
1968:Taichung
1896:La Plata
1848:Curitiba
1836:Campinas
1633:Paraguay
1594:2,011.7
1504:Average
1455:(57.22)
1386:Average
1101:(104.0)
1096:(102.4)
1091:(104.0)
1086:(102.2)
1081:(103.1)
1051:(102.6)
1046:(103.1)
1041:(101.8)
849:Guarayos
790:Asunción
588:El Torno
531:Spanish:
486:(+591) 3
459:$ 12,800
341:Province
2841:. 1905.
2666:AeroSur
2643:. 2019.
2625:. 2020.
2594:12 June
2572:12 June
2516:3206942
2485:Bibcode
2409:Bibcode
2153:. INE.
1920:Tucumán
1884:Rosario
1860:Córdoba
1809:twinned
1700:AeroSur
1675:Economy
1637:mestizo
1629:Guarani
1621:Bolivia
1453:1,453.3
1450:(7.71)
1445:(6.39)
1440:(4.69)
1435:(3.14)
1430:(2.20)
1425:(2.14)
1420:(2.92)
1415:(3.75)
1410:(4.54)
1405:(5.69)
1400:(6.31)
1395:(7.74)
1381:(34.3)
1376:(55.9)
1371:(48.9)
1366:(44.6)
1361:(40.8)
1356:(35.4)
1351:(34.3)
1346:(39.2)
1341:(38.7)
1336:(47.3)
1331:(52.5)
1326:(53.6)
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