258:"The object which at present I desire most particularly to bring to your attention, is the means which might best be adopted to liberate the people of the continent near to the Island of Trinidad from the oppressive and tyrannic system which supports with so much vigour the monopoly of commerce.... In order to fulfil this intention with the greater facility, it will be prudent for your Excellency to animate the inhabitants of Trinidad in keeping up the communication which they had with those of Tierra Firma previous to the reduction of that Island, under assurance that they will find there an entrepot or general magazines of every sort of every sort of goods whatsoever. To this end His Britannic Majesty has determined in Council to grant freedom to the ports of Trinidad, with a direct trade to Great Britain...."
98:
530:. Bolívar and Mariño were arrested and removed from power by José Félix Ribas and Manuel Piar, each representing the two republican commands then in place in Venezuela. A few days later Ribas and Piar decided not to try them and instead released them into exile. On 8 September, after the fall of the second republic, Bolívar and Mariño set sail for Cartagena de Indias, leaving Piar and Ribas to lead the increasingly encircled republicans. In 1815 Bolivar and Mariño left for Jamaica and Haiti. In 1816 participated in the first
231:
30:
518:, although the two leaders did cooperate militarily. There was a struggle between the two men for the leadership. Mariño named himself "Chief of the Independent Army," conquered eastern Venezuela, and set up a separate political entity in the east. But Bolívar insisted that it was essential to have one central government uniting Venezuela and New Granada to ensure its viability – his first proposal of a greater Colombia.
366:(Trinidad) to seek support if Venezuela was attacked and to pressure the Spanish grants special privileged. This was difficult to do as Britain and Spain were allies, but he was given promises of future trade concessions. Spain viewed these developments with alarm and, in 1810, declared the popular party rebels, the province was treated as enemy territory and its ports were blockaded. Sir Thomas Hislop
253:, the first British Governor of Trinidad after the capitulation of the Spanish, who held office from 1797 to 1803, was a great support to the revolutionaries or "Patriots" in Venezuela. Soon after becoming governor, he issued a proclamation on 6 June 1797, based on suggestions from Britain, which stated:
534:
and arriving at
Venezuela was named second of the Liberator. Defeated in Ocumare de la Costa Bolívar returned from Haiti to Barcelona calling on all to join together, but first Bermúdez and Valdéz rebelled against Mariño, and then Mariño against Bolívar. In 1816 Bolívar used the island of Margarita
463:
to investigate claims that a military force was gathering there and to disperse it peacefully, if possible. They returned to report they had discovered nothing, but Munro issued a
Proclamation stating that the Government of Trinidad was strictly neutral, and officially banished Mariño from Trinidad
431:
Mariño was informed of the ill-treatment that befell
Miranda and the other patriotic men, by the Royalist leader General Monteverde, who violated the terms of the armistice by imprisoning many Venezuelans. Indignant at such abuse, Mariño assembled an expeditionary force of 45 Patriots on the small
525:
and Bolívar handed over command to Mariño, "as a sure sign of his high opinion of his person and services, and also in this way to ensure the adhesion of the eastern officers to the common cause of
Venezuela." However, due to their series of repeated reverses they both had to retreat from central
629:, known as the "Revolución de las Reformas", headed by Mariño, which had the objectives of establishing military control, the religion of the State, to vindicate the name of Simón Bolivar as Liberator, and to reconstruct Great Colombia. On 9 July 1835 President Vargas and Vice-president
242:, but in 1795 France declared war on Spain which concluded an alliance with France and declared war on Great Britain. The British responded by blockading Spain, whose colonies were for the first time cut off from their colonial rulers, and began to trade independently with Britain.
637:, and Mariño briefly took the power of the country. However, José Antonio Páez and his forces entered Caracas on 28 July to find it abandoned by the Reformists, and reinstated Vargas, putting an early end to Mariño's military rule. Mariño was forced into exile in 1836, fleeing to
591:(warlords or political bosses) began to join Bolívar, but then Piar rebelled against him and was finally put to death in October 1817. Conflict between Bolívar and Mariño escalated and in 1818 distracted the military campaign enough to allow the Royalists to dominate
663:
Mariño unsuccessfully bid for the presidency of
Venezuela several times in the 1830s and 40s. In 1848 he led the forces supporting President Monagas which overthrew Páez at the 'Batalla de Los Araguatos' on 10 March 1848. Páez was imprisoned, and eventually exiled.
595:. Finally Bolívar managed to win Mariño over by appointing him General-in-Chief of the Army of the East with control over the plains of Barcelona, while Bermúdez and Cedeño were given the rest of the eastern districts and Páez was yet to be pacified.
216:
in
Venezuela, although he was apparently initiated in Trinidad. He was awarded the title of "Serenismo Gran Maestro del Gran Oriente Nacional" ('The Most Serene Grand Master of the Great National East", a title equivalent to the modern Grand Master).
471:, a small town on the gulf coast of Venezuela. Fortunately for them, the main body of 500 Royalist troops had recently moved inland, leaving only the local militia which was quickly overcome.
551:
was revived in
Venezuela, that caused a clash with Bolivar that dissolved the Congress. As a deputy, Mariño represented the province of Cumaná in the second Congress of Venezuela, meeting in
1020:
1015:
238:
The rise of the revolutionary movement in
Venezuela was strongly influenced by the confusing and rapidly changing situation in Spain. Spain was initially against France in the
502:. At the same time, Santiago Mariño invaded from the east in an independently organized campaign. Both forces quickly defeated the royalist troops in various battles, such as
358:
Ports were opened to international trade, particularly with
Britain which received preferential treatment, paying 25% less tax than other nations. The young Bolívar went to
498:. After winning a series of battles, Bolívar received the approval of the "New Granadan Congress" to lead a liberating force into Venezuela in what became known as the
474:
News of the victory spread quickly and Mariño was soon leading a force of 5,000 men armed and equipped with supplies captured at Guiria. They then marched against
1025:
418:
on 25 July 1812. Mariño's
Venezuelan Patriots who survived either fled or were imprisoned. Mariño himself retired to a property owned by his sister, in Trinidad.
618:
were invested as the principal authorities of the "State of the East", until the installation of the first Congress to be convened later. After that, President
448:. With that handful of revolutionaries with a few muskets, they crossed the Gulf of Paria in canoes, and landed on the coast of Venezuela on 11 January 1813.
688:
1005:
575:, and Mariño was nominated commander in chief of the army of the east. Once Bolivar arrived in the city of Angostura, Mariño was promoted as the
319:, culminating in Napoleon being forced to allow the reinstatement of Ferdinand VII on 11 December 1813, who ruled Spain until his death in 1833.
898:
878:
855:
811:
168:(1811–1823). He became an important leader of eastern Venezuela and for a short while in 1835 seized power over the new state of Venezuela.
293:
in 1807. However, Spain was had been severely weakened by all these wars, opening an opportunity for the revolutionaries in South America.
478:
on the Rio Guarapiche. Apparently, Bolívar was pleased that the Royalists would now have to fight on two fronts but he wanted to liberate
995:
634:
495:
312:" was formed to govern in the name of Ferdinand, marking the beginning of Spain's War of Independence from French domination.
1010:
965:
388:
165:
102:
53:
145:
437:
1000:
970:
622:
stopped this separatist attempt, negotiating with the Monagas brothers, convincing them to submit to central authority.
555:
on 15 February 1819, from which he had the license to return to the army. That same year, it triumphed over the colonel
511:
403:
503:
564:
267:
in South America, largely by local militias, encouraged a more independent attitude in Spain's American colonies.
200:. Due to his parents' wealth he was well educated. After his father's death in 1808, he moved to the island of
544:
380:. Excelling in combat, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Some months later he was appointed Commander of
336:
531:
176:
His father was the captain of the "Santiago Mariño de Acuña" militias and "Lieutenant Greater Justice of the
619:
572:
456:
197:
35:
315:
Joseph Bonaparte and his brother, Napoleon, led a long and bitter war against the British forces under the
668:
309:
153:
771:
717:
692:
568:
392:
391:
occurred while the Spanish were preoccupied with that of New Granada and Spain. On 17 December 1819 the
189:
911:
657:
615:
204:(about 250 km west of Trinidad, off the Venezuelan coast), to take possession of his inheritance.
540:
990:
985:
960:
452:
441:
407:
344:
308:, the elder brother of Napoleon, who ruled as king of Spain from 6 June 1808 to 11 December 1813. A "
384:, bravely defending that centre of the Royalists' assault, and was promoted to the rank of colonel.
556:
301:
282:
77:
49:
491:
352:
230:
599:
499:
348:
316:
125:
85:
630:
598:
Mariño was a member of the Venezuelan Congress in 1819 and was Chief of Staff during the second
264:
806:, p. 75. Richard W. Slatta and Jane Lucas de Grummond. Texas A&M University Press. (2003).
369:
The Royalists held Guyana and the Orinoco Delta, while the rebel Patriots held the coasts from
351:. They saw themselves as allied with the Junta of Seville which ruled in the name of the king.
894:
874:
851:
807:
626:
552:
521:
In February and March 1814, Mariño and his forces fought alongside Bolívar. They regrouped at
328:
305:
201:
149:
113:
747:
300:, was deposed by Napoleon in 1808. He had been on the throne just 48 days after his father
522:
239:
893:, p. 282 and n. 17. Mario Sznajder and Luis Roniger. (2009) Cambridge University Press.
29:
660:
to confront his former leader, General José Antonio Páez, also President of Venezuela.
377:
285:(21 October 1805), Spain changed sides again, only to realign itself with France after
276:
181:
157:
57:
625:
On 8 July 1835, there was a violent and bloody military coup to overthrough president
979:
848:
Latin America Between Colony and Nation: Selected Essays (The Hollow Kingdom Trilogy)
576:
536:
396:
363:
297:
250:
177:
571:
of the vice-presidency of the Republic. In his place was named the general in chief
464:(after he had left) and seized the property of all those involved with the affair.
460:
433:
185:
335:
reformed itself as a Junta, soon to be followed by the provincial centres such as
527:
445:
213:
638:
548:
475:
411:
370:
955:
611:
415:
161:
97:
656:
Mariño returned to Venezuela in 1848 and became Army Chief under President
592:
515:
436:
off the coast of Trinidad. Among this small group were the future Generals
381:
340:
583:
Rapprochement with Bolívar and other leaders finally leads to Independence
650:
560:
286:
193:
942:
The History of the West Indian Islands of Trinidad and Tobago, 1498–1900
451:
Just prior to Mariño's force leaving, the Governor of Trinidad, General
355:
saw the setting up of the Junta as a step toward outright independence.
263:
Ironically, the 1807 devastating defeat of the British invasions of the
850:, pp. 172–173. John Lynch. (2001) Palgrave Macmillan; Reprint edition.
642:
507:
479:
332:
290:
468:
359:
81:
602:, which, on 24 June 1821, finally secured Venezuelan independence.
376:
In late 1812 Mariño joined Colonel Manuel Villapol, who marched to
646:
455:
intent on proving Trinidad's neutrality, sent a detachment of the
229:
671:
on 4 September (or, according to one source, 20 November), 1854.
196:, where his parents resided while he was a boy. He had a sister,
246:
British support for the Venezuelan revolutionaries from Trinidad
212:
Mariño was also one of the greatest figures in the history of
535:
as his base of operations and, in 1817, the Spanish General
790:
788:
873:, p. 383. Sam L. Slick, et al. (1991). Greenwood Press.
866:
864:
826:, pp. 76, 78. John Lynch. (2006). Yale University Press.
226:
Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence (1808–1814)
610:
In May 1831, a council of 150 residents of the city of
871:
Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire: 1402–1975
271:
Spanish power weakens, paving the way to Independence
514:, which was not fully recognized by Mariño based in
486:
Tussles with Bolívar and other independence leaders
131:
119:
108:
91:
63:
43:
20:
563:and while Bolivar operated in the liberation of
712:
710:
180:". His mother, Atanasia Carige Fitzgerald, of
1021:Burials at the National Pantheon of Venezuela
8:
1016:People of the Venezuelan War of Independence
766:
764:
718:"SANTIAGO MARIÑO, accessed on 18 May, 2009"
539:was driven off the island. He inspired the
304:abdicated in his favor. He was replaced by
772:"SANTIAGO MARIÑO accessed on 18 May, 2009"
28:
17:
567:took part in the movement that displaced
680:
34:Portrait of Santiago Mariño by painter
891:The Politics of Exile in Latin America
512:restoration of the Venezuelan republic
1026:Candidates for President of Venezuela
426:
327:On 19 April 1810 the city council or
164:revolutionary leader and hero in the
7:
510:on 6 August 1813, proclaiming the
296:Following this, the Spanish king,
14:
482:before Mariño was able to do so.
467:The tiny invasion force captured
142:Santiago Mariño Carige Fitzgerald
746:Gazeta de Madrid de 14 de junio
135:Ministry of War and Navy (1830s)
96:
836:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
804:Simón Bolívar's Quest for Glory
633:were expelled to the Island of
587:Gradually more and more of the
496:United Provinces of New Granada
1006:19th-century Venezuelan people
966:Venezuelan War of Independence
614:, General Santiago Mariño and
427:Mariño's invasion of Venezuela
406:, the Republic collapsed, and
389:Venezuelan War of Independence
166:Venezuelan War of Independence
54:Captaincy General of Venezuela
1:
940:Carmichael, Gertrude (1961).
971:Second Republic of Venezuela
399:'s independence from Spain.
234:Signature of Santiago Mariño
160:), was a nineteenth-century
794:Carmichael. (1961), p. 103.
758:Carmichael. (1961), p. 102.
667:Mariño died in the town of
1042:
838:, Vol. VI, (1977), p. 613.
737:Carmichael. (1961), p. 45.
565:Viceroyalty of New Granada
274:
996:People from Nueva Esparta
526:Venezuela to the port of
27:
545:Jose Cortés de Madariaga
944:. Alvin Redman, London.
573:Juan Bautista Arismendi
532:expedition of Les Cayes
457:1st West India Regiment
438:José Francisco Bermúdez
459:to the tiny island of
235:
152:– 4 September 1854 in
103:Venezuelan republicans
1011:Venezuelan Freemasons
916:www.simon-bolivar.org
824:Simón Bolívar: A Life
569:Francisco Antonio Zea
393:Congress of Angostura
310:Supreme Central Junta
275:Further information:
233:
112:Chief of the General
38:, oil on canvas, 1874
961:History of Venezuela
453:Hector William Munro
408:Francisco de Miranda
146:Valle Espíritu Santo
123:Battle of Bocachica
36:Martín Tovar y Tovar
1001:Venezuelan soldiers
912:"simon-bolivar.org"
494:joined the army of
404:Battle of San Mateo
283:Battle of Trafalgar
50:Island of Margarita
658:José Tadeo Monagas
616:José Tadeo Monagas
600:Battle of Carabobo
506:. Bolívar entered
500:Admirable Campaign
317:Duke of Wellington
236:
221:Revolutionary Wars
188:descent, was from
126:Battle of Carabobo
86:State of Venezuela
899:978-0-521-51735-5
879:978-0-313-26413-9
856:978-0-333-78678-9
812:978-1-58544-239-3
689:"Santiago Mariño"
627:Jose Maria Vargas
620:José Antonio Páez
559:in the combat of
504:Alto de los Godos
373:to Cape la Peña.
198:Concepción Mariño
192:in the island of
144:(25 July 1788 in
139:
138:
1033:
945:
927:
926:
924:
922:
908:
902:
888:
882:
868:
859:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
801:
795:
792:
783:
782:
780:
778:
768:
759:
756:
750:
744:
738:
735:
729:
728:
726:
724:
714:
705:
704:
702:
700:
695:on 24 March 2009
691:. Archived from
685:
606:Later activities
541:Cariaco Congress
306:Joseph Bonaparte
101:
100:
74:
72:
67:4 September 1854
32:
18:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1030:
976:
975:
952:
939:
936:
931:
930:
920:
918:
910:
909:
905:
889:
885:
869:
862:
846:
842:
834:
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822:
818:
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786:
776:
774:
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741:
736:
732:
722:
720:
716:
715:
708:
698:
696:
687:
686:
682:
677:
631:Andrés Narvarte
608:
585:
488:
442:Francisco Azcue
429:
424:
422:Second Republic
410:capitulated to
325:
279:
273:
248:
240:Napoleonic Wars
228:
223:
210:
174:
132:Other work
124:
95:
76:
70:
68:
48:
39:
23:
22:Santiago Mariño
12:
11:
5:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
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978:
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948:
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935:
932:
929:
928:
903:
883:
860:
840:
828:
816:
796:
784:
760:
751:
739:
730:
706:
679:
678:
676:
673:
649:, and finally
607:
604:
584:
581:
487:
484:
428:
425:
423:
420:
362:and Mariño to
324:
323:First Republic
321:
277:Peninsular War
272:
269:
261:
260:
247:
244:
227:
224:
222:
219:
209:
206:
173:
170:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
121:
117:
116:
110:
106:
105:
93:
89:
88:
75:(aged 66)
65:
61:
60:
58:Spanish Empire
45:
41:
40:
33:
25:
24:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1038:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
972:
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964:
962:
959:
957:
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953:
949:
943:
938:
937:
933:
917:
913:
907:
904:
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896:
892:
887:
884:
880:
876:
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867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
841:
837:
832:
829:
825:
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
797:
791:
789:
785:
773:
767:
765:
761:
755:
752:
749:
743:
740:
734:
731:
719:
713:
711:
707:
694:
690:
684:
681:
674:
672:
670:
665:
661:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
605:
603:
601:
596:
594:
590:
582:
580:
578:
577:General Staff
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:Eugenio Arana
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Pablo Morillo
533:
529:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:Simón Bolívar
485:
483:
481:
477:
472:
470:
465:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
421:
419:
417:
414:, signing an
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
397:Gran Colombia
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
374:
372:
367:
365:
364:Port of Spain
361:
356:
354:
353:Simón Bolívar
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
320:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Ferdinand VII
294:
292:
288:
284:
278:
270:
268:
266:
259:
256:
255:
254:
252:
251:Thomas Picton
245:
243:
241:
232:
225:
220:
218:
215:
207:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:Gulf of Paria
171:
169:
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163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
134:
130:
127:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
104:
99:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
46:
42:
37:
31:
26:
19:
16:
941:
919:. Retrieved
915:
906:
890:
886:
870:
847:
843:
835:
831:
823:
819:
803:
799:
775:. Retrieved
754:
742:
733:
721:. Retrieved
697:. Retrieved
693:the original
683:
666:
662:
655:
635:Saint Thomas
624:
609:
597:
588:
586:
520:
489:
473:
466:
461:Chacachacare
450:
434:Chacachacare
430:
401:
395:established
386:
375:
368:
357:
326:
314:
295:
280:
262:
257:
249:
237:
211:
175:
141:
140:
120:Battles/wars
47:25 July 1788
15:
991:1854 deaths
986:1788 births
669:La Victoria
547:, in which
446:Manuel Piar
265:River Plate
214:Freemasonry
190:Chaguaramas
154:La Victoria
78:La Victoria
980:Categories
934:References
549:federalism
432:island of
412:Monteverde
402:After the
302:Charles IV
281:After the
162:Venezuelan
92:Allegiance
71:1854-09-05
956:Venezuela
612:Barcelona
589:caudillos
553:Angostura
416:armistice
337:Barcelona
289:defeated
202:Margarita
150:Margarita
950:See also
921:27 April
777:27 April
748:page 568
723:27 April
651:Colombia
561:Cantaura
528:Carúpano
523:Valencia
490:In 1813
349:Trujillo
287:Napoleon
194:Trinidad
643:Jamaica
639:Curaçao
508:Caracas
480:Caracas
476:Maturín
378:Guayana
371:Maturín
333:Caracas
329:cabildo
291:Prussia
208:Masonry
69: (
897:
877:
854:
810:
699:18 May
593:Cumaná
516:Cumaná
469:Guiria
382:Güiria
360:London
347:, and
345:Mérida
341:Cumaná
182:Creole
172:Family
158:Aragua
82:Aragua
675:Notes
647:Haiti
543:with
186:Irish
114:Staff
923:2018
895:ISBN
875:ISBN
852:ISBN
808:ISBN
779:2018
725:2018
701:2009
444:and
387:The
184:and
109:Rank
64:Died
44:Born
331:of
982::
914:.
863:^
787:^
763:^
709:^
653:.
645:,
641:,
579:.
440:,
343:,
339:,
156:,
148:,
84:,
80:,
56:,
52:,
925:.
901:.
881:.
858:.
814:.
781:.
727:.
703:.
73:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
