272:(Kʻaghirtʻ in the old Armenian sources), a tributary of the Tigris, was located in Sasun. The altitude in Sasun dropped drastically going from north to south, going from 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in the north to 2,400 feet (730 m) in the south along a distance of just 100 miles (160 km). Summers were temperate in the north and very hot in the south, while winters were severe and long everywhere. The main roads leading out of Sasun, which went through mountain passes to the north, were made impassable by snowfall throughout the winter, cutting the region off from the outside world. The area was also frequently stricken by earthquakes. Sasun received very little rainfall and had poor soil for agriculture, so the population was largely dependent on their herds (mainly sheep) for survival․ Agriculture and some grape cultivation occurred on a limited scale. Although Sasun was replete with timber and deposits of iron and copper, these remained largely unexploited (except for limited local use) due to the lack of transportation infrastructure for export.
2932:
474:
636:). Sasun's Armenians bore arms, which was forbidden under Ottoman law, produced their own weapons, and relied on nothing from the outside world. Ottoman tax collectors could not effectively work in Sasun due to its remoteness, and until 1890 Sasun Armenians paid their taxes once a year as a lump sum. There were also illegal taxes imposed by Kurdish chieftains on the Armenians, which were frequently cause for conflict. Armenian sources write that relations between the Kurds and Armenians of Sasun worsened due to the deliberate policy of the Ottoman authorities.
31:
905:, who lived in the foothills of Mount Maratʻuk, spoke the Sasun dialect of Armenian, visited the Armenian holy sites, and cooperated with the Armenians in times of rebellion. In 1894, the Armenian villages of Sasun were mostly allied with and dependent on the Sasunlu Kurds, to whom they paid tribute. The main villages of the semi-nomadic Bekranlı were to the southwest of Sasun. They had lost their authority over some villages in Sasun to the Armenians and the Sasunlu some time before the 1890s.
775:, about 25 miles from Mush). The vast majority of the population, including tens of thousands of refugees from nearby areas, was massacred. A few thousand were deported, while a few hundred were taken into Kurdish families or seized as war booty by Turkish officers. Others hid in mountains and canyons and crossed over to Russian-controlled territory in March 1916, when the Russian army captured Mush. Those Armenians from Sasun who managed to reach Eastern Armenia (the territory of modern-day
865:
notes the "obscure and inscrutable speech" of the inhabitants of Sasun and states that "Half of them lose their native tongue from living so far apart and never greeting each other, and their mutual speech is a patchwork of borrowed words. They are so profoundly ignorant of each other that they even need interpreters." Armenian authors interpret this as referring to various and complex dialects of
Armenian spoken by the Armenians of Sasun at the time.
253:
504:. At some point during the rule of the Tornikians, an episcopal see was established at Sasun with its seat at the monastery of Surb Aghberik or Vandir. Tarōn was conquered in its entirety by the Byzantines in the last decade of the 10th century, but the Tornikian principality of Sasun managed to maintain its independence from Byzantium and the
1399:, p. 48: "After the loss of the principality of Aghdznik to the Persians in 387, however, Taron became a frontier province, and thereafter a line of defensive positions was constructed in the part of the Taurus Mountains known as Sasun which not only bordered Taron but now formed the frontier of all of central Armenia on the south".
750:, Armenian leaders in Mush and Sasun debated over strategy, with some advising caution and others calling for a preemptive uprising to take control of Sasun and the plain of Mush until the arrival of the Russian army. The main partisan leaders were Hagop Godoyan, Misak Bdeyan and Goryun, while the chief political leaders were
567:, for aid against Shahnshah's aggression, but Beytemür was taken prisoner and ransomed in exchange for a certain fortress called Tʻardzean. However, Beytemür then renewed his attack on Sasun, defeated Shahnshah and imposed a heavy tribute. In 1188, Shahnshah and his brothers Vasil and Tornik fled to the Armenian kingdom of
264:, Sasun was one of the most mountainous and inaccessible regions of historical Armenia, characterized by precipitous gorges and canyons, grassy valleys, thick forests, and river rapids. Its two main mountain ranges were the Sim Mountains (also known as Kurtik or Simsar) to the north, which separated Sasun from the plain of
766:
Ottoman forces focused their efforts on attacking Sasun. The district was surrounded and subjected to heavy bombardment. Ruben Ter
Minasian estimates that around 30,000 Ottoman troops and Kurdish irregulars surrounded Sasun. On the Armenian side, some 1,000 men armed mainly with hunting rifles defended the
803:
Figures for the population and number of settlements in Sasun from the late
Ottoman period differ significantly. This can be attributed to the difficulty of collecting data in such a remote area, as well as the reluctance of the inhabitants to provide information to officials and, later, displacement
699:
was charged with pacifying Sasun. After several months of fighting, the outnumbered
Armenian forces under the leadership of Hampartsoum Boyadjian were defeated and the inhabitants of a number of villages in Sasun were massacred. The rebellion and massacre at Sasun is regarded as the beginning of the
1550:, p. 88: "But the Kurds can not be traced in Sasun until the end of the XIII century. Probably, the Kurds appeared in Sasun at the end of the XIII century, because then there is some mention about their presence in the Sasun mountains (Abeghian, pp. 362, 371), which are gradually conquered by them".
864:
was of the opinion that the inhabitants of Sasun were historically not
Armenians, spoke a different language, and were clearly distinguishable from Armenians as late as the 10th century, citing Tovma Artsruni's descriptions of their way of life and language as evidence. Specifically, Tovma Artsruni
790:
An unknown number of Sasun
Armenians survived the genocide by converting to Islam. Many of these Armenian converts later moved to different parts of Turkey. Some Sasun Armenians preserved their Christian faith and managed to remain in Sasun after the genocide, although many of these later converted
868:
The reputation of the
Armenians of Sasun was one of a hardy, courageous and stubborn group of mountaineers. Tovma Artsruni describes them as "savage in their habits, drinkers of blood, who regard as naught the killing of their own brothers and even of themselves" but adds that they are "hospitable
147:
The inhabitants of Sasun frequently enjoyed an autonomous or semi-independent status up to the modern era owing to the region's remoteness and inaccessibility, as well as to the armed resistance of its inhabitants. Sasun holds a significant place in
Armenian culture, history and historical memory.
847:
also lived in Sasun. According to scholar Tigran
Martirosyan, "the Armenians of Sassoun held a relative demographic preponderance or a significant numerical strength in most areas within the region up until the Genocide in 1915." Sasun was likely divided into smaller administrative units with the
770:
of Sasun, where about 20,000 natives and 30,000 refugees from other regions were under siege. Suffering from starvation and shortages in ammunition, on August 2, 1915 the defenders attempted to break out of the encirclement together with the besieged population, but only a few thousand managed to
896:
In the late
Ottoman period, Kurds in the Sasun region were either sedentary villagers or seminomads who moved between two main pastures seasonally but had home villages. The Kurdish settlements formed a rough circle around the central area of Armenian settlement in Sasun. Kurds in Sasun strongly
765:
In May 1915, the Ottoman army unsuccessfully attacked Sasun with the help of Kurdish tribes. Armenian partisan units remained in Sasun in June–July 1915 while Ottoman forces crushed Armenian resistance in Mush and massacred the survivors. After eradicating the Armenians on the plain of Mush, the
455:
dynasty and a became a key stronghold for resistance against Arab rule. Starting from the end of the 8th century, Sasun was ruled by the Tornikians, a branch of the Mamikonian family. In 851, the population of Sasun, under the leadership of a certain Hovhan Khutetsi, defeated an Arab army on the
869:
and respectful to strangers." The early 20th-century Armenian historian A-Do (Hovhannes Ter-Martirosian) describes Sasun Armenians as "rough, proud, individualist and brave, but poor." The Sasun Armenians' bravery and propensity for resistance to oppression is depicted in the Armenian epic poem
723:, Spaghanats Makar, Mshetsi Smbat, Sheniktsi Manuk, and Kaytsak Vagharshak, among others. Although the Armenian militiamen were defeated and the region's population again subjected to massacre, the population of Sasun rejected the Ottoman authorities' demand to resettle on the plain of Mush.
460:
attacked Sasun and massacred thousands of its inhabitants. Despite this, the Tornikians maintained their control over Sasun and continued to resist Arab rule. The frequent revolts of the Armenians of Sasun against Arab rule served as the historical basis for the medieval Armenian epic
1873:, p. 73: "Unsettled by the terms of the Treaty of Berlin to carry out reforms in the eastern vilayets, from 1878 onwards the Ottoman authorities resorted to frequent undercounting of Armenian populations in order to downplay their presence in eastern provinces as much as possible".
336:
of Sasun, with other parts of the greater region of Sasun falling under adjacent sanjaks. Little is known for certain about Sasun's internal sub-divisions during the late Ottoman period, and these seem to have changed frequently. One source gives the names of the sub-districts (or
2507:
2157:
299:
estimates the area of historical Sanasun at 2,400 km (930 sq mi). In later periods, Sasun referred to a broader geographical, economic and political region which included historical Sanasun and the adjacent territories, and was considered a part of the region of
227:
and Aghdznikʻ, the latter of which ruled over Sanasun until the fifth century, all claimed descent from Sanasar. It has been proposed that the placename is related to the town or fortress of Sassu mentioned in the cuneiform inscriptions of the Assyrian king
901:), were the Bekranlı (also known as the Bikran), the Badıkanlı, the Sasunlu, and the Hıyanlı. Relations between these tribes were often tense, which sometimes led to armed clashes. Some sources also speak of a group of non-Muslim Kurds called the Baliki or
647:
in the sanjak of Mush and smaller sections going to the sanjaks of Genç and Siirt. In the 1880s, clashes occurred in Sasun between Armenian militiamen and Ottoman gendarmes. The Sasun Armenians were led by Vardan Goloshian, an Armenian revolutionary from
2608:
2595:
2144:
619:. In the 16th century Sasun was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Kurdish presence in Sasun can be traced to the end of the 13th century; Kurds settled in Sasun in greater numbers after the Ottoman conquest. According to the correspondence between
627:
in Mush, Sasun had its own armed detachments and cavalry in the second half of the 18th century. In first quarter of the 19th century and as late as the 1880s, Sasun was effectively governed by its own laws and was ruled by an Armenian prince
205:), which is likely a direct translation of Sanasunkʻ and also refers to the inhabitants of Sanasun. In the Armenian tradition, the name of Sasun is traditionally associated with Sanasar (i.e., biblical Sharezer), the son of the Assyrian king
804:
and death associated with local violence and massacres. Additionally, Armenian populations were frequently undercounted by the authorities after 1878 to downplay Armenian presence in the empire's eastern provinces. According to
690:
and Krko (Krikor Moseyan). Unable to bring Sasun to submission with police forces and Kurdish irregulars in 1893, the Ottoman authorities sent the regular army to surround Sasun and declared martial law in the area. The Ottoman
656:
and massacre has been explained variously. Many sources view these events as a result of deliberate provocations by the Ottoman authorities, who sought to bring Sasun to heel as a potential hotbed for rebellion. In 1891–92, the
1014:
Bun Sasun, Shatakh, and Hazzo-Khabljoz were transferred to Mush sanjak; Khutʻ-Brnashēn and Motkan to Bitlis sanjak (a sanjak of the same name as the vilayet); Khian, Khulpʻ, and Talvorik to Genç; and Pʻsankʻ and Kharzan to
402:
does not mention Sanasun by name, he refers to "the Taurus Mountain, that is Sim and all the and all the Kłesurkʻ ," which is clearly describing the territory of Sanasun, as part of the territories granted to Sharashan,
808:, comparatively accurate data was collected in 1911, which, when adjusted for the undercount of women and children typical of Ottoman census data, shows a population of 9,827 Muslims and 8,576 Armenians in the
407:
of Aghdznikʻ. Sanasun was strategically important because of its geographical position; the river valleys that it encompassed, though difficult to pass, were a logical invasion route from the south toward the
738:), which already had a sizable Armenian community. The majority of the Sasun Armenians in Aleppo made their living there as bakers or millers. A Compatriotic Union of Sasun was later formed in Aleppo.
836:. For the greater region of Sasun, Kévorkian counts 80,233 Armenians at the start of the Armenian genocide. Armenian families in Sasun were large, with couples having eight children on average.
343:) of Sasun in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as Brnashēn, Bun Sasun ("Sasun proper"), Kharzan, Khutʻ-Brnashēn, Khulpʻ, Hazzo-Khabljoz, Motkan, Shatakh, Talvorik (Talori), and Pʻsankʻ․
432:, with most of it going it to the Sasanians. After the partition of Armenia, a line of mountain fortifications were built in Sasun, which had become the southern frontier of central Armenia.
611:
campaign in Armenia in 1387, the population of Tarōn was saved from destruction by taking refuge in the mountains of Sasun. In the 15th century, Sasun first fell under the suzerainty of the
2231:
394:(1st century BCE) and continued to exist until the mid-5th century. It has been suggested that Sanasun formed "a tribal territory under its own chieftains" rather than a holding of the
2842:
2204:
193:. Sanasun is the older form of the name, and both versions are also attested in the plural forms Sanasunkʻ and Sasunkʻ. The Greeks referred to the region in the plural, as
163:
and was the site of numerous clashes between Armenian militiamen, Kurdish irregulars and the Ottoman authorities. The Armenians of Sasun showed armed resistance during the
2931:
670:
came to prominence in these battles. Several Armenian revolutionaries traveled to Sasun to join in the armed resistance. Among the leaders of the Armenian militias were
508:. In the 11th century Sasun was ruled first by Mushegh Tornikian, then by his son Tornik, who again expanded the principality of Sasun into Tarōn and conquered the city
897:
identified with their respective tribes and sub-tribes and were not unified as a single group. The main Kurdish tribes in Sasun, which each had their own sub-tribes (
2527:
2498:
2177:
183:
The exact etymology of Sasun is unknown, although various folk etymologies exist. The name is first definitely attested in the 7th-century Armenian geography
268:, and the Sasun Mountains to the east, whose most prominent peaks are Andok (Antok), Tsovasar (Zowasor), Kepin and Maratʻuk (Marutʻasar). The source of the
171:, while a small number remained in Sasun. Most of the Armenians that remained in Sasun after the genocide have since left the region, settling primarily in
2835:
412:. The chief fortress of Sanasun bore the same name and was located near the later village of Sasun (modern Derince). Sanasun presumably came under direct
2664:
Taylor, J. G. (1865). "Travels in Kurdistan, with Notices of the Sources of the Eastern and Western Tigris, and Ancient Ruins in Their Neighbourhood".
424:
in 298 CE, although the viceroyalty may have remained under the de facto authority of the King of Armenia. The Romans gave up rights to Aghdznikʻ to
3274:
1005:
The highest peak (2685 m) of the Sim Mountains is also called Sim, Simsar or Kurtik. Maratʻuk is the highest peak of the Sasun Mountains at 2967 m.
2241:
833:
2589:] (in Armenian). Erevan: Haykakan SSṚ Gitutʻyunneri Akademia, Hnagitutʻyan ev Azgagrutʻyan Institut ev Hayastani Petakan Patmakan Tʻangaran.
435:
Sasun maintained its independence or semi-independence after the dethroning of the last Arsacid king of Armenia in 428. In the 510s, the future
428:
in 363 and the viceroyalty was possibly reconquered by Armenia in the 370s. Aghdznikʻ was divided between the Roman and Sasanian empires in the
2828:
839:
The two main ethnic groups in Sasun were Armenians and Kurds. Ethnographer and Sasun native Vardan Petoyan writes that a very small number of
2474:
2431:
2460:
805:
524:, who attempted to subject Sasun to his rule. That same year, Tornik was assassinated through the conspiring of Philaretos and the emir of
2214:
663:
irregular cavalry units were sent by the Ottoman authorities to attack Sasun, but were fought off by Armenian forces. The famous Armenian
888:) or south-central group of Armenian dialects. The Sasun dialect itself was divided into two main sub-dialects: Hazro and Geliyeguzan.
535:. Under Chordvanel's son Vigen (1120s–1175), the principality expanded further westward and established alliances by marriage with the
3269:
3028:
975:(1889–1977), an Armenian intellectual, author, journalist, revolutionary, educator, and public figure, born in Aharonkʻ in Sasun (now
167:
in 1915, during which most of them were killed. Some Armenians from Sasun managed to flee and settled in the territory of modern-day
2798:
2777:
2654:
2407:
2368:
2347:
2133:
759:
213:(as if meaning "Sanasar's progeny") after him and his descendants that populated the region. The prominent Armenian noble house of
144:
settled in Sasun as early as the end of the 13th century, and an autonomous Kurdish emirate existed there until the 19th century.
2261:
1053:
V. Petoyan writes that Vigen was succeeded by his son Chordvanel II, who died at a young age and was then succeeded by Shahnshah.
762:. Ultimately, Ter Minasian and Papazian's strategy of cautiously preparing for defense in the mountains of Sasun was followed.
473:
3022:
209:
who fled to Armenia after murdering his father․ Sanasar is said to have settled in the area around Mount Sim, which was called
652:. The escalation of Armenian-Kurdish violence in Sasun in the early 1890s and the Ottoman intervention that culminated in the
2868:
2705:
873:, which narrates the story of four generations of heroes from Sasun who fight against the Arab conquerors during the time of
361:
111:
520:. In 1059, Tornik beat back a Seljuk incursion into Tarōn. In 1073, he defeated the Byzantine-Armenian general-turned-ruler
856:
In accordance with the legend of Sanasar, son of Sennacherib, settling in Sanasun, the 9th-10th-century Armenian historian
2852:
2357:
Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). "The Historical Geography of Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
136:) of Sasun was made a part of different administrative divisions before finally being attached to the Mush sanjak of the
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2162:
692:
3101:
2896:
2815:
2278:
568:
552:
531:
He was succeeded by his son Chordvanel (1073–1120s), who is said to have captured thirty villages from the emirate of
148:
The Sasun Armenians' reputation for courage and resistance to foreign rule is reflected in the Armenian national epic
2787:
Walker, Christopher J. (2001). "The End of Armenian Taron and Baghesh, 1914-1916". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
877:. The epic was inspired by the memory of Sasun's protracted struggle against the Arabs and other foreign conquerors.
3096:
2980:
2880:
2521:
2171:
860:
writes that the people of Sasun "are the peasants of Syria who followed Adramelēkʻ and Sanasar." The Armenologist
448:
373:
156:
591:
rule, Sasun was administered together with the rest of southwestern Armenia and maintained its autonomous status.
2958:
2914:
579:. Some branches of the Tornikians remained in Sasun, taking refuge in the more inaccessible parts of the region.
309:
551:. Vigen was succeeded by his grandson, Shahnshah (1175–1188), who unsuccessfully attempted to make his brother
493:
301:
284:
3016:
572:
3206:
2378:
2304:
861:
624:
421:
90:
3174:
2722:(1961). "Introduction to Christian Caucasian History: II: States and Dynasties of the Formative Period".
3012:
2964:
2621:
792:
675:
521:
150:
122:. In the 10th century, an independent Armenian principality based in Sasun and ruled by a branch of the
2567:
525:
30:
236:
connects Sasun/Sanasun with Ususuani, one of the conquered lands mentioned in the inscriptions of the
3164:
2417:
821:
653:
962:
956:
715:, Aghbiur Serob and Spaghanats Makar. Sasun was attacked by the Ottoman Army and Kurdish irregulars
3184:
3179:
3034:
3006:
2189:
966:
716:
600:
229:
976:
932:
3198:
2996:
2948:
2747:
2739:
2689:
2492:
2321:
751:
701:
658:
429:
391:
74:
3231:
2986:
2974:
2890:
2794:
2773:
2769:
2701:
2681:
2650:
2554:
2480:
2470:
2427:
2403:
2364:
2343:
2129:
952:
747:
727:
496:
in the early 10th century. Soon after, however, the Tornikians accepted the suzerainty of the
485:
399:
190:
164:
46:
3226:
2908:
2886:
2876:
2731:
2673:
2544:
2333:
2313:
2257:
2105:
881:
720:
536:
497:
489:
369:
261:
214:
2820:
2337:
2128:] (in Armenian). Translated by Seghbosyan, V. P. Erevan: "Hayastan" hratarakchʻutʻyun.
3002:
2952:
2872:
2763:
2719:
2447:
2272:] (in Armenian). Vol. 4. Erevani hamalsarani hratarakchʻutʻyun. pp. 505–506.
2117:
965:(1892–1965), Soviet Armenian ethnographer and educator, born in Geliyeguzan in Sasun (now
844:
671:
425:
365:
233:
184:
86:
78:
321:
70:
2382:
603:, Hulagu delegated the administration of Sasun to a member of the Artsruni family named
3152:
3142:
2990:
2759:
2236:
2209:
2185:
946:
938:
857:
780:
755:
687:
640:
604:
457:
329:
325:
313:
296:
137:
127:
94:
82:
24:
2714:] (in Armenian). Translated by Pilējikchean, Baṛnabas. Vienna: Mkhitʻarean tparan.
2232:"Sassoun and the Armenians of Sassoun after the Genocide and up to this day – part II"
816:
of Kulp (24,819 total), and 39,887 Muslims and 47,879 Armenians (87,766 total) in the
771:
escape and reach Russian-controlled territory (at the time, the frontline ran through
398:, but there is little evidence to support this. Although the early Armenian historian
3263:
3157:
3147:
3056:
2751:
1932:
1930:
1315:
1313:
1199:
1197:
1195:
996:
As is common for Armenian district names, many of which are found only in the plural.
972:
924:
885:
683:
679:
588:
505:
2339:
The Geography of Ananias of Širak (Ašxarhacʻoycʻ): The Long and the Short Recensions
1095:
1093:
126:
dynasty emerged and existed until the 12th century. The region was conquered by the
3086:
2109:
612:
440:
413:
317:
269:
252:
2391:] (in Armenian). Translated by Pilējikchean, H. B. Vienna: Mkhitʻarean Tparan.
409:
65:), was a region of historical Armenia. The region is now divided among the modern
2788:
2644:
2602:(in Armenian). Erevan: Haykakan hanragitaran hratarakchʻutʻyun. pp. 402–404.
2421:
2397:
2358:
2151:(in Armenian). Erevan: Haykakan hanragitaran hratarakchʻutʻyun. pp. 401–402.
2126:
History of Armenia: Origins X–VI Centuries BCE: Origin of the Armenians: Articles
2095:
829:
620:
592:
560:
206:
719:. The Armenian defenders were led by Hrayr Dzhdoghk, Andranik, Kevork Chavush,
3236:
3211:
3106:
3091:
2735:
2122:
Hayastani patmutʻyun: Akunkʻnerě X-VI d.d. m.tʻ.a.: hayeri tsagumě: Hodvatsner
696:
616:
509:
478:
452:
123:
2685:
2558:
2484:
2302:
Haroutyunian, Sargis (1997). "Armenian Epic Tradition and Kurdish Folklore".
155:
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Sasun became a focal point of the
3071:
2904:
2615:(in Armenian). Erevan: Haykakan hanragitaran hratarakchʻutʻyun. p. 403.
2536:
2317:
2205:"Sassoun and the Armenians of Sassoun after the Genocide and up to this day"
791:
to Islam from the 1960s onward. According to one estimate, one third of the
772:
596:
548:
544:
513:
305:
288:
276:
2286:
456:
plain of Mush and killed its commander Yusuf. In 852 the Abbasid commander
291:
province to the northeast, and Salnoy Dzor, Gzekh, Aghdzn, and Npʻrkert of
2464:
812:
of Sasun (18,403 people total), 20,108 Muslims and 4,711 Armenians in the
492:, the Tornikians of Sasun conquered a part of the Bagratunis' holdings in
275:
Within the Kingdom of Armenia, Sanasun or Sasun bordered the districts of
3216:
3081:
3066:
2968:
2900:
2580:
2198:] (in Armenian). Erevan: Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Publishing.
874:
848:
intention of reducing the relative percentage of Armenians in each unit.
784:
712:
387:
292:
172:
107:
2743:
3246:
3221:
3169:
3126:
3076:
3061:
2920:
2693:
2325:
840:
776:
649:
576:
556:
540:
436:
378:
339:
280:
224:
219:
168:
2048:
2046:
2044:
3116:
2611:[Sasun self-defense 1915]. In Khudaverdyan, Kostandin (ed.).
2549:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
955:(1910–1974), Soviet Armenian author, born in Dashtadem in Sasun (now
731:
357:
237:
194:
66:
2677:
2442:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
623:, an early Armenian revolutionary, and Hovhan Mshetsi, the abbot of
265:
256:
Mount Maratʻuk, Marutʻa or Mereto, one of the highest peaks in Sasun
114:. Over time, Sasun came to denote a larger region than the original
97:
in Batman Province encompassing only one part of historical Sasun.
3241:
2281:[The story of a convert granddaughter of a Sasun priest].
1355:
1319:
1203:
1099:
914:
735:
667:
608:
564:
532:
472:
328:
in 1875, most of Sasun was made part of the sanjak of Mush of the
251:
241:
141:
29:
20:
2643:
in Nineteenth-Century Aleppo". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
3121:
3111:
484:
Continuing the long-standing rivalry between the Mamikonian and
444:
132:
2824:
2396:
Hovannisian, Richard G. (2001). Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
312:
and Sim/Kurtik Mountains in the north to Sasun village (modern
1947:
1945:
1155:
1153:
1151:
501:
2443:"Armenian Demographics of Sassoun in the Late Ottoman Period"
200:
2598:[Sasun uprising]. In Khudaverdyan, Kostandin (ed.).
2537:"Rethinking the Violence in the Sasun Mountains (1893-1894)"
1629:
1627:
1625:
1592:
1590:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1300:
1298:
1296:
390:, an office that was likely constituted during the reign of
308:. By one definition, Sasun encompassed the area between the
1791:
1789:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
324:(historical Khoytʻ) in the east. After the creation of the
2270:
Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories
1560:
1558:
1556:
711:
activity resumed in Sasun in 1896 under the leadership of
116:
101:
2712:
Sasun and the Area around the Sources of the Tigris River
2510:[Sasun dialect]. In Hambardzumyan, Viktor (ed.).
1917:
1915:
1170:
1168:
1818:
1816:
1719:
1717:
1704:
1702:
1368:
1366:
1364:
443:
led the Armenians of Sasun to defeat a group of raiding
2666:
The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London
2260:; Melikʻ-Bakhshyan, St. T.; Barseghyan, H. Kh. (1998).
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
639:
In the late 19th century, Sasun was made a part of the
356:
Sasun or Sanasun formed a part of the territory of the
2516:(in Armenian). Vol. 10. Erevan. pp. 202–203.
2266:
Hayastani ev harakitsʻ shrjanneri teghanunneri baṛaran
2166:(in Armenian). Vol. 10. Erevan. pp. 199–202.
175:, and the region is now populated primarily by Kurds.
2279:"Sasuntsʻi kʻahanayi kronapʻokh tʻoṛnuhu patmutʻyuně"
2076:
2052:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1882:
1251:
1084:
2634:(in Armenian). Erevan: "Hayastan" hratarakchʻutʻyun.
19:
For the modern-day town and district in Turkey, see
3195:
3135:
3044:
2939:
2859:
595:conquered Sasun in the 1260s and annexed it to the
880:The Armenians of Sasun spoke their own dialect of
832:as 24,233, based on the census carried out by the
571:after being dispossessed by the Shah-Armens. King
100:In antiquity, Sasun was one of the ten districts (
1356:Hakobyan, Melikʻ-Bakhshyan & Barseghyan 1998
1320:Hakobyan, Melikʻ-Bakhshyan & Barseghyan 1998
1204:Hakobyan, Melikʻ-Bakhshyan & Barseghyan 1998
1100:Hakobyan, Melikʻ-Bakhshyan & Barseghyan 1998
2570:[The Tornikian principality of Sasun].
2104:] (in Armenian). Erewan: Tparan "Kultura".
1963:
1936:
1024:In later periods, the fortress was also called
2620:Poghosyan, H. M. (1985). Hambaryan, A. (ed.).
2466:Sasun: The History of an 1890s Armenian Revolt
516:. Arab sources refer to the ruler of Sasun as
420:(viceroyalty) of Aghdznikʻ as a result of the
2836:
1040:(i.e. "the fortress of David of Sasun"), and
884:, which is included in the Mush-Tigranakert (
8:
2816:Map of Sasun kaza in English on Houshamadyan
2572:HSSṚ GA Teghekagir Hasarakakan Gitutʻyunneri
2463:; Turan, Ömer; Taşkıran, Cemalettin (2014).
1547:
1999:
1975:
1870:
1858:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1596:
1581:
1304:
1287:
2843:
2829:
2821:
2639:Shemmassian, Vahram L. (2001). "The Sasun
2526:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2497:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2196:Armenia according to the Ashkharhatsʻoytsʻ
2176:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1807:
1657:
730:, a number of Sasun Armenians migrated to
643:, with most of it falling under the Sasun
477:Sanasunkʻ shown among the holdings of the
376:dynasties. Sanasun was a territory of the
287:, Aspakuneatsʻ Dzor and Khoytʻ (Khutʻ) of
2548:
2423:The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History
2342:. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
1966:, pp. 187–188, (book II, chapter 7).
1951:
1906:
1894:
1834:
1822:
1795:
1780:
1768:
1735:
1633:
1487:
1408:
1384:
1230:
1159:
1111:
927:(Armenak Ghazarian, 1864–1904), Armenian
917:(Arakel Mkhitarian, 1863–1893), Armenian
1846:
1564:
1174:
575:of Cilicia granted them the fortress of
3019:, Shanazarians and Avanians, 1603–1822)
2772:Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
2102:The Vilayets of Van, Bitlis and Erzurum
1921:
1523:
1511:
1275:
1263:
1186:
1066:
989:
945:leader, born in Mktʻenkʻ in Sasun (now
931:leader, born in Aharonkʻ in Sasun (now
834:Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
130:in the 16th century, and the district (
2790:Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush
2765:History of the House of the Artsrunikʻ
2707:Sasun ew Tigrisi aghberatsʻ sahmannerě
2646:Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush
2519:
2490:
2426:. London & New York: I.B. Tauris.
2399:Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush
2360:Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush
2169:
2097:Vani, Bitʻlisi ew Ērzrumi vilayētʻnerě
2064:
1747:
1723:
1708:
1645:
1535:
1499:
1396:
1372:
1343:
1331:
1142:
1130:
704:and provoked an international outcry.
599:. According to the Armenian historian
2730:. Cambridge University Press: 1–106.
824:gives the Armenian population of the
7:
2147:. In Khudaverdyan, Kostandin (ed.).
1987:
1939:, p. 188, (book II, chapter 7).
795:is made up of Armenians from Sasun.
779:) settled mainly in villages around
416:suzerainty together with the entire
295:province to the east and southeast.
2077:McCarthy, Turan & Taşkıran 2014
2053:McCarthy, Turan & Taşkıran 2014
2036:McCarthy, Turan & Taşkıran 2014
2024:McCarthy, Turan & Taşkıran 2014
2012:McCarthy, Turan & Taşkıran 2014
1883:McCarthy, Turan & Taşkıran 2014
1252:McCarthy, Turan & Taşkıran 2014
1085:McCarthy, Turan & Taşkıran 2014
2609:"Sasuni inkʻnapashtpanutʻyun 1915"
2568:"Sasuni Tʻoṛnikian ishkhanutʻyuně"
2160:. In Hambardzumyan, Viktor (ed.).
632:) elected by a council of elders (
559:. Catholicos Gregory IV called on
451:, Sasun came under the control of
93:, with the modern-day district of
14:
2541:Études arméniennes contemporaines
760:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
364:under the successive rule of the
2930:
2887:Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages)
2793:. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers.
2649:. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers.
2402:. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers.
2363:. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers.
2230:Hagopian, Sofia (26 July 2017).
2203:Hagopian, Sofia (25 July 2017).
2191:Hayastaně ěst Ashxarhatsʻoytsʻ-i
921:leader, born in Kurtʻeṛ in Sasun
488:dynasties and encouraged by the
3275:Early medieval Armenian regions
3023:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
3003:Zakarid Principality of Armenia
2277:Hakobyan, Sofia (22 May 2020).
2869:Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
793:Armenian community in Istanbul
34:An Armenian map of Sasun, 1904
1:
2623:Sasuni patmutʻyun (1750—1918)
2285:(in Armenian). Archived from
746:In 1915, at the onset of the
2628:History of Sasun (1750–1918)
2613:Haykakan hartsʻ hanragitaran
2600:Haykakan hartsʻ hanragitaran
2513:Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia
2441:Martirosyan, Tigran (2020).
2389:Ancient Armenian Place Names
2384:Hin Hayotsʻ Teghwoy Anunnerě
2163:Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia
2149:Haykakan hartsʻ hanragitaran
583:13th century to Ottoman rule
498:Bagratuni kingdom of Armenia
195:
117:
102:
16:Historical region of Armenia
2897:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
828:of Sasun on the eve of the
430:partition of Armenia in 387
316:) in the south and between
283:province to the northwest,
3291:
2981:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
726:In the years prior to the
447:. At some point after the
201:
18:
3270:Former regions of Armenia
3037:(1991–2023, unrecognized)
3015:(Beglarians, Israelians,
2959:Principality of Hamamshen
2928:
2736:10.1017/S0362152900008473
2574:(in Armenian) (2): 85–96.
2506:Mikʻayelyan, Zh. (1984).
615:, then under that of the
62:
50:
2587:The Ethnography of Sasun
2579:Petoyan, Vardan (1965).
449:Arab conquest of Armenia
2607:Poghosyan, H. (1996b).
2594:Poghosyan, H. (1996a).
2318:10.1163/157338497X00049
2305:Iran & the Caucasus
2110:2027/mdp.39015041464523
260:Located in the eastern
244:(9th-8th century BCE).
3196:Other provinces under
3136:Other Armenian regions
2983:(Kiurikians, 979–1118)
2851:Historical states and
2596:"Sasuni apstambutʻyun"
2156:Danielyan, Ē. (1984).
941:(1870–1907), Armenian
481:
257:
35:
3013:Melikdoms of Karabakh
2965:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
2535:Miller, Owen (2018).
2143:Badalyan, G. (1996).
1038:Sasuntsʻi Davtʻi Berd
695:under the command of
676:Hampartsoum Boyadjian
625:St. Karapet Monastery
522:Philaretos Brachamios
476:
469:Principality of Sasun
255:
106:) of the province of
33:
3165:Armenian Mesopotamia
3025:(1921, unrecognized)
2999:(Khachen, 1000–1261)
2860:Independent Armenian
2566:Petoyan, V. (1955).
1964:Thomas Artsruni 1985
1937:Thomas Artsruni 1985
1783:, pp. 340, 352.
1145:, pp. 160, 162.
875:Arab rule in Armenia
654:1894 Sasun rebellion
2921:Republic of Armenia
2915:Republic of Armenia
2582:Sasna azgagrutʻyuně
2118:Adontsʻ, Nikoghayos
1954:, p. 55, n. 3.
1696:, p. 189, n48.
1411:, pp. 199–200.
1334:, pp. 158–160.
1189:, pp. 198–199.
1162:, pp. 174–175.
871:Daredevils of Sasun
862:Heinrich Hübschmann
601:Kirakos Gandzaketsi
563:Beytemür, ruler of
463:Daredevils of Sasun
232:(8th century BCE).
230:Tiglath-Pileser III
151:Daredevils of Sasun
3199:Tigranes the Great
2997:Kingdom of Artsakh
2949:Satrapy of Armenia
2940:Minor or dependent
2853:regions of Armenia
2770:Thomson, Robert W.
2469:. Salt Lake City.
2418:Kévorkian, Raymond
1502:, pp. 48, 51.
752:Ruben Ter Minasian
702:Hamidian massacres
482:
479:Mamikonian dynasty
392:Tigranes the Great
362:Kingdom of Armenia
258:
112:Kingdom of Armenia
110:(Arzanene) of the
36:
3255:
3254:
2987:Kingdom of Syunik
2975:Kingdom of Vanand
2522:cite encyclopedia
2476:978-1-60781-385-9
2433:978-1-84885-561-8
2334:Hewsen, Robert H.
2289:on 5 January 2023
2258:Hakobyan, Tʻ. Kh.
2244:on 5 January 2023
2217:on 5 January 2023
2172:cite encyclopedia
1978:, pp. 63–64.
1548:Haroutyunian 1997
1526:, pp. 88–89.
953:Khachik Dashtents
822:Raymond Kévorkian
748:Armenian genocide
742:Armenian genocide
728:Armenian genocide
518:malik al-Sanasina
400:Movses Khorenatsi
360:, as well as the
358:Kingdom of Urartu
191:Anania Shirakatsi
186:Ashkharhatsʻoytsʻ
165:Armenian genocide
53:), also known as
3282:
3050:of Armenia Major
2934:
2883:, 553 BC–428 AD)
2845:
2838:
2831:
2822:
2804:
2783:
2768:. Translated by
2755:
2720:Toumanoff, Cyril
2715:
2697:
2660:
2635:
2633:
2616:
2603:
2590:
2575:
2562:
2552:
2550:10.4000/eac.1556
2531:
2525:
2517:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2461:McCarthy, Justin
2456:
2437:
2413:
2392:
2374:
2353:
2329:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2273:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2240:. Archived from
2226:
2224:
2222:
2213:. Archived from
2199:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2152:
2139:
2113:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
2000:Mikʻayelyan 1984
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1976:Martirosyan 2020
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1871:Martirosyan 2020
1868:
1862:
1859:Martirosyan 2020
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1706:
1697:
1694:Shemmassian 2001
1691:
1685:
1682:Shemmassian 2001
1679:
1673:
1670:Shemmassian 2001
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1600:
1597:Martirosyan 2020
1594:
1585:
1582:Martirosyan 2020
1579:
1568:
1562:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1305:Martirosyan 2020
1302:
1291:
1288:Hovannisian 2001
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1234:
1228:
1207:
1201:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
967:Cevizlidere, Muş
882:Western Armenian
721:Sebastatsi Murad
490:Byzantine Empire
422:Peace of Nisibis
320:in the west and
262:Taurus Mountains
204:
203:
198:
189:, attributed to
120:
105:
64:
52:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3197:
3191:
3131:
3049:
3040:
3017:Hasan-Jalalians
2942:Armenian states
2941:
2935:
2926:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2786:
2780:
2760:Thomas Artsruni
2758:
2718:
2700:
2678:10.2307/3698077
2663:
2657:
2638:
2631:
2619:
2606:
2593:
2578:
2565:
2534:
2518:
2508:"Sasuni barbaṛ"
2505:
2489:
2477:
2459:
2448:Armenian Review
2440:
2434:
2416:
2410:
2395:
2377:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2332:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2276:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2229:
2220:
2218:
2202:
2184:
2168:
2155:
2142:
2136:
2116:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1885:, pp. 6–7.
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1814:
1808:Poghosyan 1996b
1806:
1802:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1658:Poghosyan 1996a
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1571:
1563:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1362:
1358:, p. 506b.
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1322:, p. 505c.
1318:
1311:
1303:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1237:
1229:
1210:
1206:, p. 505b.
1202:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1177:, pp. 5–6.
1173:
1166:
1158:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1102:, p. 506a.
1098:
1091:
1083:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
911:
909:Notable natives
894:
854:
830:First World War
806:Justin McCarthy
801:
744:
672:Mihran Damadian
585:
471:
354:
349:
332:and called the
250:
234:Nicholas Adontz
181:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3288:
3286:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3143:Lesser Armenia
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3029:Soviet Armenia
3026:
3020:
3010:
3000:
2994:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2962:
2956:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:(1991–present)
2918:
2912:
2894:
2884:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2810:External links
2808:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2784:
2778:
2756:
2716:
2698:
2661:
2655:
2636:
2617:
2604:
2591:
2576:
2563:
2543:(10): 97–123.
2532:
2503:
2475:
2457:
2438:
2432:
2414:
2408:
2393:
2375:
2369:
2354:
2348:
2330:
2299:
2274:
2254:
2237:Horizon Weekly
2227:
2210:Horizon Weekly
2200:
2186:Eremyan, S. T.
2182:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2114:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2004:
2002:, p. 202.
1992:
1990:, p. 120.
1980:
1968:
1956:
1952:Hiwbshman 1907
1941:
1926:
1924:, p. 326.
1911:
1909:, p. 280.
1907:Kévorkian 2011
1899:
1897:, p. 277.
1895:Kévorkian 2011
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1835:Hagopian 2017b
1827:
1823:Hagopian 2017a
1812:
1800:
1798:, p. 351.
1796:Kévorkian 2011
1785:
1781:Kévorkian 2011
1773:
1771:, p. 352.
1769:Kévorkian 2011
1752:
1750:, p. 203.
1740:
1738:, p. 345.
1736:Kévorkian 2011
1728:
1726:, p. 202.
1713:
1711:, p. 199.
1698:
1686:
1684:, p. 182.
1674:
1672:, p. 178.
1662:
1660:, p. 402.
1650:
1638:
1636:, p. 201.
1634:Danielyan 1984
1601:
1586:
1569:
1567:, p. 401.
1552:
1540:
1538:, p. 164.
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1490:, p. 200.
1488:Danielyan 1984
1413:
1409:Danielyan 1984
1401:
1389:
1385:Toumanoff 1961
1377:
1375:, p. 158.
1360:
1348:
1346:, p. 162.
1336:
1324:
1309:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1235:
1233:, p. 199.
1231:Danielyan 1984
1208:
1191:
1179:
1164:
1160:Hiwbshman 1907
1147:
1135:
1133:, p. 160.
1116:
1114:, p. 173.
1112:Hiwbshman 1907
1104:
1089:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1017:
1007:
998:
988:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
970:
963:Vardan Petoyan
960:
957:Çukurca, Mutki
950:
947:Topluca, Sason
939:Kevork Chavush
936:
922:
910:
907:
893:
890:
858:Tovma Artsruni
853:
850:
800:
797:
758:(Goms) of the
756:Vahan Papazian
743:
740:
688:Kevork Chavush
641:Bitlis vilayet
605:Sadun Artsruni
584:
581:
470:
467:
458:Bugha al-Kabir
418:bdeashkhutʻiwn
386:, viceroy) of
353:
350:
348:
345:
330:Bitlis vilayet
326:Bitlis vilayet
314:Derince, Sason
297:Suren Yeremian
249:
246:
180:
177:
138:Bitlis vilayet
128:Ottoman Empire
25:Sason District
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3287:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3258:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Upper Armenia
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3045:Provinces or
3043:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:, 522–331 BC)
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2933:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2800:9781568591360
2796:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2779:0-8143-1784-7
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2656:9781568591360
2652:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2455:(1–2): 59–91.
2454:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2409:9781568591360
2405:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2379:Hiwbshman, H.
2376:
2372:
2370:9781568591360
2366:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2349:3-88226-485-3
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2135:99930-75-27-2
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2094:A-Dō (1912).
2092:
2091:
2086:
2079:, p. 13.
2078:
2073:
2070:
2067:, p. 28.
2066:
2061:
2058:
2055:, p. 11.
2054:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1861:, p. 65.
1860:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1847:Hakobyan 2020
1843:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1648:, p. 19.
1647:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1599:, p. 63.
1598:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1584:, p. 62.
1583:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:Badalyan 1996
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1514:, p. 86.
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1387:, p. 30.
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:, p. 60.
1306:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1266:, p. 79.
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:Tomashēk 1896
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
983:
978:
974:
973:Garo Sassouni
971:
968:
964:
961:
958:
954:
951:
948:
944:
940:
937:
934:
930:
926:
925:Hrayr Dzhoghk
923:
920:
916:
913:
912:
908:
906:
904:
900:
891:
889:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
866:
863:
859:
851:
849:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
798:
796:
794:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
741:
739:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
717:again in 1904
714:
710:
705:
703:
698:
694:
689:
685:
684:Aghbiur Serob
681:
680:Hrayr Dzhoghk
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
661:
655:
651:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:and parts of
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
475:
468:
466:
464:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
426:Sasanian Iran
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:plain of Mush
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
352:Early history
351:
346:
344:
342:
341:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
254:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
208:
197:
192:
188:
187:
178:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
160:
154:
152:
145:
143:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
121:
119:
113:
109:
104:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:provinces of
68:
60:
56:
48:
44:
40:
32:
26:
22:
3257:
3087:Nor Shirakan
3046:
3009:, 1201–1335)
2911:, 1080–1375)
2789:
2764:
2727:
2723:
2711:
2706:
2702:Tomashēk, V.
2669:
2665:
2645:
2640:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2599:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2540:
2511:
2465:
2452:
2446:
2422:
2398:
2388:
2383:
2359:
2338:
2309:
2303:
2293:10 September
2291:. Retrieved
2287:the original
2282:
2269:
2265:
2248:10 September
2246:. Retrieved
2242:the original
2235:
2221:10 September
2219:. Retrieved
2215:the original
2208:
2195:
2190:
2161:
2148:
2125:
2121:
2101:
2096:
2087:Bibliography
2072:
2060:
2038:, p. 9.
2031:
2026:, p. 8.
2019:
2014:, p. 7.
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1922:Petoyan 1965
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1803:
1776:
1743:
1731:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1543:
1531:
1524:Petoyan 1955
1519:
1512:Petoyan 1955
1507:
1495:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1290:, p. 3.
1283:
1278:, p. 3.
1276:Petoyan 1965
1271:
1264:Eremyan 1963
1259:
1254:, p. 6.
1187:Adontsʻ 1972
1182:
1138:
1107:
1087:, p. 3.
1049:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1001:
992:
977:Karlık, Kulp
942:
933:Karlık, Kulp
928:
918:
902:
898:
895:
879:
870:
867:
855:
838:
825:
817:
813:
809:
802:
789:
767:
764:
745:
734:(modern-day
725:
708:
706:
664:
659:
644:
638:
633:
629:
613:Qara Qoyunlu
586:
530:
526:Mayyafariqin
517:
483:
462:
441:Mzhezh Gnuni
434:
417:
404:
395:
383:
377:
355:
338:
333:
274:
270:Batman River
259:
218:
210:
202:Σανασουνῖται
196:Sanasounitai
185:
182:
158:
149:
146:
131:
115:
99:
58:
54:
42:
38:
37:
3175:Mountainous
3031:(1920–1991)
2993:, 987–1170)
2971:, 908–1021)
2917:(1918–1920)
2893:, 884–1045)
2283:mediamax.am
2065:Taylor 1865
1748:Walker 2001
1724:Walker 2001
1709:Walker 2001
1646:Miller 2018
1536:Hewsen 1992
1500:Hewsen 2001
1397:Hewsen 1992
1373:Hewsen 1992
1344:Hewsen 1992
1332:Hewsen 1992
1143:Hewsen 1992
1131:Hewsen 1992
1034:Davtʻi Berd
1026:Sasuni Berd
693:Fourth Army
621:Joseph Emin
593:Hulagu Khan
439:of Armenia
207:Sennacherib
61:(Armenian:
3264:Categories
3237:Cappadocia
3212:Atropatene
3107:Paytakaran
3092:Vaspurakan
2977:(963–1064)
2961:(790–1486)
2891:Bagratunis
1061:References
1030:Davtʻaberd
903:Belekʻtsʻi
886:Diyarbakır
799:Population
697:Zeki Pasha
617:Aq Qoyunlu
561:Shah-Armen
553:Catholicos
549:Pahlavunis
547:, and the
545:Katakalons
510:Arsamosata
453:Mamikonian
277:Hashteankʻ
124:Mamikonian
91:Diyarbakır
3072:Turuberan
3007:Zakarians
2969:Artsrunis
2909:Lusignans
2905:Hethumids
2877:Artaxiads
2752:151524770
2686:0266-6235
2672:: 21–58.
2641:Pandukhts
2559:2269-5281
2493:cite book
2485:908769524
2312:: 85–92.
1988:A-Dō 1912
852:Armenians
845:Assyrians
820:of Mush.
773:Malazgirt
707:Armenian
607:. During
597:Ilkhanate
537:Artsrunis
500:based in
486:Bagratuni
388:Aghdznikʻ
322:Kavakbaşı
306:Turuberan
289:Turuberan
248:Geography
220:bdeashkhs
211:Sanasunkʻ
157:Armenian
108:Aghdznikʻ
63:Սանասունք
59:Sanasunkʻ
3217:Adiabene
3082:Corduene
3067:Arzanene
3047:Ashkhars
2953:Orontids
2901:Rubenids
2881:Arsacids
2873:Orontids
2762:(1985).
2744:27830424
2724:Traditio
2704:(1896).
2420:(2011).
2381:(1907).
2336:(1992).
2188:(1963).
2120:(1972).
1042:Kʻaghkik
785:Ashtarak
713:Andranik
660:hamidiye
577:Seleucia
405:bdeashkh
396:bdeashkh
379:bdeashkh
370:Artaxiad
293:Aghdznik
238:Urartian
217:and the
215:Artsruni
173:Istanbul
161:movement
47:Armenian
3247:Osroene
3232:Albania
3222:Assyria
3170:Cilicia
3127:Ayrarat
3102:Artsakh
3077:Moxoene
3062:Sophene
3035:Artsakh
2694:3698077
2326:4030741
2262:"Sasun"
2158:"Sasun"
2145:"Sasun"
841:Yazidis
777:Armenia
634:avagani
630:ishkhan
609:Timur's
569:Cilicia
557:Rumkale
506:Seljuks
437:marzban
374:Arsacid
366:Orontid
347:History
281:Tsopʻkʻ
225:Tsopʻkʻ
169:Armenia
67:Turkish
55:Sanasun
43:Sassoun
3227:Iberia
3153:Second
3117:Gugark
3097:Syunik
2991:Siunis
2862:states
2797:
2776:
2750:
2742:
2692:
2684:
2653:
2630:]
2557:
2483:
2473:
2430:
2406:
2367:
2346:
2324:
2132:
1015:Siirt.
943:fedayi
929:fedayi
919:fedayi
899:kabile
732:Aleppo
709:fedayi
665:fedayi
650:Tiflis
589:Mongol
587:Under
573:Leo II
543:, the
514:Andzit
384:vitaxa
340:nahiye
310:Haçres
159:fedayi
89:, and
87:Batman
79:Bitlis
75:Bingöl
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