Saparmurat Niyazov - Knowledge (XXG)

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harassed by the authorities. A silhouette of Niyazov was used as a logo on television broadcasts. The eccentric nature of some of his decrees, and the vast number of images of the president led to the perception, especially in western countries, of a despotic leader, rich on oil wealth glorifying himself whilst the population gained no benefit. For these, and other reasons, the US government said that by the time he died, "Niyazov's personality cult ... had reached the dimensions of a state-imposed religion."

742: 737: 1767: 1232:, an autobiography meant to guide the people of Turkmenistan with his ideas and promote native culture (and by extension prohibiting foreign culture). He also took part in creating new holidays with a specific Turkmen nature and introduced a new Latin-based Turkmen alphabet to replace Russian Cyrillic. The Latin Turkmen alphabet consists of: Aa, Bb, Çç, Dd, Ee, Ää, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Žž, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ňň, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Ww, Yy, Ýý, Zz. 1937: 732: 506: 473: 76: 748: 5022: 455: 2068:, in Spring 2007, and around 2009–10, television broadcasts of Ruhnama stopped. By 2011, Berdimuhamedow's government rescinded the requirement to pass a secondary-school examination on the book and in 2014, it was finally declared that Turkmenistani universities would no longer test applicants on their knowledge of the book. Displaying and keeping the book alongside the Quran in mosques were also stopped, except in 2015:, approximately 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west of Ashgabat. Prior to being moved to the village, Niyazov's body lay in state in an open coffin in the presidential palace from 9:00 am to 12:00 pm. Many mourners, including foreign delegations, passed by the coffin in a three-hour period. Many of the ordinary citizens wept dramatically as they walked, some even clinging to the coffin and fainting. The 2040: 1150: 925: 1421:

One of the earliest acts of Niyazov was to abolish the death penalty. He also granted official human rights to the people, though they were not respected in practice, with his government being criticized as one of the worst human rights violators in the world. Press freedom under Niyazov's leadership

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Turkmenistan's other primary resources are cotton and grain. Niyazov continued the old practice of demanding yearly quotas in agricultural output, and then blaming and/or sacking deputy ministers when quotas were not met. Nevertheless, Turkmenistan had an emergent period during which there was heavy

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Despite emphasizing a need to move from central planning to a market economy and to a full democracy during his reign, neither plan progressed. Yearly plans set forth by the government and a centralised economy gave little indication of moving away from state-dominated economics, and the dictatorial

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During Niyazov's presidency there was no freedom of the press nor was there freedom of speech. This further meant that opposition to Niyazov was strictly forbidden and major opposition figures were imprisoned, institutionalized, deported, or fled the country, and their family members were routinely

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In January 2006, one-third of the country's elderly had their pensions discontinued, while another 200,000 had theirs reduced. Pensions received during the prior two years were ordered to be paid back to the state. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan strongly denied allegations that the

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at public concerts in 2005 as well as sound recordings at "musical performances on state holidays, in broadcasts by Turkmen television channels, at all cultural events organized by the state... in places of mass assembly and at weddings and celebrations organised by the public," citing a negative

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to their last full flowering. The new names came into effect with the introduction of a new labor law which stated that "the dates of professional holidays are specified by decrees of the President of Turkmenistan". These names were later abolished by his successor Berdymukhamedov in April 2008.

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On the afternoon of 21 December 2006, Turkmen state television announced that President Saparmurat Niyazov had died of a sudden heart attack in the early morning hours at around 01:10 local time at his residence, the Türkmenbaşy Palace, age 66. One month prior to his death, Niyazov had publicly

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as he was traveling to his office from his official residence in Arshabil. Niyazov claimed that it was an attempt at a coup, and as a result, the Turkmen government arrested thousands of suspected conspirators and members of their families. Among the figures who were arrested/purged were former

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He banned news reporters and presenters from wearing makeup on television. According to some reports, he felt presenters should "appear natural" on-screen, although others alleged that the reason was more eccentric, claiming he said he found it difficult to distinguish male anchors from female

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Niyazov became president at the transition of Turkmenistan from a Soviet republic to an independent state. His presidency was characterised by an initial crumbling of the centralised Soviet model that in many respects was unsuited for a transition to smaller, separate states. There was outside

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in schools, universities and governmental organizations; new governmental employees were tested on the book at job interviews and an exam on its teachings was a part of the driving test in Turkmenistan. In 2005, he closed down all rural libraries and hospitals outside of the capital city

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In the years following independence, Turkmenistan invested heavily in plants and machinery in an attempt to convert it from being primarily a supplier of petroleum to a more advanced economy; such investments included oil refineries and a polyethylene plant. In an interview with

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were ordered to be closed, with the reason being that the sick should come to the capital for treatment. All libraries outside of the capital were also closed, as Niyazov believed that the only books that most Turkmens needed to read were the Quran and his Ruhnama.

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even had a "Department of the Holy Ruhnama of Türkmenbaşy, the Great", and Ruhnama Studies were pursued as a major research agenda in the country, often at the cost of academic disciplines. Niyazov claimed those who read it thrice were destined for heaven. Like

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However, Saparmurat Niyazov has remained a celebrated figure in Turkmenistan. His birthday is designated as a national day (not an official holiday), called "Türkmenbaşy Remembrance Day". Some of his creations remain unchanged, including the celebration of

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Statues and portraits of him were put everywhere throughout the country. In Ashgabat, he erected a rotating, $ 12 million, golden statue of himself that always faces the sun. Niyazov gave every citizen a watch with his portrait in its dial.

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In May 2000, the government revoked all Internet licenses except for the state-owned Turkmen Telecom and in June 2001 shut down all Internet cafés. By 2005, there were 36,000 Internet users in Turkmenistan, representing 0.7% of the population.

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Lieutenant General Serdar Charyyarov. Critics claim the government staged the attempt to crack down on mounting domestic and foreign political opposition. Ethnic Russians in Turkmenistan were disproportionately targeted in the aftermath.

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newspaper, Niyazov claimed that Turkmenistan was able to process 85% of its domestic output. Additionally, numerous petroleum transportation projects were completed such as a pipeline from the Korpedje field to Kort-Koi in Iran.

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concern about press freedom and to a lesser extent religious rights of minority religious groups. Niyazov made a personal attempt to create a cultural background for the new state of Turkmenistan by writing and promoting the

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The full independence of Turkmenistan was recognised by a UN General Assembly resolution "The permanent neutrality of Turkmenistan" of 12 December 1995. As a result, in 2005 Turkmenistan would downgrade its links with the

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Let this humane act on the part of the state serve strengthening truly moral values of the Turkmen society. Let the entire world know that there has never been a place for evil and violence on the blessed Turkmen

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The circumstances of Niyazov's death have been surrounded by some media speculation. Some Turkmen opposition sources also claim that Niyazov died several days before the officially announced date of 21 December.

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Niyazov simultaneously cut funding to and partially disassembled the education system in the name of "reform", while injecting ideological indoctrination into it by requiring all schools to use his own book, the

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in schools, universities and governmental organizations, new governmental employees were tested on the book at job interviews and an exam on its teachings was a part of the driving test in Turkmenistan.

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was named as head of the commission organizing the state funeral. However, Ataýew was arrested on 21 December 2006 and Berdimuhamedow was subsequently named acting president. Berdimuhamedow and the

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cut in pensions resulted in the deaths of many elderly Turkmens, accusing foreign media outlets of spreading "deliberately perverted" information on the issue. On 19 March 2007, Niyazov's successor

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For example, in 2005, 8,145 convicts were pardoned, including 229 foreign nationals. In 2006 Turkmenistan set free 10,056 prisoners, including 253 foreign nationals from 11 countries. Niyazov said:

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investment in plant and machinery so the country could change from a producer of raw cotton to a cotton processor. During Niyazov's presidency, a textile industry was founded in Turkmenistan.

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would be held on 11 February 2007 to elect Niyazov's successor. On 11 February 2007, Berdimuhamedow was elected with 89% of the vote, and was sworn in as president immediately afterwards.

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and director of the police academy on national television. He accused the minister of incompetence and declared: "I cannot say that you had any great merits or did much to combat crime."

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for his mother. The doting actions of the official Turkmen media supported his cult of personality. The national anthem of Turkmenistan referred to him. According to the newspaper

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I watched young dogs when I was young. They were given bones to gnaw to strengthen their teeth. Those of you whose teeth have fallen out did not chew on bones. This is my advice...

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According to the Ashgabat correspondent of Turkmenistan.ru, right-hand-drive imported cars converted to left-hand-drive were banned due to a perceived increased risk in accidents.

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on 9 May. Unlike other Central Asian countries, Turkmenistan under Niyazov put emphasis on the country's sacrifice during the Second World War. In 2005, Niyazov flew to Moscow to

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of the war's end, and just days prior, he congratulated Turkmen veterans of the war as well as Russian veterans on behalf of Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian veterans on behalf of

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In 1994 a plebiscite extended Niyazov's term to 2002 so he could oversee a 10-year development plan. The official results showed that 99.9% of voters approved this proposal.

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was much criticised as it was with other post-Soviet Central Asian states. The Turkmen media constantly doted on the president and helped build his cult of personality.

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There is a police academy named after Niyazov called "General of the Army Saparmyrat Nyýazow Academy", meaning he had been promoted at some point during his presidency.

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were discouraged in Turkmenistan after Niyazov suggested that the populace chew on bones to strengthen their teeth and lessen the rate at which they fall out. He said:

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Niyazov later announced that surveillance cameras were to be placed at all major streets and sites in Turkmenistan, an apparent precaution against future attempts.

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Niyazov made the second Sunday of August "Melon Day" in honor of melons, one of his favorite foods, which he referred to as a "gift of God with a glorious history".

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He also ordered that each broadcast begin with a pledge that the broadcaster's tongue would shrivel if he/she slanders the country, flag, and/or president.

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to inform him that the attendees of a CIS summit in Moscow had agreed to renew the mandate of CIS peacekeepers in Tajikistan, which was going through a

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because they were "too violent for young Turkmens". In the same month, he ordered the country's oil minister to learn English in 6 months or be fired.

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and the nearby town of Türkmenbaşy, as well as several villages. In November 2022, however, the cities of Niyazov, Gurbansoltan Eje, and Serdar were

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becoming only an associate member under article 8 of the CIS charter, as such it would not participate in any of the military structures of the CIS.

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in honour of the book written by Niyazov (which he finished writing on 19 September 2001). Not all the changes promoted Niyazov; October was renamed

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Niyazov also ordered the closure of all libraries outside the capital, stating that the reason was that ordinary Turkmens did not read anyway.

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Turkmenistan has the second-largest oil reserves in the former Soviet Union, generating high revenue for the state. The government has used

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in 1997 due to his resultant heart surgery, he banned smoking in all public places and ordered all government employees to follow suit.

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featured Niyazov as the sole candidate, and chosen as the country's first popularly elected president. A year later he declared himself

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In March 2005, he ordered the closure of all hospitals outside Ashgabat, stating that the sick should go to the capital for treatment.

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nature of many of his decrees and his declaring himself "President for Life" gave little hope as to much progress in these two areas.

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After finishing school in 1959, he worked as an instructor in the Turkmen trade-union exploratory committee. He then studied at the

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In 1991 and 2001, Niyazov issued decrees making water, gas, electricity, and refined salt free to use for ten-year periods.

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Niyazov became a substitute for the vacuum left by the downfall of the communist system, with his image replacing those of

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Niyazov put the revival of Turkmen culture as one of the top priorities in Turkmenistan's development. He introduced a new

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In February 2004, he decreed that men should no longer wear long hair or beards because of the apparent association with

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3 billion, of which between $ 1.8–$ 2.6 billion was allegedly situated in the Foreign Exchange Reserve Fund at

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Gurbansoltan Eje was named in honor of Niyazov's mother, and Serdar ("leader" in Turkmen) referred to Niyazov himself.

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announced that he had been taking heart medication for the past few years for an unidentified cardiac condition. The

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and trial of Niyazov. The authorities were unable to stop the campaign and the President responded by firing his

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Niyazov ordered that all mountains and places in Turkmenistan be named after Turkmen heroes, poets and leaders.

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In keeping with the predominantly Islamic nature of Turkmen society, Niyazov granted pardons each year on the

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He outlawed opera, ballet, circuses and philharmonic orchestras in 2001 for being "decidedly unturkmen-like".

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to improve the health of his population and forced the members of the government to travel it once a year.

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Niyazov had two children, both of whom have maintained distance from politics after their father's death.

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was played accompanied by a 21-gun salute, symbolizing the number of years during which he was in power.

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Niyazov declared Turkmenistan a "neutral state" and said that the country would not participate in any

1285: 1281: 5485: 5455: 5155: 4746:Президент Туркмении Сапармурат Ниязов: "Я покину пост главы государства еще при жизни" – Известия 3442: 5541: 5536: 5505: 5425: 5130: 4994: 4934: 1779: 1736: 1398: 1210: 1034: 904: 5440: 5192: 5160: 5140: 4640:, Education, Equity, Economy, vol. 8, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 71–91, 741: 736: 5390: 4515: 4279: 2342: 2189: 2080: 1936: 1851: 1792: 1747: 1732: 1728: 1382: 1374: 1249: 1062: 1042: 870: 718: 644: 401: 5495: 1343:

In many respects, Niyazov's cultural ideas and changes were most visible to external viewers. His

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Members of the Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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because of their "unappealing odour" and banned citizens from owning more than one cat or dog.

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In March 2004, he fired doctors and gymnastics instructors and replaced them with military

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Members of the Politburo of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

4634:"Education in Turkmenistan Under the Second President: Genuine Reforms or Make Believe?" 4954: 3931: 3412:"TURKMEN LEADER SAPARMURAT NIYAZOV BANS CHEWING TOBACCO-PRODUCT "NAS" IN PUBLIC PLACES" 2434:"Golden Statues and Mother Bread: The Bizarre Legacy of Turkmenistan's Former Dictator" 2251: 2008: 1988: 1879: 1847: 1775: 1740: 1689: 1685: 1482: 1437: 1366: 1340:, an organisation to promote Turkmen culture (Turkmen: "Galkynish"), was also founded. 1329: 900: 747: 639: 619: 4215: 3651: 3521: 3491: 3075: 2367: 2312: 5525: 5465: 5435: 5395: 4964: 4929: 4663: 3990: 1921: 1771: 1660:

In November 2005, he ordered that doctors should swear an oath to him instead of the

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His Excellency Saparmurat Türkmenbaşy, President of Turkmenistan and Chairman of the

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On 25 November 2002, Niyazov's motorcade was fired upon at about 7 a.m. in downtown

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The summer of 2004 saw a leaflet campaign in the capital, Aşgabat, calling for the

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reversed his decision by restoring pensions to more than 100,000 elderly citizens.

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Berdimuhamedow also trimmed official references to Niyazov's biographical book,

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effect on the development of musical arts incurred by the use of recorded music.

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Sabol, Steven. "Turkmenistan: Permanent Transition or Elusive Stability?", in

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Under his rule, Turkmenistan had the lowest life expectancy in Central Asia.

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Some statues and portraits placed around the country were also removed. The

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Theroux, Paul. "The Golden Man: Saparmurat Niyazov's Reign of Insanity".

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Education in Central Asia: A Kaleidoscope of Challenges and Opportunities

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physicians were ordered to swear an oath to the President, replacing the

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orphanage before the state put him in the custody of a distant relative.

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In 1962, Niyazov started his political career, becoming a member of the

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Hiro, Dilip. Inside Central Asia. New York: Overlook Press, 2009. p227

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In March 2004, 15,000 public health workers were dismissed including

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from 1985 until his death in 2006. He was the first secretary of the

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Foreign news reports also claimed that Niyazov also suffered from

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He also abolished the Turkmen word for bread and replaced it with

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to Niyazov was replaced with "the people". By that year, the old

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Because Niyazov named no successor, according to the law of the

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Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class

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patrolled the funeral cortege as part of the farewell of the

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Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University alumni

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Heads of government of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

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in 1985. He gained this post after Soviet General Secretary

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Turkmenistan News/ Archiv Saparmurat Niyazov's (in English)

4607:"Turkmenistan Is Finally Putting the 'Ruhnama' Behind Them" 3904:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 15. 2610:. St Antony's College, University of Oxford. Archived from 1429:. It was reopened in 2009 after his death by his successor 1345:

renaming of months, as well as most of the days of the week

804:; 19 February 1940 – 21 December 2006), also known as 4512:

Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development

1700:

in foreign affairs, refraining from seeking membership in

5354:

28th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

2368:

BBC News, "Turkmen leader closes hospitals", 1 March 2005

5567:

First secretaries of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan

2343:"Rural population (% of total population): Turkmenistan" 5627:

Recipients of the Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow

3927:"When a Kleptocratic, Megalomanûacal Dictator Goes Bad" 4860:

Ruhnama – Book by Türkmenbaşy (online in English)

3843:"Short resume maintained by Reporters Sans Frontières" 2148:(in Russian). Komsomolskaya Pravda. 22 December 2006. 4826:

Rasizade, Alec. "Turkmenbashi and his Turkmenistan".

3819:. Human Rights Brief, Volume 11, Issue 1, Article 2. 1964:, would assume the presidency. Deputy Prime Minister 1874:

after himself and members of his family. The city of

1381:

service was used to shape how the country celebrates

3817:"The Revocation of Dual Citizenship in Turkmenistan" 2003:

Tomb of Niyazov (center) and his parents in Ashgabat

5184: 5094: 5018: 4912: 2860:"Turkmenistan. Struggling For News In Turkmenistan" 2608:"The Turkmen Economy: Challenges and Opportunities" 2047:After Niyazov's death, his successor as president, 483: 466: 448: 443: 435: 427: 417: 394: 386: 361: 341: 329: 312: 288: 283: 260: 248: 236: 214: 204: 192: 173: 161: 149: 121: 108: 89: 52: 4721:Постановление Меджлиса Милли Генгеша Туркменистана 4203:U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom 3790:"A failed coup after all? November 2002, Ashgabat" 2529:"Central Asian Republics: Presidents' Biographies" 2023:. A prayer took place before the burial, with the 41:"Turkmenbasi" redirects here. For other uses, see 4724:, «Туркменистан: Золотой век», 10 November 2022, 2007:Niyazov was buried in his ready-prepared tomb in 1125:On 28 December 1999, Parliament declared Niyazov 1102:Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR 5622:Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples 4689:"Districts in Turkmenistan – OpenStreetMap Wiki" 3507:. 25 February 2004. Retrieved on 29 August 2009. 3102:"Turkmen leader pardons 8,145 thousand convicts" 2112:Great Saparmurat Türkmenbaşy Military Institute 2043:Golden statue of Saparmurat Niyazov in Ashgabat 1987:and kidney failure due to being overweight and 1624:He banned the reporting and even mentioning of 1405:was renamed after Atamyrat Nyýazow. Today, the 3875:"Turkmen Doctors Pledge Allegiance To Niyazov" 3197: 3195: 2094:Several places still bear his name, including 831:Turkmen media referred to him using the title 5338: 5072: 4890: 4351: 4349: 4330:(in Russian). RIA Novosti. 21 December 2006. 4272:"Two candidates named for Turkmen presidency" 3203:"Channel 4 News on the death of Turkmenbashi" 2959:"Turkmenbashi, Crazy Dictator of Absurdistan" 2633:Turkmen Leader Names New Oil And Gas Minister 2307: 2305: 1731:and the international trade committee of the 1248:Saparmurat Niyazov is depicted on the 10,000 805: 766: 8: 5552:Democratic Party of Turkmenistan politicians 4632:Horák, Slavomír (2020), Egéa, Denise (ed.), 4475:"Absolute leader's name dropped from anthem" 3318: 3316: 3314: 2214: 2212: 1850:. During his rule, Niyazov created a strong 1838:Niyazov in profile on Turkmenistan army flag 1407:22nd Motor Rifle Division "Atamyrat Niyazov" 879:renaming Turkmen months and days of the week 861:In his time, he was one of the world's most 232:21 December 1985 – 16 December 1991 4791: 4192:"Turkmenistan: Ending the Personality Cult" 3443:"Turkmenistan lifts curtain on banned arts" 3026:(in Russian). NEWSru.com. 3 February 2006. 2757:, 30 December 2008, Accessed 5 January 2009 1646:because he considered them to be "useless". 188:27 October 1991 – 21 December 2006 104:2 November 1990 – 21 December 2006 27:First president of Turkmenistan (1940–2006) 5345: 5331: 5323: 5225: 5213: 5079: 5065: 5057: 4897: 4883: 4875: 4078:"Read My Words, Go to Heaven, Leader Says" 3900:Cheeseman, Nicholas; Klaas, Brian (2018). 3711:...and talks with Tajik opposition leader. 3185: 3183: 3132:"Turkmenistan to set free 10056 prisoners" 1459:. In February 2005, all hospitals outside 1316:Postage stamp of Niyazov and US president 869:, and repressive dictators. He promoted a 773: 759: 496: 74: 49: 4363:. No. 70. 25 April 2007. p. 4. 4161:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 4023:. No. 70. 25 April 2007. p. 4. 3023:Туркменбаши решил истребить всех стариков 2885:The World Factbook entry for Turkmenistan 2222:. Embassy of Turkmenistan. Archived from 1598:on Turkmen soil was later banned as well. 1436:In January 2000, Niyazow inaugurated the 1190:Learn how and when to remove this message 1009:Learn how and when to remove this message 4506:Peyrouse, Sebastien (12 February 2015). 2185:"A date with destiny for Turkmen leader" 2083:banknotes did not feature his portrait. 1878:was renamed for his father, and city of 1021:Niyazov was born on 19 February 1940 in 873:around himself and imposed his personal 34:. For the city in Daşoguz Province, see 4771: 3652:"Avoid gold teeth, says Turkmen leader" 3600:"Turkmenistan leader bans makeup on TV" 2894:information retrieved on 30 August 2006 2126: 2027:reading Jyn Aza. As he was buried, the 1972:announced on 26 December 2006 that the 1949:in Moscow later confirmed this report. 1567:renaming of months and days of the week 1527:Niyazov banished dogs from the capital 1401:in 1994 and in 2004, a division of the 1284:as Minister of Oil and Gas, succeeding 881:to references of his autobiography the 820:from 1985 until 1991 and supported the 499: 4780:[θɑpɑmɯˈɾɑtɑˈtɑjɛβɪtʃnɯˈjɑðoβ] 4246:"President of Turkmenistan dies at 66" 4163:. U.S. State Department. 4 March 2002. 4140:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4088:from the original on 27 September 2022 4057:from the original on 28 September 2022 3662:from the original on 21 September 2010 2464:"The personality cult of Turkmenbashi" 2393:. Global Witness Limited. April 2006. 2011:on 24 December at his home village of 513:This article is part of a series about 275:14 July 1990 – 29 August 1991 4778: 4728:from the original on 11 November 2022 4670:from the original on 18 November 2023 4443:"Туркменам вернули прежний календарь" 4252:from the original on 13 November 2020 4248:. BreakingNews.ie. 21 December 2005. 4114:(Report). Brussels: ICG Asia Report. 4076:Times Wire Reporter (21 March 2006). 3997:from the original on 18 November 2023 3881:from the original on 22 December 2006 3792:. The Central-Asia Caucasus Analyst. 3769:from the original on 1 September 2006 3361:from the original on 18 November 2019 3270:from the original on 29 November 2022 3138:from the original on 19 December 2007 2988:Paton Walsh, Nick (4 February 2006). 2866:from the original on 31 December 2006 2839:from the original on 24 February 2021 2197:from the original on 15 December 2018 1033:. He was a member of the influential 7: 4455:from the original on 21 October 2016 4367:from the original on 4 December 2013 4328:"Turkmenbashi died several days ago" 4027:from the original on 4 December 2013 3957:Gaynor, Kelly Lee (2 October 2017). 3692:from the original on 6 November 2012 3392:from the original on 7 November 2020 3242:from the original on 16 January 2009 3168:from the original on 16 January 2009 3134:. Turkmenistan.ru. 17 October 2006. 3112:from the original on 16 January 2009 3056:from the original on 16 January 2009 3030:from the original on 10 January 2007 3002:from the original on 30 January 2021 2916:from the original on 13 October 2022 2725:from the original on 16 January 2009 2695:from the original on 16 January 2009 2665:from the original on 16 January 2009 2495:Joffe, Lawrence (22 December 2006). 2476:from the original on 26 January 2021 2400:from the original on 1 November 2018 2290:from the original on 28 January 2021 2259:from the original on 19 January 2021 2134: 2132: 2130: 1696:Niyazov promoted a policy of strict 1300:Niyazov introduced the practice of " 1172:adding citations to reliable sources 947:adding citations to reliable sources 848:Association of Turkmens of the World 4699:from the original on 5 January 2020 4226:from the original on 7 January 2007 4118:from the original on 5 January 2023 3380:Whitlock, Monica (11 August 2004). 3357:. The Telegraph. 22 December 2006. 3335:from the original on 3 January 2011 3323:Osborn, Andrew (22 December 2006). 2990:"Turkmenistan despot axes pensions" 2858:Clarke, Michael (24 January 2003). 2767:Saidazimova, Gulnoza (9 May 2005). 2594:part 1: between Moscow and Istanbul 2560:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2278:Cathill, Paul (26 September 2018). 1427:Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan 1119:, meaning "Leader of all Turkmen". 1113:Turkmenistani presidential election 887:. He made it mandatory to read the 812:, was a Turkmen politician who led 354:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 5248:Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR 4278:. 26 December 2006. Archived from 4216:"Turkmenistan's 'iron ruler' dies" 3925:Greenberg, Ilan (5 January 2003), 3518:"Troops to replace Turkmen medics" 3382:"Turkmen leader orders ice palace" 3213:from the original on 30 April 2023 3082:from the original on 23 March 2007 3076:"Turkmen leader restores pensions" 2935:Morgan, David (14 February 2005). 2906:"Troops to replace Turkmen medics" 2541:from the original on 18 April 2018 2444:from the original on 25 March 2022 2323:from the original on 19 April 2020 2106:in Turkey is named after him. The 1746:In January 1996, Niyazov met with 1722:Commonwealth of Independent States 1090:Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR 25: 4842:Saparmurat Niyazov reading a poem 4387:"Turkmen leader's funeral begins" 4112:Central Asia: Islam and the State 3939:from the original on 22 July 2023 3796:from the original on 2 March 2021 3610:from the original on 7 March 2021 3453:from the original on 26 July 2008 3422:from the original on 4 March 2016 3052:. Turkmenistan.ru. 2 April 2006. 2904:Whitlock, Monica (1 March 2004). 2862:. Glenn Hauser's World of Radio. 2779:from the original on 14 July 2020 2509:from the original on 18 July 2021 2420:China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly 2349:from the original on 17 June 2019 2313:"Turkmen go back to old calendar" 2152:from the original on 27 June 2023 5270:Democratic Party of Turkmenistan 5020: 4914: 4586:from the original on 9 July 2021 4556:from the original on 9 July 2021 4487:from the original on 7 July 2019 4334:from the original on 22 May 2011 4302:"New Turkmen President Sworn In" 3823:from the original on 9 June 2020 3765:. EurasiaNet. 25 November 2002. 3472:Finn, Peter (22 December 2006). 3441:Halpin, Tony (21 January 2008). 3295:. 11 August 2013. Archived from 3289:"Turkmenistan Marks 'Melon Day'" 2606:Badykova, Najia (18 June 2004). 2432:Morton, Ella (6 February 2014). 2183:Warren, Marcus (9 August 2002). 1854:around himself, which resembled 1585:Turkmen State Medical University 1148: 923: 746: 740: 735: 730: 504: 471: 453: 334:Democratic Party of Turkmenistan 218:of the Central Committee of the 176:Democratic Party of Turkmenistan 5617:Prime ministers of Turkmenistan 5088:Prime ministers of Turkmenistan 4306:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3721:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3682:"Double Standard for Dictators" 3549:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3543:Pannier, Bruce (8 April 2008). 3293:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2773:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2643:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2108:Turkmen Agricultural University 2053:National Anthem of Turkmenistan 1940:Mausoleum of Saparmurat Niyazov 1684:Niyazov with Russian President 1159:needs additional citations for 1074:Leningrad Polytechnic Institute 934:needs additional citations for 818:Communist Party of Turkmenistan 422:Leningrad Polytechnic Institute 376: 348:Communist Party of Turkmenistan 220:Communist Party of Turkmenistan 4822:, 28 May 2007, pp. 54–65. 3788:Bohr, Annette (18 June 2003). 3520:. 1 March 2004. Archived from 3263:Turkmenbashi's Reign of Terror 2110:is named after him, as is the 1856:the one around the Kim dynasty 1: 3975:10.1080/02634937.2017.1367645 2245:Theroux, Paul (21 May 2007). 1735:voted to grant Turkmenistan " 1565:In August 2002, he ordered a 1455:, school health visitors and 1218: 1096:had removed his predecessor, 3630:"10 Most Censored Countries" 3570:"Turkmen Hit by Library Ban" 3492:Young Turkmen face beard ban 3078:. bbc.co.uk. 19 March 2007. 2057:Constitution of Turkmenistan 2021:Armed Forces of Turkmenistan 1954:Constitution of Turkmenistan 1667:In December 2005, he banned 1425:In 1998, Niyazov closed the 786:Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov 478:Armed Forces of Turkmenistan 4646:10.1007/978-3-030-50127-3_5 4451:(in Russian). 1 July 2008. 4182:. Eurasianet. 10 July 2007. 1974:next presidential elections 1858:in North Korea. He renamed 1280:In 2005, Niyazov appointed 1109:Soviet coup attempt of 1991 1025:(or Kipchak), just outside 802:Saparmyrat Ataýewiç Nyýazow 673:1994 parliamentary election 308:, Turkmen SSR, Soviet Union 293:Saparmyrat Ataýewiç Nyýazow 5663: 5572:Government of Turkmenistan 4865:Transcript of 2004 profile 4605:Hay, Mark (31 July 2014). 4108:International Crisis Group 4047:"The Land of Turkmenbashi" 1809:Chief of the General Staff 1739:" trading status with the 1579:Niyazov requested that a " 1552:to preach the book in the 1522:UN peacekeeping operations 1512:Niyazov banned the use of 877:upon the country, such as 40: 29: 5647:Turkmenistan nationalists 5361: 5309:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow 5305: 5299:President of Turkmenistan 5296: 5291: 5286: 5280:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow 5276: 5266: 5261: 5241: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5041:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow 4155:23 September 2022 at the 3716:30 September 2007 at the 2638:30 September 2007 at the 2588:30 September 2011 at the 2049:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow 1966:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow 1470:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow 1431:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow 1338:National Revival Movement 794:Сапармурат Атаевич Ниязов 793: 701:22nd Motor Rifle Division 566:President of Turkmenistan 491: 279: 268: 225: 210:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow 181: 168:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow 141:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow 97: 92:President of Turkmenistan 85: 73: 64: 5229:Party political offices 5218:Offices and distinctions 4178:23 November 2009 at the 4138:A History of Inner Asia. 3022: 2373:19 December 2020 at the 2140: 1913:Turkmen State University 1708:and almost ignoring the 1055:1948 Ashgabat earthquake 852:Assembly of Turkmenistan 822:1991 Soviet coup attempt 65: 5597:National anthem writers 4906:Leaders of Turkmenistan 2890:10 January 2021 at the 2749:21 January 2009 at the 2571:Encyclopædia Britannica 2565:12 October 2013 at the 2096:the city of Türkmenbaşy 2070:Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque 1554:Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque 1550:Nasrullah ibn Ibadullah 1217:during the CIS meeting 1065:later. He grew up in a 854:declared Niyazov to be 838:. His self-given title 635:Saparmyrat Hajji Mosque 630:Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque 585:independence referendum 5642:Turkmenistan engineers 5547:20th-century engineers 5204:Post abolished in 1992 5196: 5106: 4693:wiki.openstreetmap.org 3902:How to Rig an Election 3497:27 August 2019 at the 2583:Ŧ¥¶ØGЯ@¶Ħ¥ ⁫i₪ Đ£₪Ŧi∩¥ 2044: 2004: 1985:ischemic heart disease 1941: 1885:Neytralny Turkmenistan 1839: 1783: 1693: 1657: 1504: 1321: 1253: 1224: 1140:Presidency (1990–2006) 1132:Niyazov and his wife, 1107:Niyazov supported the 806: 801: 668:1990 Supreme elections 650:Nyýazow's Honour March 5562:Ethnic Turkmen people 5501:Dzhumgalbek Amanbayev 5237:Muhammetnazar Gapurow 5195: 5171:Annamyrat Hojamyradow 5146:Muhammetnazar Gapurow 5116:Aitbay Khudaybergenov 5105: 5046:Serdar Berdimuhamedow 5005:Muhammetnazar Gapurow 4524:10.4324/9781315698571 3815:Shaver, Lynn (2003). 3209:, 27 September 2007, 2829:"НОВОСТИ на REDSTARe" 2042: 2002: 1939: 1837: 1805:Turkmen Ground Forces 1782:of Kazakhstan in 2002 1769: 1683: 1653: 1590:After having to quit 1499: 1403:Turkmen Ground Forces 1315: 1247: 1205: 1098:Muhammetnazar Gapurov 625:Türkmenbaşy the Great 408:Gurbansoltan Niýazowa 243:Muhammetnazar Gapurow 36:Nyýazow, Turkmenistan 5637:Turkmenistan Muslims 5557:Electrical engineers 5426:Nursultan Nazarbayev 5376:Mykolas Burokevičius 4935:Shaymardan Ibragimov 4751:6 March 2016 at the 4516:Taylor & Francis 4483:. 16 December 2008. 4361:Газета "Коммерсантъ" 4357:"постсоветский опыт" 4222:. 21 December 2006. 4136:Soucek, Svat. 2000. 4021:Газета "Коммерсантъ" 4017:"постсоветский опыт" 3963:Central Asian Survey 3474:"Saparmurat Niyazov" 3355:"Saparmurat Niyazov" 3325:"Saparmurat Niyazov" 2614:on 25 September 2006 2497:"Saparmurat Niyazov" 2472:. 21 December 2006. 1780:Nursultan Nazarbayev 1737:most favoured nation 1576:, his mother's name. 1476:Presidential pardons 1399:Hero of Turkmenistan 1211:Nursultan Nazarbayev 1168:improve this article 958:"Saparmurat Niyazov" 943:improve this article 835:Cabinet of Ministers 590:1994 term referendum 136:Orazgeldi Aýdogdiýew 5612:Presidents for life 5391:Alexander Dzasokhov 5263:New political party 5256:Position abolished 5151:Oraz Orazmuhammedow 4828:Contemporary Review 4801:Head of the Turkmen 4417:www.turkmenistan.ru 3855:on 27 November 2006 3737:www.turkmenistan.ru 3686:The Washington Post 3524:on 1 September 2023 3490:Whitlock, Monica. " 3416:www.turkmenistan.ru 3236:www.turkmenistan.ru 3106:www.turkmenistan.ru 2969:on 18 February 2011 2803:www.turkmenistan.ru 2719:www.turkmenistan.ru 2689:www.turkmenistan.ru 2659:www.turkmenistan.ru 2190:The Daily Telegraph 2081:Turkmenistani manat 1866:after his nickname 1852:cult of personality 1830:Cult of personality 1799:, as well as Major 1748:Sayid Abdulloh Nuri 1733:European Parliament 1729:European Commission 1626:contagious diseases 1063:cult of personality 871:cult of personality 844:Head of the Turkmen 645:Neutrality Monument 600:Ministry of Defense 487:General of the Army 431:Electrical engineer 261:Full member of the 5602:People from Gypjak 5532:Saparmurat Niyazov 5431:Saparmyrat Nyýazow 5416:Vladimir Movsisyan 5287:Political offices 5197: 5166:Saparmyrat Nyýazow 5107: 5036:Saparmyrat Nyýazow 5010:Saparmyrat Nyýazow 4867:from news program 4393:. 24 December 2006 4308:. 14 February 2007 4197:2 May 2014 at the 3606:. 13 August 2004. 3164:. 22 August 2005. 2744:Turkmenistan Votes 2077:Arch of Neutrality 2045: 2005: 1995:Funeral and burial 1960:, the Chairman of 1942: 1920:, there is even a 1840: 1801:Begench Beknazarov 1791:Foreign Ministers 1784: 1694: 1537:Niyazov wrote the 1490:) in the month of 1413:carries his name. 1322: 1282:Gurbanmyrat Ataýew 1271:Rossiyskaya Gazeta 1254: 1252:Banknote from 1996 1225: 1127:President for life 1061:, was part of the 856:president for life 522:Saparmurat Niyazov 199:Office established 156:Office established 67:Saparmyrat Nyýazow 59:Saparmurat Niyazov 18:Saparmyrat Niyazov 5519: 5518: 5406:Absamat Masaliyev 5386:Stanislav Hurenko 5366:Mikhail Gorbachev 5320: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5306:Succeeded by 5277:Succeeded by 5210: 5209: 5131:Jumadurdy Garaýew 5111:Gaýgysyz Atabaýew 5054: 5053: 4995:Jumadurdy Garaýew 4970:Allaberdy Berdyev 4945:Grigory Aronshtam 4940:Nikolay Paskutsky 4855:Numerous articles 4655:978-3-030-50127-3 4205:. 3 January 2007. 4201:(Press release). 4082:Los Angeles Times 3688:. 14 April 2004. 3580:on 1 January 2024 2963:www.funtrivia.com 2596:, 11 January 2010 2319:. 24 April 2008. 2226:on 13 August 2002 2017:Turkmen Air Force 1924:surrounding him. 1860:the town of Janga 1821:Interior minister 1606:Islamic extremism 1395:Viktor Yushchenko 1286:Atamyrat Berdyýew 1200: 1199: 1192: 1094:Mikhail Gorbachev 1049:fighting against 1019: 1018: 1011: 993: 783: 782: 575: 531: 530: 495: 494: 32:Niyazov (surname) 16:(Redirected from 5654: 5486:Anatoly Malafeev 5456:Enn-Arno Sillari 5371:Vladimir Ivashko 5347: 5340: 5333: 5324: 5234:Preceded by 5226: 5214: 5156:Bally Yazkuliyev 5081: 5074: 5067: 5058: 5026: 5024: 5023: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4876: 4846: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4776: 4759: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4613:on 20 March 2015 4609:. 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In 1999, the 779: 728: 705: 687: 659: 576: 574: 563: 521: 519: 518: 517: 516: 512: 511: 470: 454: 452: 413: 382: 379: 1967) 374: 370: 356: 352: 350: 343: 342:Other political 336: 330:Political party 321: 317: 304: 298: 296: 295: 294: 274: 269: 249: 237: 231: 226: 216:First Secretary 205: 193: 187: 182: 162: 150: 145: 122: 109: 103: 98: 81: 80:Niyazov in 1998 69: 66: 60: 57: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5660: 5658: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5524: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5511:Mikhail Surkov 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5461:Sergey Sokolov 5458: 5453: 5448: 5446:Alfrēds Rubiks 5443: 5441:Yuri Prokofiev 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5327: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5304: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5275: 5268:Leader of the 5265: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5161:Chary Karriyev 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5141:Abdy Annaliyev 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5061: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4955:Anna Muhamedow 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4837: 4836:External links 4834: 4833: 4832: 4823: 4820:The New Yorker 4814: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4784: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4738: 4710: 4680: 4654: 4624: 4597: 4580:eurasianet.org 4567: 4532: 4498: 4466: 4434: 4404: 4378: 4345: 4319: 4293: 4282:on 4 July 2022 4263: 4237: 4207: 4184: 4165: 4150:"Turkmenistan" 4142: 4129: 4099: 4068: 4051:The New Yorker 4038: 4008: 3969:(4): 473–492. 3949: 3932:New York Times 3917: 3910: 3892: 3866: 3834: 3807: 3780: 3754: 3724: 3703: 3673: 3643: 3621: 3591: 3561: 3535: 3509: 3483: 3464: 3433: 3403: 3372: 3346: 3310: 3280: 3253: 3223: 3191: 3179: 3149: 3123: 3093: 3067: 3041: 3013: 2980: 2950: 2927: 2896: 2877: 2850: 2833:old.redstar.ru 2820: 2790: 2759: 2736: 2706: 2676: 2646: 2625: 2598: 2574: 2552: 2520: 2487: 2455: 2424: 2422:, 2010, p. 10. 2411: 2379: 2360: 2345:. 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