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The sapphire-throated hummingbird is most commonly found in coastal forests, occupying secondary forests, scrubby clearings and less frequently mangrove patches. They prefer light forests and forest edges over dense forests. The hummingbirds have been found using modified habitats, such as protected
319:
Measuring 9 cm (3.5 in), this hummingbird sports a distinctively forked tail, which helps to distinguish it from other similarly sized and colored hummingbirds. The male is metallic green overall, with a violet-blue throat and dark tail. The female has entirely white underparts from throat
755:
The sapphire-throated hummingbird is currently listed as a species of least concern due to its extent of occurrence being greater than 20,000 km, despite population declines, habitat destruction and habitat alteration. Although many of their habitats have been destroyed in the last decades for
688:
Generally, the sapphire-throated hummingbird feeds on nectar and insects. Being a solitary feeder, during peak flowering season they may sometimes build small home-structures around flowering trees in an effort to defend their food resources. During the rest of the year they mainly feed on
746:
Although not a song-call, hummingbirds can often be distinguished by their buzzing sound made from rapid wing-flapping. Like most birds, the sapphire-throated hummingbirds has many calls, but their most common song is a high-pitched rattle sounding like "wi-didididididididididi".
457:, except for its darker tail and wings. The male has a broad, glistening blue-patched throat, whereas the female has a white-patched throat. The female also has distinct green spots along the sides of its breast. The tail is deeply notched and tipped with black coloration. The
679:
lasts 19 to 22 days. Since the males do not aid with raising the young, the females are left to protect and feed the younglings via regurgitated food. In order to feed the chicks, the female uses her long bill to push the regurgitated insects directly into the chicks' throat.
713:
They feed on tubular-shaped flowers by extending their long tongue to retrieve the nectar, while simultaneously hovering or perching on the flower or branch. In the process, the hummingbirds may frequently become covered in pollen and in turn contribute to the
657:
After copulation, the female hummingbird chooses a location for a nest, typically in a shrub, bush or tree. Placed on a low and thin forked branch, she makes the nest in the shape of a cup with plant fibers woven together and covered in moss as a form of
526:
The sapphire-throated hummingbird has a large range, with an estimated distribution size of 88,900 km. Although the global population size has not been calculated, it is described to be patchy. Overall, the hummingbird is found throughout
733:
Although the main food resource for the sapphire-throated hummingbird is nectar, it does not supply enough protein for the bird, especially during breeding season and the juvenile's fledging period. Therefore, the hummingbird also feeds on
697:
The sapphire-throated hummingbird typically feeds on the nectar of brightly colored flowers of trees and shrubs. In order to compensate for their high metabolism, they prefer flowers with high sugar content such as those from the families
363:, also known as the hummingbirds, which are distinguished by their small size, high metabolism and extremely rapid wing-flapping. Although part of the same genus, the sapphire-throated hummingbird is taxonomically closer related to the
674:
On average, due to its small body, the sapphire-throated hummingbird has a clutch size of only two eggs. After an incubation period of 15 to 16 days, the young hatch with no down feather and no ability to fly or see. Overall, the
574:
northwards and establishing new territories. However, some unconfirmed records from 1962 in Costa Rica are thought to have been a mislabeled specimen, which was later found to be a sapphire-throated hummingbird.
474:
has a lighter-blue tone. Small in size, the hummingbird measures about 8.5–9.5 cm (3.3–3.7 in) centimeters in length and 4–4.5 grams (0.14–0.16 oz) in weight. The males have a straight, short
608:. However, they may undergo local altitude dispersal due to habitat change. They live a solitary life in which they neither live nor migrate in flocks. During flight, hummingbirds have one of the highest
649:
is complete, the male immediately separates and leaves the female. The males are only involved in mating and neglect to contribute to choosing nest location, building the nest, or raising the young.
616:
each day to avoid starvation. Unlike most birds, the hummingbirds flap their wings upwards instead of downwards by inverting their wings, and therefore having a similar mechanism to insects.
756:
agriculture and other purposes, the sapphire-throated hummingbird can easily adapt to a new habitat if need be, and are therefore dispersing farther north with no harm to their populations.
570:
In 2008, a male species of sapphire-throated hummingbird was discovered in Costa Rica as far as 35 kilometers north of the
Panamanian border. This suggests that the hummingbirds are slowly
404:
in 1851, it was later discovered that there are two other subspecies of the hummingbird based on a difference of distribution and coloration, with the nominate subspecies being
266:
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with the exception of the white undertail. The shining-green hummingbird differs in that it has very little to no blue plumage in comparison to the other two
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505:). Unlike the sapphire-throated hummingbird, the male sapphire-bellied hummingbird has a darker shiny blue coloration on its throat which covers its entire
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In more human-established areas, the sapphire-throated hummingbird may also retrieve their nectar from hummingbird feeders places by locals.
662:. In an attempt to add elasticity and strength for the nesting space, the female strategically adds soft plant fibers, animal hair and
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Due to its large home range and adaptability to habitat change, the sapphire-throated hummingbird is listed as a species of
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641:, however sometimes females may also mate with several males. In order to gain the female's approval, the male performs a
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is more specifically found on the
Caribbean slope in eastern Panama and north-west Columbia. Whereas the subspecies
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into the nest, and secures it with spider webs and other sticky materials. Overall the nest is small and deep.
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Since it is a
Central and South American species, the sapphire-throated hummingbird does not undergo huge
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The sapphire-throated hummingbird is often mistaken for the other members of its genus which includes the
424:
1470:
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382:
372:
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1117:"The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny"
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371:) than the shining-green hummingbird. Additionally, the sapphire-throated hummingbird acts as an
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McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014).
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Most recently in 1932, the third and final subspecies was discovered further east and named
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by flying in a u-shaped pattern for the female. Once the female accepts the male, and
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is more specifically found in the northern parts of
Colombia, from north
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957:. Ithaca: Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press. p. 148.
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1439:
480:
454:
1297:
Yong, Ed (14 December 2011). "Hummingbird flight has a clever twist".
1254:
A guide to the birds of Panama with Costa Rica, Nicaragua and
Honduras
408:
In 1856, the second subspecies was discovered further north and named
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118:
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837:"A new bird species for Costa Rica: sapphire-throated hummingbird (
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to vent and distinctive green spots along the sides of the breast.
1631:
1501:
453:
The sapphire-throated hummingbird has a full shiny metallic-green
335:, scrubs, and light forests, however is able to adapt if need be.
265:
81:
75:
1076:"Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds"
1035:"Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds"
476:
138:
1390:
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until the need to reproduce. Typically, only the males exhibit
300:. The sapphire-throated hummingbird is separated into three
612:
and therefore require to eat more than their own weight in
588:
in
Colombia. They can reach elevations of up to 100m above
1533:
sapphire-throated-hummingbird-lepidopyga-coeruleogularis
1005:
Fogden, M; Taylor, M; Williamson, SL; Dunne, P (2014).
439:
genera, the sapphire-throated hummingbird was moved to
343:
The sapphire-throated hummingbird is part of the order
1115:
Stiles, F.G.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Mcguire, J.A. (2017).
543:
can be found in
Pacific western Panama, ranging from
1399:
487:colored a more pinkish tone and tipped with black.
464:has a darker throat patch, whereas the subspecies
1377:Audio recordings of Sapphire-throated hummingbird
1373:at Neotropical Birds (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
1009:. East Sussex (UK): Ivy Press. pp. 281–283.
791:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687414A93150863.en
1007:Hummingbirds: A life-size Guide to Every Species
785:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016.
470:has a more turquoise tone, and the subspecies
419:This species was formerly placed in the genus
1371:Sapphire-throated hummingbird species account
604:like other northern hummingbirds such as the
8:
406:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis coeruleogularis.
907:. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive.
541:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis coeruleogularis
306:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis coeruleogularis
1387:
1349:
462:Lepidopyga coeruleogularis coeruleogularis
435:. In the revised classification to create
230:
53:
29:
20:
1091:
1050:
722:relationship between the plant and bird.
953:Angehr, George R.; Dean, Robert (2010).
930:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
765:
1214:
1212:
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1206:
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914:
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1358:"Sapphire-throated hummingbird media"
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1169:. International Ornithologists' Union
1000:
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629:The sapphire-throated hummingbird is
7:
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828:
826:
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553:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis confinis
410:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis coelina.
1673:IUCN Red List least concern species
895:Schuchmann, KL; Boesman, P (2014).
557:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis coelina
472:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis coelina
468:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis conifis
427:study published in 2014 found that
414:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis conifis
314:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis conifis
310:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis coelina
1239:A guide to the birds of Costa Rica
14:
845:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
1252:Ridgely, RS; Gwynne, JA (1989).
1220:"Sapphire-throated Hummingbirds"
1167:IOC World Bird List Version 10.2
897:"Sapphire-throated Hummingbird (
781:BirdLife International. (2016).
95:
1332:BirdLife species factsheet for
1237:Stiles, GF; Skutch, AF (1989).
375:for some members of the genus
359:. They are part of the family
24:Sapphire-throated hummingbird
1:
1256:. Princeton University Press.
1033:McGuire, J; Witt, CC (2014).
738:, such as flies and spiders.
586:Tayrona National Natural Park
565:Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta
276:sapphire-throated hummingbird
1341:"Lepidopyga coeruleogularis"
492:sapphire-bellied hummingbird
284:) is a shiny metallic-green
1431:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis
1241:. Cornell University Press.
281:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis
257:Sapphironia coeruleogularis
214:Chrysuronia coeruleogularis
1714:
1650:Lepidopyga-coeruleogularis
1401:Lepidopyga coeruleogularis
1334:Lepidopyga coeruleogularis
1275:. WildBird. Archived from
924:Lepidopyga coeruleogularis
899:Lepidopyga coeruleogularis
839:Lepidopyga coeruleogularis
835:Biamonte, Esteban (2010).
783:Lepidopyga coeruleogularis
539:. The nominate subspecies
1267:Hainsworth, Reed (1993).
1224:AvianWeb: Beauty of Birds
1093:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016
1052:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016
606:ruby-throated hummingbird
500:shining-green hummingbird
253:
246:
238:
229:
210:
203:
92:Scientific classification
90:
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1698:Taxa named by John Gould
1363:Internet Bird Collection
1307:10.1038/nature.2011.9639
633:, and therefore remains
517:Distribution and habitat
331:. It prefers to live in
1693:Birds described in 1851
1133:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3
196:C. coeruleogularis
718:of plants, creating a
653:Nesting and incubation
483:colored black and the
425:molecular phylogenetic
271:
1269:"Hummingbird Feeding"
689:low-growing flowers.
391:plain-bellied emerald
387:Amazilia brevirostris
383:white-chested emerald
347:, which includes the
269:
1273:www.hummingbirds.net
1161:, eds. (July 2020).
803:"Appendices | CITES"
503:(Chrysuronia goudoti
496:Chrysuronia lilliae)
395:Amazilia leucogaster
365:blue-headed sapphire
296:, and more recently
955:The Birds of Panama
459:nominate subspecies
45:Conservation status
1157:; Donsker, David;
905:Birds of the World
535:and most recently
400:After first being
272:
241:C. coeruleogularis
1688:Birds of Colombia
1660:
1659:
1619:Open Tree of Life
1393:Taxon identifiers
1159:Rasmussen, Pamela
1016:978-0-06-228064-0
964:978-0-8014-7674-7
643:courtship display
551:. The subspecies
369:Chrysuronia grayi
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1678:Chrysuronia
1606:Neotropical
1541:iNaturalist
1425:Wikispecies
1155:Gill, Frank
935:30 November
716:pollination
639:promiscuity
449:Description
442:Chrysuronia
361:Trochilidae
345:Apodiformes
286:hummingbird
183:Chrysuronia
172:Trochilidae
162:Apodiformes
78:Appendix II
1667:Categories
1645:Xeno-canto
1381:Xeno-canto
1283:2015-10-15
812:2022-01-14
760:References
736:arthropods
660:camouflage
647:copulation
631:polygamous
610:metabolism
602:migrations
572:dispersing
549:Canal Zone
537:Costa Rica
511:Lepidopyga
429:Lepidopyga
421:Lepidopyga
389:) and the
357:treeswifts
302:subspecies
298:Costa Rica
1315:123372162
1173:7 January
807:cites.org
720:symbiosis
708:Myrtaceae
704:Rubiaceae
625:Courtship
596:Behaviour
513:species.
479:with the
402:described
333:mangroves
288:found in
239:Range of
190:Species:
152:Strisores
115:Kingdom:
109:Eukaryota
1632:Species+
1585:22687414
1559:10859738
1458:22687414
1453:BirdLife
1416:Q1271702
1410:Wikidata
1141:29245495
1102:24704078
1061:24704078
865:85850956
700:Fabaceae
635:solitary
620:Breeding
563:through
545:Chiriquí
533:Colombia
498:and the
485:mandible
378:Amazilia
373:outgroup
339:Taxonomy
294:Colombia
248:Synonyms
168:Family:
129:Chordata
125:Phylum:
119:Animalia
105:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
1611:sathum1
1520:2476561
1507:sathum1
1481:sathum1
1440:Avibase
1345:Avibase
1121:Zootaxa
729:Insects
579:Habitat
481:maxilla
455:plumage
327:by the
224:, 1851)
178:Genus:
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693:Nectar
614:nectar
529:Panama
353:swifts
312:, and
290:Panama
1554:IRMNG
1502:eBird
1494:8J2K6
1478:BOW:
1471:98069
1311:S2CID
861:S2CID
561:Chocó
222:Gould
146:Clade
82:CITES
76:CITES
1637:7985
1593:NCBI
1580:IUCN
1567:ITIS
1546:5935
1515:GBIF
1466:BOLD
1175:2020
1137:PMID
1125:4353
1098:PMID
1057:PMID
1011:ISBN
959:ISBN
937:2016
684:Diet
670:Eggs
477:bill
431:was
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139:Aves
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